Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-5g6vh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-27T09:52:52.673Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Culture of the Chinese revolution: symbolic and semiotic differences from the world culture of revolution

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 September 2023

Qiancheng Dong*
Affiliation:
School of Marxism, Hainan Normal University, Haikou City, China Chinese Communist Party's Revolutionary Spirit and Human Resources Research Center of Zunyi Normal College, Zunyi, China
*
Author for correspondence: Qiancheng Dong, qianchengdong72@yahoo.com; 86294809@qq.com

Abstract

This article examines images of revolution in Chinese artworks within a global context. It argues that the theme of revolution in Chinese art can be divided into three movements: (1) Art of Scars, (2) New Wave ’85, from which political pop art and cynical realism took their roots, and (3) the modern twenty-first century trend of Mao and the Cultural Revolution. An analysis of political pop art identified a synthesis of academic and iconographic features and Western philosophical concepts, which can be found in the semiotic elements of the painting Maozedong: AO. Its cynical realism is similar to the satire of the American painter in his Daughters of Revolution. Both artworks depict images of the "citizen" in an era of historical change. This analysis of the painting in the style of Mao and the Cultural Revolution offers a rethinking of traditional Chinese canons as a response to the Western religious traditions influenced by a multicultural environment. The data can be used as an additional source to examine symbolism and semiotics in the artistic language of Chinese artists representing the culture of revolution.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aguillon, C. (2015). La Liberté guidant le Peuple. Paris, France: Musée du Louvre.Google Scholar
Aihe, W. (2009). Wuming: an underground art group during the Cultural Revolution. Journal of Modern Chinese History 3(2), 183199. https://doi.org/10.1080/17535650903345387.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andina, T. and Onnis, E. (2019). Introduction. Chinese contemporary art: between deconstruction and construction. In The Philosophy and Art of Wang Guangyi. London, UK: Bloomsbury Publishing, 114. https://iris.unito.it/handle/2318/1775469CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrews, J.F. (2010). The art of the Cultural Revolution. In King R. (ed.), Art in Turmoil: The Chinese Cultural Revolution. Hong Kong, China: Hong Kong University Press, 2757.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnes, A.J. (2016). Museum Representations of Maoist China: From Cultural Revolution to Commie Kitsch. Oxfordshire, UK: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, P. (2018). Review of key words in the development history of Chinese oil painting in the 20th century. Drama House 27, 16.Google Scholar
Chouard, G. and Adrien, M. (2017). «Révolution dans une tasse de thé»: Grant Wood, Daughters of the Revolution (1932). Transatlantica. Revue d’études américaines. American Studies Journal 1, 17. https://doi.org/10.4000/transatlantica.8471.Google Scholar
Cole, M. (2022). Learn about Eugène Delacroix, the Pioneering French Romantic Painter. My Modern Met, Art History. Available at https://mymodernmet.com/eugene-delacroix-paintings/ (accessed 3 August 2022).Google Scholar
Contemporary Asian Art (2021). Wang Guangyi. The Path of Artistic Exploration in the Eighties. Sothebys. Available at https://www.sothebys.com/zh/auctions/ecatalogue/2012/contemporary-asian-art-hk0382/lot.806.html (accessed 3 August 2022).Google Scholar
Crossing the Delaware in Art (2022). On Christmas Night, 1776, George Washington Led the Dwindling Forces of the Continental Army in a Daring Crossing of the Ice-Choked Delaware River. Mountvernon. Available at https://www.mountvernon.org/george-washington/artwork/crossing-the-delaware-in-art/ (accessed 3 August 2022).Google Scholar
Crow, D. (2011). Visible Signs: An Introduction to Semiotics in the Visual Arts (Vol. 40). Baton Rouge, US: AVA Publishing.Google Scholar
Dong, X. (2022). The development of China's revolutionary literature and art development. Chinese Literary Review 6, 16.Google Scholar
Evans, R.T. (2010). Grant Wood: A Life Hardcover – Deckle Edge. New York, US: Knopf.Google Scholar
Fu, Y. and Yan, C. (2017). The way of visual persuasion in Chinese propaganda poster. In 2017 2nd International Conference on Education, Sports, Arts and Management Engineering (ICESAME 2017). Atlantis Press, 312–315. https://doi.org/10.2991/icesame-17.2017.70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gautam, Y. (2018). Visual position and juxtaposition: an analytical study of liberty leading the people and moon-woman cuts the circle. Tribhuvan University Journal 32(2), 191202. https://doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v32i2.24715.Google Scholar
