Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-hfldf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-17T18:23:35.367Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Care of the fetus/newborn with congenital diaphragmatic hernia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 October 2008

Duncan T Wilcox ,
Hratch L Karamanoukian  and
Philip L Glick
Duncan T Wilcox
Affiliation:
Departments of Surgery and Pediatrics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo New York, USA.
Hratch L Karamanoukian
Affiliation:
Departments of Surgery and Pediatrics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo New York, USA.
Philip L Glick*
Affiliation:
Departments of Surgery and Pediatrics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo New York, USA.
*
Philip L Glick MD, Buffalo Institute of Fetal Therapy, Children’s Hospital of Buffalo, State University of New York at Buffalo, 219 Bryant Street, Buffalo NY 14222, USA
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a simple anatomical defect. The reported incidence is between 1:2000 and 1:5000 live births, with the majority affecting the left side. A defect in the diaphragm allows abdominal viscera to herniate into and stay within the thoracic cavity during crucial stages of lung development. This results in pulmonary hypoplasia, a reduction in pulmonary vascular branching and an alteration in the surfactant system.

Type
Articles
Information
Fetal and Maternal Medicine Review , Volume 6 , Issue 2 , May 1994 , pp. 81 - 94
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1994

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1Puri, P, Gorman, F. Lethal non-pulmonary anomalies associated with congenital diaphragmatic hernia: implications for early intrauterine surgery. J Pediatr Surg 1984; 19: 29–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2Adzick, NS, Harrison, MR, Glick, PL, Nakayama, DK, Manning, FA, deLorimier, AA. Diaphragmatic hernia in the fetus: prenatal diagnosis and outcome in 94 cases. J Pediatr Surg 1985; 20: 357–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3Chinn, DH, Filly, RA, Callen, PW, Nakayama, DK, Harrison, MR. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia diagnosed prenatally by ultrasound. Radiology 1983; 148: 119–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4Reid, L. The lung growth and remodelling in health and disease. Am J Roentg 1977; 129: 777–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5Wigglesworth, JS, Desia, R, Guerrini, P. Fetal lung hypoplasia: biochemical and structural variations and their possible significance. Arch Dis Child 1981; 56: 606–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6Glick, PL, Stannard, VA, Leach, CL, Rossman, J, Hosada, Y, Cooney, DR et al. Pathophysiology of congenital diaphragmatic hernia II: the fetal lamb CDH model is surfactant deficient. J Pediatr Surg 1992; 27: 382–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7DiMaio, M, Ting, A, Gil, J, Wilcox, D, Glick, PL. A morphometric study of lung hypoplasia in a second trimester lamb model of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Am Rev Resp Dis (in Press).Google Scholar
8Adzick, NS, Vacanti, JP, Lillehei, CW, O’Rourke, P, Crone, RK, Wilson, JM. Fetal diaphragmatic hernia: ultrasound diagnosis and clinical outcome in 38 cases. J Pediatr Surg 1989; 24: 654–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9Charlton, AJ, Bruce, J, Davenport, M. Timing of surgery in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Anaesthesia 1991; 46: 820–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10Puri, P. Epidemiology of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. In: Puri, P ed, Congenital diaphragmatic hernia. New York: Kargar, 1989: 22–27.Google Scholar
11Butler, MW, Stolar, CJH, Altman, RP. Contemporary management of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. World J Surg 1993; 17: 350–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12Rivilla, F, de Augustin, JC, Lassaletta, L, Murcia, J. Bilateral diaphragmatic hernia. Pediatr Surg Int 1988; 3: 412–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13Langman, J. In: Langman, J ed, Langman’s medical embryology. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1981: 203–211.Google Scholar
14Bremer, JL. The diaphragm and diaphragmatic hernia. Arch Path 1943; 36: 539–49.Google Scholar
15Wells, LJ. Development of the human diaphragm and pleural sacs. Contr Embryol Carneg Inst 1954; 35: 107–37.Google Scholar
16Kitagawa, M, Hislop, A, Boyden, EA, Reid, L. Lung hypoplasia in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. A quantitative study of airway, artery and alveolar development. Br J Surg 1971; 58: 342–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
