The effects of the muscarinic agonist oxotremorine-m (Oxo-m) on 45Ca and 86Rb fluxes, insulin secretion, cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) and membrane potential in pancreatic B-cells were studied. Oxo-m (40-200 μM) increased the [Ca2+]i by about 250 nM, irrespective of the glucose concentration present in the medium (2·8-22 mM). This effect was reduced by 50 % upon the addition of EGTA. Oxo-m (50 μM) increased the 45Ca efflux from islets perifused in the absence or presence of [Ca2+]o, although under the former condition this efflux was transient. The difference between effluxes measured in the absence and presence of [Ca2+]o represents the sustained second component, which presumably reflects Ca2+ influx. In both the absence and presence of 11·2 mM glucose, Oxo-m (50 μM) transiently increased 86Rb efflux. In the presence of glucose, Oxo-m provoked a transient polarization of the B-cell membrane associated with an increase in the K+ permeability values. K+ permeability returned to basal values (no Oxo-m) after 1-2 min. These results indicate that the initial phase of Oxo-m-induced insulin secretion depends partially on intracellular Ca2+ release, and that the sustained enhancement of release depends on Ca2+ influx. The participation of a calcium release-activated current (ICRAC) is proposed to explain the sustained small changes in membrane potential.