Goldstone, J.A. (2016). Revolution and Rebellion in the Early Modern World: Population Change and State Breakdown in England, France, Turkey, and China, 1600–1850. Oxfordshire, UK: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The Guardian (2022). The Revolution Continues: New Art from China at the Saatchi Gallery in London. The Guardian. Available at https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2008/oct/06/saatchi.gallery.art.china (accessed 3 August 2022).Google Scholar
Hawks, S.D. (2017). The Art of Resistance: Painting by Candlelight in Mao's China. Washington, US: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Helbo, A. (2016). Semiotics and performing arts: contemporary issues. Social Semiotics 26(4), 341350. https://doi.org/10.1080/10350330.2016.1189727.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ho, D.Y. (2017). Museum representations of Maoist China: from Cultural Revolution to Commie Kitsch. Amy Jane Barnes. Surrey, UK: Ashgate, 2014. 265 pp. Museum Antropolohy 40(2), 163165. https://doi.org/10.1111/muan.12145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huang, W. (2020). A brief analysis of “Scar Art” in the new era of China. Splendid – Mid-Week 9, 16.Google Scholar
Jappy, T. (2022). Peircean semiosis as the process for the making of meaning. Chinese Semiotic Studies 18(1), 2346. https://doi.org/10.1515/css-2021-2046.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jiang, Y. (2017). Unforgettable history: teaching reflections on “Cultural Revolution Art”. Qilu Art Garden 1, 15.Google Scholar
Kong, L. (2009). The configuration of Chinese modern art – rethinking the Star Art Exhibition, the 85 New Wave and “Westernism” since the 90s. Art Review 9, 3038.Google Scholar
Kyo, Y. (2017). Labour and art during the Cultural Revolution: an analysis of the sculptural installation Wrath of the Serfs (1975). Journal of Contemporary Chinese Art 4(2–3), 243268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lawson, G. (2021). Revolutions: integrating the international. In de Carvalho B., Costa Lopez J. and Leira H. (eds), Routledge Handbook of Historical International Relations. London, UK: Routledge, 341354.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leung, C.S. (2011). Gao Brothers? Execution of Christ; Visual Lexicon Transcending Culture, Time, and Place. Kansas, US: University of Missouri-Kansas City.Google Scholar
Li, H. (2016). Interpretation of “Intertextuality” in Zeng Fanzhi's Paintings. Ear Seed 10, 135136.Google Scholar
Li, B. (2022). Zhang Xiaogang's “Chinese face” expression art of Chinese thinking. Journal of Suihua University 8, 15.Google Scholar
Li, Y. and Jiang, W. (2022). The spirit of the great party and the Chinese revolutionary culture. Journal of Pingdingshan College 1, 16.Google Scholar
Lining, L. (2017). Rereading the novel The Scar: a sociological vision of art. Contemporary Literature 3, 9297.Google Scholar
Liu, G., Wang, M. and Wang, Z. (2016). Analysis of the influence of “85 art trend” on Chinese oil painting in the early 21st century. Fine Arts 8, 16.Google Scholar
Llalnohar, T. (2018). Analysis of a Work: Liberty Leading the People by Eugène Delacroix. Tokyo, Japan: HistoriaGames.Google Scholar
Löfstedt, T. (2011). Scars on Screen: How is Maoist China Depicted on Film? Lund, Sweden: Lund University.Google Scholar
Lu, H. (2016). Research on Contemporary Political Pop Art in China. Wuhan, China: Doctoral dissertation, Wuhan University of Technology.Google Scholar
Ma, T. (2018). A comparative study of Andy Warhol and Wang Guangyi's pop art. Art Evaluation 13, 15.Google Scholar
Malecki, E.S. (2001). The furies: violence and terror in the French and Russian revolutions. Perspectives on Political Science 30(1), 5354.Google Scholar
Mao, Y. (2018). The humanistic turn in “85 Trendy Art”. Beauty and Times – Art Journal 1, 16.Google Scholar
Meng, T. (2017). A Study of the Artistic Symbols of Chinese Contemporary Cynical Realism in Oil Painting. Yanji, China: Master's thesis, Yanbian University.Google Scholar
Moxey, K.P. (1991). Semiotics and the social history of art. New Literary History 22(4), 985999. https://doi.org/10.2307/469075.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pozzi, L. (2018). The Cultural Revolution in images: caricature posters from Guangzhou, 1966–1977. Cross-Currents: East Asian History and Culture Review 1(27), 177207.Google Scholar