17Areechon, W, Reid, L. Hypoplasia of the lung with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Br Med J 1963; i: 230–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
18Iritani, A. Experimental study on the embryogenesis of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Anat Embryol 1984; 169: 133–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19George, DK, Cooney, TP, Chiu, BK, Thurlbeck, WM. Hypoplasia and immaturity of the terminal lung unit [acinus] in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 136: 947–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
20Naeye, RL, Sochat, SJ, Whitman, V, Maisels, MJ. Unsuspected pulmonary vascular abnormalities associated with diaphragmatic hernia. Pediatrics 1976; 58: 902–906.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21Geggel, RL, Murphy, JD, Langleben, D, Crone, RK, Vacanti, JP, Reid, LM. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: arterial structural changes and persistent pulmonary hypertension after surgical repair. J Pediatr 1985; 107: 457–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
22Blackburn, WR, Logsdon, P, Alexander, JA. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: studies of lung composition and structure. Am Rev Respir Dis 1977; 115S: 275.Google Scholar
23Bell, M, Ternberg, J. Antenatal diagnosis of diaphragmatic hernia. Pediatrics 1977; 60: 738–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
24Berk, C, Grundy, M. High risk lecithin/sphingomyelin ratios associated with neonatal diaphragmatic hernia. Case reports. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1982; 89: 250–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
25Hisanga, S, Shimokawa, H, Kashiwabara, Y, Maesato, S, Nakano, H. Unexpectedly low lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio associated with fetal diaphragmatic hernia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1984; 149: 905–906.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
26Wilcox, DT, Glick, PL, Karamanoukian, HL, Azizkhan, RG, Holm, BA. Pathophysiology of congenital diaphragmatic hernia XII: amniotic fluid lecithin/sphingomyelin ratios and phosphatidylglycerol concentration does not predict pulmonary surfactant status in the lamb CDH model. Am J Obstet Gynecol (submitted).Google Scholar
27Suen, HC, Catlin, EA, Ryan, DP, Wain, JC, Donahoe, PK. Biochemical immaturity of lungs in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Ped Surg 1993; 28: 471–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
28Harrison, MR, Adzick, NS, Flake, AW. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: an unsolved problem. Sem Pediatr Surg 1993; 2: 109–13.Google ScholarPubMed
29Harrison, MR, Bjordal, RI, Langmark, F, Knutrud, O. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: the hidden mortality. J Pediatr Surg 1978; 13: 227–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
30Reale, FR, Esterly, JR. Pulmonary hypoplasia: a morphometric study of the lungs of infants with diaphragmatic hernia, anencephaly and rental malformations. Pediatrics 1973; 51: 91–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
31Cunniff, C, Jones, KL, Jones, MC. Patterns of malformation in children with congenital diaphragmatic defects. J Pediatr 1990; 116: 258–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
32Benjamin, DR, Juul, S, Siebert, JR. Congenital posterolateral diaphragmatic hernia: associated malformations. J Pediatr Surg 1988; 23: 899–903.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
33Geggel, RL, Reid, LM. The structural basis of PPHN. Clin Perinatol 1984; 3: 525–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
34Graves, ED, Redmond, CR, Arennsman, RM. Persistent pulmonary hypertension in the neonate. Chest 1988; 93: 638–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
35Gross, RE. Congenital hernia of the diaphragm. Am J Dis Child 1946; 71: 579.Google ScholarPubMed
36Glick, PL, Pholson, EC, Resta, R, Payne, C, Mosbarger, H, Luthy, DA et al. Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein is a marker for fetal anomalies in pediatric surgery. J Pediatr Surg 1988; 23: 16–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
37Bell, MJ, Ternberg, JL. Antenatal diagnosis of diaphragmatic hernia. Pediatrics 1977; 60: 738–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
38Butler, N, Claireaus, AE. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia as a cause of perinatal mortality. Lancet 1962; 1: 659–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
