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² For example, if obligatory consultation really is a characteristic of supranational law-making.Google Scholar

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⁷ Case 120/78, Rewe-Zentral v. Bundesmonopolverwaltung für Branntwein, 1979 E.C.R. 649 (concerning free movement of goods). The application of this principle was later extended in secondary law to the free movement of persons. See Council Directive 89/48, 1989 O.J. (L 19) 16 (on a general system for the recognition of higher-education diplomas awarded on completion of professional education and training of at least three years’ duration).Google Scholar

⁸ Joined Cases C-187/01 and C-385/01, Gözütok and Brügge, 2003 E.C.R. I-1345, para. 33 (The ECJ already applies the concept of mutual trust in criminal matters).Google Scholar

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¹⁴ Judgment of the Polish Constitutional Tribunal of April 27, 2005, P 1/05, available at http://www.trybunal.gov.pl/eng/summaries/documents/P_1_05_GB.pdf; BVerfG, 2 BvR 2236/04 of July 18, 2005, available at http://www.bverfg.de/entscheidungen/rs20050718_2bvr223604.html.Google Scholar

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¹⁷ See Douglas-Scott, Sionaidh, The Rule of Law in the European Union – Putting the Security into the “Area of Freedom, Security and Justice,” 29 Eur. L. Rev. 219, 226-227 (2004). Concerning the European Arrest Warrant, these concerns appear to be at least partially justified as recent Austrian-German cases seem to illustrate. See Der Spiegel No. 23/2005, 106, 118–119.Google Scholar

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²² Oberlandesgericht [OLG] Stuttgart, Neue Juristische Wochenschrift 57 (2004), 3437, 3439; Nicola Vennemann, The European Arrest Warrant and Its Human Rights Implications, 63 Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht [Heidelberg J. Int'l L.] 103, 115 (2003) (suggesting this approach).Google Scholar

²³ See Bast, Jürgen, The Constitutional Treaty as a Reflexive Constitution, in this volume.Google Scholar

²⁴ Jean Pradel & Geert Corstens, Droit Pénal Européen 3-5 (1999); Albrecht & Braum, supra note 12, at 297–299; European Union Committee, supra note 12, at para. 40.Google Scholar

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²⁸ Müller-Graff, supra note 3, at 610-611.Google Scholar