Purtle, J. (2016). Reading Revolution: Art and Literacy during China's Cultural Revolution. Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library, Exhibition and Catalogue by Jennifer Purtle, Stephen Qiao, and Elizabeth Ridolfo. Toronto, Canada: Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library, University of Toronto.Google Scholar
Qu, H. (2015). Wang Guangyi: another Wang Guangyi. Oriental Art – Everyone 11, 15.Google Scholar
Quan, K. (2019). Interpretation of Gao Xiaohua's oil painting “Why”. Art Appraisal 6, 17.Google Scholar
Reynolds, M. (2014). An Impossible Utopia: People's Art and the Cultural Revolution. Gettysburg, US: Student Publications.Google Scholar
Roberts, R. (2006). Gendering the revolutionary body: theatrical costume in Cultural Revolution China. Asian Studies Review 30(2), 141159. https://doi.org/10.1080/10357820600714231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, R.A. (2010). Maoist Model Theatre: The Semiotics of Gender and Sexuality in the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966–1976) (Vol. 2). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suhor, C. (1992). ERIC: semiotics and the English language arts. Language Arts 69(3), 228230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sun, L. (2022). Agency in growing up in troubled times: re-presenting the Chinese Cultural Revolution in contemporary international youth literature. Neohelicon in press. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11059-022-00640-2.Google Scholar
Szatkowski, M. and Kupś, H. (2021). Mao Zedong's Bakhtinian laughter. the Chinese pop avant-garde and its origins. Art of the Orient 10, 6278. https://doi.org/10.15804/aoto202102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Threadgold, T. (1986). Semiotics and Asian studies. Asian Studies Review 10(1), 16. https://doi.org/10.1080/03147538608712421.Google Scholar
Wang, Z. (2019). Gao Xiaohua: From Scar Art to Super Painting, Use Art to Witness the Pulse of China's Development. Chongqing, China: Bashu School of Painting.Google Scholar
Wölfflin, G. (1915). Conceptos Fundamentales de La Historia del Arte. Madrid, Spain: Espasa-Calpe.Google Scholar
Wosth, S. (2019). Analysis of a Masterpiece: Liberty Leading the People by Eugene Delacroix. Paris, France: The Arty Minute.Google Scholar
Wu, M. (2017). Talking about the new thinking of “Scar Art” in contemporary art. Popular Literature and Art 2, 15.Google Scholar
Xu, L. (2017). Gao Xiaohua's Oil Painting Art Research. Chengdu, China: Master's thesis, Southwest University for Nationalities.Google Scholar
Xue, Y. (2015). Research on female art image in art painting during the Cultural Revolution. Yutai Boya Female Artist Network, Female Art Research 1, 16.Google Scholar
Yang, G.M. and Suchan, T. (2009). The cultural revolution and contemporary Chinese art. Art Education 62(6), 2532. https://doi.org/10.1080/00043125.2009.11519042.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yuan, Z. (2018). Chinese pop art. World Home 8, 16.Google Scholar
Yueqin, C. (2022). Personal cults in image: the image of Mao in Chinese political posters and propagandas. In Bibbins G. (ed.), AAH 194: Visual Culture in Communist China. New York, US: Union College, 16.Google Scholar
Zhang, A. (2017). Exploring Zeng Fanzhi's masterpieces. Beauty and the Times – Fine Arts Journal 7, 15.Google Scholar
Zhang, L. (2021). Expression art of Zhang Xiaogang's “Big Family Series”. Liaoning Normal University, Artist 3, 15.Google Scholar
Zhao, X. and Belk, R.W. (2008). Politicizing consumer culture: advertising's appropriation of political ideology in China's social transition. Journal of Consumer Research 35(2), 231244. https://doi.org/10.1086/588747.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhao, L. and Zhu, X. (2018). Research on the ideological construction of Chinese revolutionary culture and strengthening the ruling party. Guihai Theory 3, 16.Google Scholar
Zheng, D. (2019). Modern Chinese nationalism and the awakening of self-consciousness of the Chinese Nation. International Journal of Anthropology and Ethnology 3(1), 11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41257-019-0026-6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhi, Y. (2019). Zhang Xiaogang's “De-imageization” and return to “Childhood Experience”. Changjiang Literature and Art 4, 15.Google Scholar
Zhou, W. (2017). Research on the change and development of contemporary realism art. Beauty and the Times – Fine Arts Journal 1, 15.Google Scholar
Zhou, Y. (2020a). A History of Contemporary Chinese Art: 1949 to Present (Chinese Contemporary Art Series). New York, US: Springer Nature.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhou, Y. (2020b). An analysis of the causes of the “85 Fine Arts Movement”. Journal of Cultural Studies 1, 17.Google Scholar