39Karamanoukian, HL, Glick, PL, Wilcox, DT, Rossman, J, Azizkhan, RG. Pathophysiology of congenital diaphragmatic hernia X: anatomic and biochemical verification of the hypoplastic heart in the lamb model of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg (in press).Google Scholar
40Crawford, DL, Wright, VM, Drake, DP, Allan, LD. Fetal diaphragmatic hernia: the value of fetal echocardiography in the prediction of postnatal outcome. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1989; 96: 705–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
41Sharland, GK, Lockhard, SM, Heward, AJ, Allan, DL. Prognosis in fetal diaphragmatic hernia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992; 166: 9–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
42Tovar, J, Beriavent, MI. Diaphragmatic hernia associated with double pulmonary sequestration. J Pediatr Surg 1979; 14: 604–606.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
43Wilcox, DT, Karamanoukian, HL, Glick, PL. Antenatal diagnosis of pediatric surgical anomalies: counselling the family. Pediatr Clin North Am 1993; 40: 1273–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
44Harrison, MR, Bressack, MA, Churg, Am, deLorimer, AAI. Correction of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in utero II. Simulated correction permits lung growth with survival at birth. Surgery 1980; 88: 260–68.Google ScholarPubMed
45Harrison, MR, Adzick, NS, Longaker, MT, deLorimer, AA, Goldberg, JD, Rosen, MA et al. Successful repair in utero of a fetal diaphragmatic hernia after removal of the herniated viscera from the left thorax. N Engl J Med 1990; 322: 1582–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
46Steinhorn, RH, Kriesmer, PJ, Green, PP, Payne, WR. Natural history of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in Minnesota: impact of in utero diagnosis on survival. Pediatr Res 1991; 29: 236A.Google Scholar
47Glick, PL, Leach, CL, Besner, GE, Egan, EA, Morin, FC, Malasowska-Kantoch, A. Pathophysiology of congenital diaphragmatic hernia III: surfactant replacement for the high risk neonate with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 1992; 28: 1–4.Google Scholar
48Hatch, EI, Kendall, J, Blumhagen, J. Stomach position as an in utero predictor of neonatal outcome in left sided diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 1992; 27: 778–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
49Burge, DM, Atwell, JB, Freeman, NV. Could the stomach site help predict outcome in babies with left sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia diagnosed antenatally?. J Pediatr Surg 1989; 24: 567–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
50Jobe, A. Development of the fetal lung. In: Creasy, RK and Resnik, R eds, Maternal-fetal medicine: principles and practice. Philadelphia: Saunders Co, 1989; 414–34.Google Scholar
51Wilcox, DT, Glick, PL, Karamanoukian, HL, Holm, BA. Pathophysiology of congenital diaphragmatic hernia IX: correlation of surfactant maturation with fetal cortisol and triiodothyronine concentration. J Pediatr Surg (in press).Google Scholar
52Suen, HC, Bloch, KD, Donahoe, PK. Antenatal glucocorticoid treatment corrects the pulmonary immaturity of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg (in press).Google Scholar
53Harrison, MR, deLorimer, AA. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Surg Clin North Am 1981; 61: 1023–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
54Caplan, MS, Macgregor, SN. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia and abdominal wall defects. Clin Perinatol 1989; 16: 917–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
55Bos, AP, Broers, CJM, Hazebroek, FW, van Hemel, JO, Tibboel, D, Wesby van Swaay, E et al. Avoidance of emergency surgery in newborn infants with trisomy 18. Lancet 1992; 339: 913–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
56Srouji, MN, Buck, B, Downess, JJ. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: deleterious effects of pulmonary interstitial emphysema and tension extrapulmonary air. J Pediatr Surg 1981; 16: 45–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
57Dreyfuss, D, Soler, P, Basset, G, Saumon, G. High inflation pressure, pulmonary edema: respective effects of high airway pressure, high tidal volume and positive end-expiratory pressure. Am Rev Resp Dis 1988; 137: 1159–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
58Reid, L. Lung growth in health and disease. Br J Dis Chest 1984; 78: 113–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
