1 Elliott, J., ‘The Court of the Spanish Habsburgs: a Peculiar Institution’, Spain and its Wand, 1500–1700, New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 1989, p. 142 Google Scholar. (I owe this reference to the kindness of Sir John Elliott).

2 See my article ‘Tsar into Emperor: the Title of Peter the Great’ in Royal and Republican Sovereignty, Essays in Honour of Ragnhild Hatton, edited by H. M. Scott and R. Oresko, Cambridge University Press, forthcoming.

3 Article on Empire by Sir Ernest Barker, Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1911 edition.

4 See my article ‘Autocracy and Sovereignty’, Canadian American Slavic Studies, Vol. 16, Nos 3–4, 1982, pp. 369–87. and Szeftel, Marc, ‘The Title of the Muscovite Monarch up to the end of the Seventeenth Century’, Canadian American Slavic Studies, Vol. 13, Nos 1–2, 1979, pp. 59–81.Google Scholar

5 Elliott, J., ‘Power and Propaganda in the Spain of Philip IV’, in Wilentz, S. (ed.), Rites of Power, Symbolism, Ritual and Politics since the Middle Ages, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1985, pp. 145–76.Google Scholar

6 Burke, P., The Fabrication of Louis XIV, New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 1992.Google Scholar

7 Rabb, T. K., ‘Play, not Politics’, The Times Literary Supplement, 10 November 1995, pp. 18ff.Google Scholar

8 J. Elliott, ‘Power and Propaganda in the Spain of Philip IV’, op. cit., p. 171.