59Cloutier, R, Fournier, L, Levasseur, L. Reversion to fetal circulation in congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a preventable postoperative complication. J Pediatr Surg 1983;18: 551–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
60Bohn, D, Tamura, M, Perrin, D, Barker, G, Rabinovitch, M. Ventilatory predictors of pulmonary hypoplasia in congenital diaphragmatic hernia, confirmed by morphologic assessment. J Pediatr 1987; 111: 423–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
61Holm, BA, Notter, RH, Siegle, J, Matalon, S. Pulmonary physiological and surfactant changes during injury and recovery from hypoxia. J Appl Physiol 1985; 59: 1402–409.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
62Fujino, Y, Takezawa, J, Nishimura, M. High frequency oscillation for persistent fetal circulation after repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Crit Care Med 1989; 17: 376–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
63Tamura, M, Tsuchida, Y, Kawaro, T. Piston-pump-type high frequency oscillator ventilation for neonates with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 1988; 23: 478–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
64Wilson, JM, Thompson, JR, Schnitzer, JJ, Bower, LK, Lillehei, CW, Pearlman, ND et al. Intratracheal ventilation and congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a report of two human cases. J Pediatr Surg 1993; 28: 484–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
65Morley, C. Surfactant treatment for premature babies - a review of clinical practice. Arch Dis Child 1993; 66: 445–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
66Bos, AP, Tobboel, D, Hazebroek, FWJ, Molenar, JC, Lachmann, B, Gommers, D. Surfactant replacement therapy in high-risk congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Lancet 1991; 338: 1279.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
67Wilcox, DT, Glick, PL, Rossman, J, Morin, FC, Holm, BA. Pathophysiology of congenital diaphragmatic hernia V: exogenous surfactant therapy improves gas exchange and pulmonary mechanics in the lamb congenital diaphragmatic hernia model. Am Rev Resp Dis 1993; 147: 989A.Google Scholar
68Vacanti, JP, O’Rourke, PP, Lillehei, CW, Crone, RK. The cardiopulmonary consequences of high-risk congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Pediatr Surg Int 1988; 3: 1–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
69Hansen, J, James, S, Burrington, J, Whitfield, J. The decreasing incidence of pneumothorax and improving survival of infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 1984; 19: 385–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
70Drummond, WH, Gregory, GA, Heyman, MA, Phibbs, RA. The independent effects of hyperventilation, tolazoline and dopamine on infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. J Pediatr 1981; 98: 603–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
71Peckham, GJ, Fox, WW. Physiologic factors affecting pulmonary artery pressure in infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension. J Pediatr 1978; 93: 1005–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
72Schreiber, MD, Heymann, MA, Soifer, SJ. Increased arterial pH, not decreased PCO2, attenuates hypoxia-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction in newborn lambs. Pediatr Res 1986; 20: 113–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
73Bos, AP, Tobboel, D, Koot, VCM, Hazebroek, FWJ, Molenaar, JC. Persistent pulmonary hypertension in high-risk congenital diaphragmatic hernia patients: incidence and vasodilator therapy. J Pediatr Surg 1993; 28: 1463–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
74Lock, JE, Coceani, F, Olley, PM. Direct and indirect pulmonary vascular effects of tolazoline in the newborn lamb. J Pediatr 1979; 95: 600–605.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
75Soifer, SJ, Morin, FC, Heymann, MA. Prostaglandin D2 reverses induced pulmonary hypertension in the newborn lamb. J Pediatr 1982; 100: 458–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
76Ford, WDA, James, MJ, Walsh, JA. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: association between vascular resistance and plasma thromboxane concentrations. Arch Dis Child 1984; 59: 143–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
77Roberts, JD, Plenar, DM, Lang, P, Zapol, WM. Inhaled nitric oxide in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Lancet 1992; 340: 818–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
78Zayek, M, Cleveland, D, Morin, FC. Treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension in the newborn lamb by inhaled nitric oxide. J Pediatr 1993; 122: 743–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
79Karamanoukian, HL, Glick, PL, Wilcox, DT, Rossman, J, Morin, FC. Pathophysiology of congenital diaphragmatic hernia VII: the efficacy of inhaled nitric oxide in the lamb congenital diaphragmatic hernia model. Am Rev Resp Dis 1993; 147: 223A.Google Scholar
80Fackler, JC, Wilson, JM, Thompson, J, Roberts, JD. Nitric oxide has no effect on hypoxia associated with congenital diaphragmatic hernia: preliminary data. Children’s National Medical Center ECMO Symposium 1993; 9: 35.Google Scholar
81Karamanoukian, HL, Glick, PL, Wilcox, DT, Rossman, J, Holm, BA, Morin, FC. Pathophysiology of congenital diaphragmatic hernia VIII: inhaled nitric oxide requires exogenous surfactant therapy. Ped Res 1993; 33: 217A.Google Scholar
82Karamanoukian, HL, Glick, PL, Zayek, M, Steinhorn, RH, Fineman, JR, Morin, JR. Inhaled nitric oxide in congenital hypoplasia of the lungs due to diaphragmatic hernia or oligohydramnios. Pediatrics (in press).Google Scholar
83Kinsella, JP, Neish, SR, Ivy, DD, Shaffer, E, Abman, SH. Clinical responses to prolonged treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn with low doses of inhaled nitric oxide. J Pediatr 1993; 123: 103–108.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
84Frostell, CG, Lonnquist, PA, Sonesson, SE, Gustafsson, LE, Lohr, G, Noak, G. Near fatal pulmonary hypertension after surgical repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Anesthesia 1993; 48: 679–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
85Olivet, RT, Rupp, WM, Telander, RL, Kaye, MP. Hemodynamics of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in lambs. J Pediatr Surg 1978; 13: 231–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
86Goh, DW, Drake, DP, Brereton, RJ, Kiely, EM, Spitz, L. Delayed surgery for congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Br J Surg 1992; 79: 644–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
87Langer, JC, Filler, RM, Bohn, DJ, Shandling, B, Ein, SH, Wesson, DE et al. Timing of surgery for congenital diaphragmatic hernia: is emergency operation necessary? J Ped Surg 1988; 23: 731–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
88Shanbhouge, LKR, Tam, PKH, Ninan, G, Lloyd, DA. Preoperative stabilisation in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Arch Dis Child 1990; 65: 1043–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
89Sakai, H, Tamura, M, Hosokawa, Y. Effect of surgical repair on respiratory mechanics in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr 1987; 111: 432–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
90Nakayama, DK, Motoyama, EK, Tagge, EM. Effect of preoperative stabilization on respiratory system compliance and outcome in newborn infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr 1991; 118: 793–99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
91Haugen, SE, Linker, D, Eik-Nes, S, Kufaas, T, Vik, T, Eggen, BM et al. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: determination of the optimal time for operation by echocardiographic monitoring of the pulmonary artery pressure. J Pediatr Surg 1991; 26: 560–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
92Newman, BM, Jewett, TC, Lewis, A, Cerny, F, Khan, A, Karp, M et al. Prosthetic materials and muscle flaps in the repair of extensive diaphragmatic defects: an experimental study. J Pediatr Surg 1985; 20: 362–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
93Simpson, JS, Gossage, JD. Use of abdominal wall muscle flap in repair of large congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 1971; 6: 42–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
94Schneider, R, Herrington, JL, Granda, AM. Marlex mesh in repair of a diaphragmatic defect later eroding into the distal esophagus and stomach. Am Surgeon 1979; 45: 337–39.Google ScholarPubMed
95Bartlett, RH, Gazzaniga, AB, Toommasian, J, Coran, AG, Roloff, D, Rucker, R et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in neonatal respiratory failure, 100 cases. Ann Surg 1986; 204: 236–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
96Loe, WA, Graves, ED, Ochsner, JL, Falterman, KW, Arensman, RM. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for newborn respiratory failure. J Pediatr Surg 1985; 20: 684–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
97Stolar, C, Dillon, P, Reyes, C. Selective use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the management of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 1988; 23: 207–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
98Lotze, A, Whitsett, JA, Kammerman, LA, Ritter, M, Taylor, GA, Short, BL. Surfactant protein A concentrations in tracheal aspirate fluid from infants requiring ECMO. J Pediatr 1990; 116: 435–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
99Wilson, JM, Lund, DP, Lillehei, CW, O’Rourke, P, Vacanti, JP. Delayed repair and preoperative ECMO does not improve survival in high-risk congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 1992; 27: 368–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
100Conners, RH, Tracy, T, Bailey, PV, Kountzman, B, Weber, TR. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia repair on ECMO. J Pediatr Surg 1990; 25: 1043–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
101West, KW, Bengston, K, Rescorla, FJ, Engle, WA, Grosfield, JL. Delayed surgical repair and ECMO improves survival in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Ann Surg 1992; 216: 454–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
102Lally, KP, Paranka, MS, Roden, J, Georgeson, KE, Wilson, JM, Lillehei, CW et al. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: stabilization and repair on ECMO. Ann Surg 1992; 216: 569–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
103Whittlesey, GC, Drucker, DE, Salley, SO. ECMO without heparin: laboratory and clinical experience. J Pediatr Surg 1991; 26: 320–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
104Wilson, JM, Bower, LK, Fackler, JC, Beals, DA, Bergus, BO, Kevy, SV. Aminocaproic acid decreases the incidence of intracranial hemorrhage and other hemorrhagic complications of ECMO. J Pediatr Surg 1993; 28: 536–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
105Chatrath, RR, Shafie, ME, Jones, RS. Fate of hypoplastic lungs after repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Arch Dis Child 1971; 46: 633–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
106Helms, P, Stocks, J. Lung function in infants with congenital pulmonary hypoplasia. J Pediatr 1982; 101: 918–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
107Landu, LI, Phelan, PD, Gillan, GL, Coombs, E, Noblett, HR. Respiratory function after repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Arch Dis Child 1977; 52: 282–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
108Frenckner, B, Freyschuss, U. Pulmonary function after repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia - a short report. Pediatr Surg Int 1988; 3: 11–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
109Davenport, M, Rivlin, E, D’Sousa, SW, Bianchi, A. Delayed surgery of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: neurodevelopmental outcome in later childhood. Arch Dis Child 1992; 67: 1353–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
110Wilson, JM, DiFore, JW, Peters, CA. Experimental fetal tracheal ligation prevents the pulmonary hypoplasia associated with fetal nephrectomy: possible application for congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 1993; 28: 1433–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
111Fuhrman, BR, Paczan, PR, DeFrancisis, M. Perfluorocarbon associated gas exchange. Crit Care Med 1991; 19: 712–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
112Papo, M, Paczan, P, Burak, B, Holm, BA, Steinhorn, D, Hernan, L et al. A medical grade perfluorocarbon used during PAGE improves oxygenation and ventilation in a model of ARDS. Crit Care Med 1993; 21: S288.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
113Leach, CL, Fuhrman, BP, Morin, FC, Rath, MG. Perfluorocarbon associated gas exchange (partial liquid ventilation) in respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med 1993; 21: 1270–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
114Wilcox, DT, Glick, PL, Karamanoukian, HL, Leach, CL, Morin, FC, Fuhrman, BP. Pathophysiology of congenital diaphragmatic hernia XIII: perfluorocarbon-associated gas exchange (PAGE) improves pulmonary mechanics, ventilation and allows nitric oxide delivery in the hypoplastic lung congenital diaphragmatic hernia lamb model. J Pediatr (submitted).Google Scholar
115Glick, PL, Seibert, JR, Benjamin, DR. Pathophysiology of congenital diaphragmatic hernia 1: renal enlargement suggests feedback modulation by pulmonary derived renotropins - a unifying hypothesis to explain pulmonary hypoplasia, polyhydramnios and renal enlargement in the fetus/newborn with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 1990; 25: 492–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
116Hosoda, Y, Rossman, JE, Glick, PL. Pathophysiology of congenital diaphragmatic hernia IV: renal hyperplasia is associated with pulmonary hypoplasia. J Pediatr Surg 1993; 28: 464–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed