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The Human Right to Development: Definitions, Research and Annotated Bibliography
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 07 November 2023
Abstract
Considering a wide variety of international instruments and literature, this article will attempt to provide a comprehensive and consistent definition of the human right to development and its relationship to the human right to health and intellectual property. This article will also provide an annotated bibliography of various sources which can facilitate the research of scholars and practitioners in this field. A list of primary source instruments, including the selective laws of domestic countries, is also introduced.
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- Copyright © The Author(s), 2023. Published by International Association of Law Libraries
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© Associate Professor/Foreign, Comparative and International Law Librarian, Rutgers University Law School.
References
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2 Id.
3 Coronavirus (COVID-19) Vaccinations, Our World in Data, https://ourworldindata.org/covid-vaccinations?country=AFG.
4 Id.
5 ‘Absolutely Unacceptable’ COVID-19 Vaccination Rates in Developing Countries (Aug. 3, 2021), https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/podcast/2021/07/30/-absolutely-unacceptable-vaccination-rates-in-developing-countries-the-development-podcast.
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7 Id.
8 Jon Cohen, “A Pretty Big Deal’: U.S. Makes COVID-19 Technologies Available for Use in Developing Countries, Science (May 13, 2022), https://www.science.org/content/article/pretty-big-deal-u-s-makes-covid-19-technologies-available-use-developing-countries/
9 Id.
10 Id. art. 1(1).
11 Ahmed, supra note 23, at 613.
12 Id. at 613.
13 Id. p.14.
14 Id. ¶ 55.
15 Id. p. 14.
16 Id.
17 G.A. Res. 70/1 (Sept.25, 2015).
18 Drahos, Peter, The Universality of Intellectual Property Rights: Origins and Development, in Intellectual Property and Human Rights 13–41 (WIPO, Geneva, 1999)Google Scholar.
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21 Id.
22 Surya P. Subedi, Introductory Note: Declaration on the Right to Development , https://legal.un.org/avl/pdf/ha/drd/drd_e.pdf (last visited Aug. 27, 2022).
23 G.A. Res. 41/128 (Dec. 4, 1986).
24 Id. art. 1(1).
25 Surya P. Subedi, Introductory Note: Declaration on the Right to Development , https://legal.un.org/avl/pdf/ha/drd/drd_e.pdf (last visited Aug. 27, 2022).
26 Surya P. Subedi, Introductory Note: Declaration on the Right to Development , https://legal.un.org/avl/pdf/ha/drd/drd_e.pdf (last visited Aug. 27, 2022).
27 Ahmed Xxxx.
28 Art.8.
29 Surya P. Subedi, Introductory Note: Declaration on the Right to Development , https://legal.un.org/avl/pdf/ha/drd/drd_e.pdf (last visited Aug. 27, 2022).
30 Preamble, DRTD, G.A. Res. 41/128 (Dec. 4, 1986).
31 Ahmed Adbel-Latif, The right to development: What implications for the multilateral intellectual property framework?, in Research Handbook on Human Rights and Intellectual Property 605–626 (Christopher Geiger, ed., Edward Elgar Publishing 2015) at 610.
32 Id.
33 Id.
34 Surya P. Subedi, Introductory Note: Declaration on the Right to Development , https://legal.un.org/avl/pdf/ha/drd/drd_e.pdf (last visited Aug. 27, 2022).
35 Art. 3.
36 A/HRC/15/WG.2/TF/2/Add.2.
37 Surya P. Subedi, Introductory Note: Declaration on the Right to Development , https://legal.un.org/avl/pdf/ha/drd/drd_e.pdf (last visited Aug. 27, 2022).
38 World Conference on Human Rights, Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, ¶10, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.157/23 (June 25, 1993).
39 Id.
40 Id.
41 G.A. Res. 55/2 (Sept. 8, 2000).
42 G.A. Res. 70/1 (Sept.25, 2015).
43 G.A. Res. 70/1, ¶35 (Sept.25, 2015).
45 Preamble
46 art. 3.
47 G.A. Res. 217 (III) A, at 76, Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Dec. 10, 1948). Most provisions of the UDHR are considered to attain the status of customary international law. See Henry j. Steiner, Philip Alston & Ryan Goodman, International Human Rights in Context 161 (2008); Hannum, Hurst, The Status of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in National and International Law, 25 Ga. J. Int'l & Comp. L. 287, 353–354 (1995/1996)Google Scholar.
48 G.A. Res. 217 (III) A, at 76, Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Dec. 10, 1948). Most provisions of the UDHR are considered to attain the status of customary international law. See Henry j. Steiner, Philip Alston & Ryan Goodman, International Human Rights in Context 161 (2008); Hurst Hannum, The Status of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in National and International Law, 25 Ga. J. Int'l & Comp. L. 287, 353–54 (1995/1996).
49 Preamble.
50 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, opened for signature Dec. 19, 1966, 999 U.N.T.S. 171.
51 Art. 1.
52 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, opened for signature Dec. 19, 1966, 993 U.N.T.S. 3.
53 Art. 2(1).
54 Art. 6.
55 Art. 11.
56 Art. 15.
57 American Convention on Human Rights, Nov. 22, 1969, 1144 U.N.T.S. 144.
58 Id. preamble.
59 Id. art. 26.
60 United Nations Development Decade; A programme for international economic cooperation, A/RES/1710(XVI), 17–18.
61 Id.
62 Id.
63 Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources, A/RES/1803(XVII)
64 Id.
65 Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources: General Assembly Resolution 1803 (XVII), https://legal.un.org/avl/ha/ga_1803/ga_1803.html.
66 Measures to Accelerate the Promotion of Respect for Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, A/RES/2027(XX).
67 Id.
68 Id. ¶1.
69 UNDP, https://www.undp.org/about-us.
71 2021/22 Human Development Report, https://report.hdr.undp.org/.
73 Surya P. Subedi, Introductory Note: Declaration on the Right to Development , https://legal.un.org/avl/pdf/ha/drd/drd_e.pdf (last visited Aug. 27, 2022).
74 A/Conf.32/41, p.12, https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N68/958/82/PDF/N6895882.pdf?OpenElement.
75 Id.
76 Id. at 14.
77 A/RES/34/46, p.170.
78 Id.
80 Surya P. Subedi, Introductory Note: Declaration on the Right to Development , https://legal.un.org/avl/pdf/ha/drd/drd_e.pdf (last visited Aug. 27, 2022).
81 Banjul Charter, preamble.
82 Banjul Charter, art. 22.
83 E/CN.4/1985/66.
84 Surya P. Subedi, Introductory Note: Declaration on the Right to Development , https://legal.un.org/avl/pdf/ha/drd/drd_e.pdf (last visited Aug. 27, 2022).
85 E/CN.4/1985/66.
86 Id.
87 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, in Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (1992), A/CONF.151/26 (Vol.I).
88 Id. Art. 3.
89 Surya P. Subedi, Introductory Note: Declaration on the Right to Development , https://legal.un.org/avl/pdf/ha/drd/drd_e.pdf (last visited Aug. 27, 2022).
90 A/RES/55/2.
91 Id. pp. 4–5.
92 Id. art. 11.
93 Id. art. 12.
94 Id. art. 13.
95 Id. art. 20.
96 G.A. Res. 70/1 (Sept.25, 2015).
97 Id. p.14.
98 Id. ¶ 55.
99 Id. p. 14.
100 Id.
101 Id.
102 Id.
103 Surya P. Subedi, Introductory Note: Declaration on the Right to Development , https://legal.un.org/avl/pdf/ha/drd/drd_e.pdf (last visited Aug. 27, 2022).
104 Tzen Wong and Graham Dutfield, Intellectual Property and Human Development: Current Trends and Future Scenarios, xii (Cambridge University Press, 2010).
105 Id. at 1–59.
106 Id. at 27–45.
107 Id. at 60–102.
108 Id.at 103–38.
109 Id. at 139–74.
110 Id. at 175–217.
111 Id. at 218–49.
112 Id. at 250–78.
113 Id. at 279–328.
114 Id. at 329–66.
115 Rmi Olwan, Intellectual Property and Development Theory and Practice 27–28 (Springer 2013).
116 Id. at 29.
117 Robin Ramcharan, International Intellectual Property Law and Human Security 29 (Springer 2013).
118 Id. at 99.
119 Id. at 217.
120 Id. at 29.
121 Id. at 30–31.
122 Id. at 41.
123 Id. at 45–62.
124 Id. at 63–95.
125 Id. at 99–115.
126 Id. at 117–73.
127 Id. at 177–214.
128 Id. at 217–57.
129 Peter Drahos, The Universality of Intellectual Property Rights: Origins and Development, in Intellectual Property and Human Rights 13–14 (WIPO, Geneva, 1999).
130 Id. at 15–25.
131 Id. at 25–33.
132 Id. at 35.
133 Id. at 35–38.
134 Laurence Helfer & Graeme Austin, Human Rights and Intellectual Property: Mapping the Global Interface 1–89 (Cambridge Univ. Press 2011).
135 Id. at 90–170.
136 Id. at 171–220.
137 Id. at 221–315.
138 Id. at 316–363.
139 Id. at 364–431.
140 Id. at 432–502.
141 Ahmed Adbel-Latif, The right to development: What implications for the multilateral intellectual property framework?, in Research Handbook on Human Rights and Intellectual Property 605–626 (Christopher Geiger, ed., Edward Elgar Publishing 2015).
142 Id. at 613.
143 Id. at 613.
144 Id. at 616–25.
145 Susy Frankel, Using intellectual property rules to support the self-determination goals of indigenous peoples, in Research Handbook on Human Rights and Intellectual Property 627–640 (Christopher Geiger, ed., Edward Elgar Publishing 2015).
146 Id. at 627.
147 Id. at 628.
148 Id. at 631.
149 Id. at 638.
150 Id.
151 Farran, Sue, Human rights perspective on protection of traditional knowledge and intellectual property: A view from island states in the Pacific, in Research Handbook on Human Rights and Intellectual Property 641–658 (Geiger, Christopher, ed., Edward Elgar Publishing 2015)Google Scholar.
152 Id. at 642–43.
153 Id. at 643.
154 Id. at 647.
155 Id. at 649.
156 Monirul Azam, Intellectual Property and Public Health in the Developing World 4 (OpenBook Publishers 2016).
157 Id. at 24.
158 Id. at 37–88.
159 Id. at 89–148.
160 Id. at 149–238.
161 Id. at 239–80.
162 Is Intellectual Property Pluralism Functional? 8–128 (Susy Frankel ed., Edward Elgar Publishing 2019).
163 Id. at 129–266.
164 Id. at 267–383.
165 Id. at 384–462.
166 Id. at 8–36.
167 Id. at 37–65.
168 Id. at 66–95.
169 Id. at 96–128.
170 Id. at 129–52.
171 Id. at 153–77.
172 Id. at 178–205.
173 Id. at 206–34.
174 Id. at 235–66.
175 Id. at 267–87.
176 Id. at 288–309.
177 Id. at 310–40.
178 Id. at 341–57.
179 Id. at 358–83.
180 Id. at 384–401.
181 Id. at 402–26.
182 Id. at 427–42.
183 Id. at 443–62.
184 Table of Contents can be found on https://lrus.wolterskluwer.com/store/product/intellectual-property-law-and-human-rights-fourth-edition/.
185 McJohn, Stephen M. & Graham, Lorie, Indigenous Peoples and Intellectual Property, 19 Wash. Univ. J. L. & Pol'y 313, 313–14 (2006)Google Scholar.
186 Id. at 315.
187 Id. at 317–25.
188 Id. at 325.
189 Id. at 332.
190 Id. at 337.
191 CIPR, Integrating Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy, in Report of the UK Commission on Intellectual Property Rights 11–28 (2002).
192 Id. at 29–56.
193 Id. at 57–72.
194 Id. at 73–94.
195 Id. at 95–110.
196 Id. at 111–36.
197 Id. at 137–54.
198 Id. at 155–70.
199 Id. at 7–8.
200 Id. at 22.
201 Id. at 32.
202 Id. at 57.
203 Id. at 73–74.
204 Id. at 95–96, 111–12.
205 Id. at 138.
206 Id. at 147.
207 UNCTAD-ICTSD, Intellectual Property Rights: Implications for Development, Discussion Paper 25–62 (2003).
208 Id. at 32.
209 Id. at 63–92.
210 Id. at 89.
211 Id. at 93–138.
212 Id.
213 Chon, Margaret, Intellectual Property and the Development Divide, 27 Cardozo L. Rev. 2821, 2823 (2006)Google Scholar.
214 Id. at 2831.
215 Id. at 2839–58.
216 Id. at 2859–73.
217 Id. at 2874–83.
218 Id. at 2884–2910.
219 Id. at 2839.
220 Id. at 2844–49.
221 Id. at 2849–58.
222 Id. at 2874.
223 Id.
224 Id. at 2876.
225 Id. at 2877.
226 Id. at 2879.
227 Id. at 2881.
228 Id. at 2878–84.
229 Id. at 2885.
230 Id. at 2888.
231 Id. at 2900–11.
232 Yu, Peter, Ten Common Questions about Intellectual Property and Human Rights, 23 Georgia State Univ. L. Rev. 709 (2007)Google Scholar.
233 Id.
234 Id. at 718.
235 Id. at 721.
236 Id. at 726.
237 Id. at 728.
238 Id. at 731.
239 Id. at 736.
240 Id. at 738.
241 Id. at 740.
242 Id. at 745.
243 Yu, Peter, Reconceptualizing Intellectual Property Interests in a Human Rights Framework, 40 U.C. Davis L. Rev. 1039, 1043 (2007)Google Scholar.
244 Id. at 1048.
245 Id. at 1070.
246 Id. at 1071.
247 Id. at 1072.
248 Id. at 1073.
249 Id. at 1074–75.
250 Id. at 1078.
251 Id.
252 Id.
253 Id. at 1095.
254 Id. at 1105.
255 Id. at 1113.
256 Id. at 1124.
257 Id. at 1125.
258 Id.
259 Id. at 1133.
260 Id. at 1136.
261 Id. at 1137.
262 Id. at 1141.
263 Id. at 1146–48.
264 Forsyth, Miranda, Lifting the Lid on “The Community”: Who Has the Right to Control Access to Traditional Knowledge and Expressions of Culture?, 19 IJCP 1, 8–13 (2012)Google Scholar.
265 Id. at 13–20.
266 Id. at 23.
267 Samson Vermont, Independent Invention as Defense to Patent Infringement, 105 Mich. L Rev. 475, 484–87 (2006).
268 Id. at 475.
269 Id.
270 Id.
271 Okediji, Ruth, Does Intellectual Property Need Human Rights, 51 NYU J. Int'l L. & Pol. 1, 4 (2018)Google Scholar.
272 Id. at 5.
273 Id. at 10–36.
274 Id. at 16.
275 Id. at 17–21.
276 Id. at 21.
277 Id. at 24–25.
278 Id. at 27.
279 Id. at 36–37.
280 Id. at 37.
281 Id.
282 Id. at 38.
283 Id. at 39.
284 Id. at 62.
285 Id. at 63–64.
286 Id. at 64–65.
287 Peter K. Yu, Intellectual Property and Human Rights 2.0, 53 U. Rich. L Rev. 1375, 1383 (2019).
288 Id. at 1399.
289 Id. at 1424.
290 Id. at 1440.
291 Id. at 1382.
292 Id.
293 Id. at 1402–03.
294 Id. at 1406.
295 Id. at 1416.
296 Id. at 1383.
297 Id. at 1433.
298 Id.
299 Id. at 1434–35.
300 Id. at 1435.
301 Id. at 1436.
302 Id. at 1383.
303 Andrew Muma, Intellectual Property and Innovation Law in Kenya and Africa, 2018 E. Afr. L.J. 165 (2018).
304 Dotan Oliar & James Y. Stern, Right on Time: First Possession in Property and Intellectual Property, 99 B.U. L. Rev. 395, 397 (2019).
305 Id. at 406–15.
306 Id. at 420–27.
307 Id. at 428–34.
308 Id. at 435–39.
309 Id. at 457.
310 Id.
311 Michele Boldrin & David Levine, The Case Against Intellectual Property, AEA Papers and Proceedings, May 2002, at 1.
312 Id. at 2–3.
313 Id. at 2.
314 Id. at 3.
315 Id. at 3–4.
316 Id. at 5.
317 Id. at 10.
318 Laurence R. Helfer, The New Innovation Frontier Revisited: Intellectual Property and the European Court of Human Rights, Intellectual Property and Human Rights, 3 (Paul L.C. Torremans, ed., Forthcoming 2020) (2019).
319 Id. at 4.
320 Id. at 8–12.
321 Id. at 12–35.
322 Id. at 35–51.
323 Id. at 8–9.
324 Id. at 9.
325 Id. at 10–11.
326 Id.
327 Id. at 12.
328 Id. at 13.
329 Id. at 17–19.
330 Id. at 19–26.
331 Id. at 19.
332 Id. at 26.
333 Id.
334 Id. at 32.
335 Id. at 34–35.
336 Id. at 35–36.
337 Id. at 53.
338 Christopher Geiger & Elena Izyumenko, Blocking Orders: Assessing Tensions with Human Rights, Ctr for Int'l. Intellectual Property Stud. Res. Paper No. 2019–03, 3 (2019).
339 Id. at 4.
340 Id. at 4.
341 Id. at 7.
342 Id. at 7.
343 Id. at 9.
344 Graham Dutfield & Uma Suthersanen, Traditional Knowledge and Genetic Resources: Observing Legal Protection through the Lens of Historical Geography and Human Rights, 58 Washburn L.J. 399, 403 (2019).
345 Id. at 406–13.
346 Id. at 413.
347 Id. at 405.
348 Id.
349 Id.
350 Id. at 444.
351 Id. at 445.
352 Heesob Nam, Human Rights Approach in Global Intellectual Property Regime: With Case Studies on The US-Korea FTA And The EU-Korea FTA 4 (Aug. 3, 2018) (Ph.D. dissertation, Queen Mary University of London).
353 Id. at 13–28.
354 Id. at 29–68.
355 Id. at 69–112.
356 Id. at 123–29.
357 Id. at 129.
358 Id. at 139–213.
359 Id. at 218–280.
360 Id. at 288.
361 Margaret Chon, Recasting Intellectual Property in Light of the U.N. Sustainable Development Goals: Toward Knowledge Governance, 34 Am. U. Int'l L. Rev. 763, 764 (2019).
362 Id. at 766–67.
363 Id. at 767, 775.
364 Id. at 776–79.
365 Id. at 779–784.
366 Id. at 784–85.
367 Sanjaya Lall, Indicators of the Relative Importance of IPRs in Developing Countries, 32 Res. Pol'y 1657 (2003).
368 Id. at 1658.
369 Id. at 1659.
370 Id.
371 Id. at 1660.
372 Id.
373 Id.
374 Id.
375 Id. at 1664–79.
376 Id. at 1680.
377 M.Z.M. Nomani, Alaa K.K.Alhalboosi & Mohammad Rauf, Legal & Intellectual Property Dimension of Health & Access to Medicines in India, 14 Indian J. Forensic Med. & Toxicology 118, 119 (2020).
378 Id. at 119–21.
379 Id. at 121.
380 Id.
381 Peter K. Yu, From Struggle to Surge: China's TRIPS Experience and Its Lessons for Access to Medicines, in Mapping the Three Generations of Struggle to Access to Medicines Under the TRIPS Agreement (Amaka Vanni & Srividhya Ragavan eds., Routledge, forthcoming 2021).
382 Id. at 2.
383 Id. at 3.
384 Id.
385 Id.
386 Id. at 4.
387 Id.
388 Id. at 6.
389 Id. at 7.
390 Id. at 8.
391 Id. at 9–10.
392 Id. at 10.
393 Id.
394 Id.
395 Id. at 11.
396 Id. at 12.
397 Id. at 13.
398 Id.
399 Id.
400 Peter K. Yu, Challenges to the Development of a Human Rights Framework for Intellectual Property, in Intellectual Property Law and Human Rights 1 (Paul Torremans ed., 4th ed., Kluwer Law International 2020) (abridged and adapted from 40 U.C. Davis L. Rev. 1039).
401 Id. at 2.
402 Id. at 3–4.
403 Id. at 5.
404 Id. at 10.
405 Id.
406 Id. at 10–11.
407 Id. at 15.
408 Id. at 16–17.
409 Id. at 20.
410 Id. at 21.
411 Id.
412 Alexander Peukert, Copyright and the Two Cultures of Online Communication, in Intellectual Property Law and Human Rights 1 (Paul Torremans ed., 4th ed., Kluwer Law International 2020).
413 Id.
414 Id.
415 Id. at 6.
416 Id. at 8.
417 Id. at 11.
418 Id. at 21–31.
419 Id. at 32.
420 Id.
421 Id. at 33.
422 Krzysztof Garstka, Guiding the Blind Bloodhounds: How to Mitigate the Risks art. 17 of Directive 2019/970 Poses to the Freedom of Expression, in Intellectual Property Law and Human Rights 1 (Paul Torremans ed., 4th ed., Kluwer Law International 2020).
423 Id. at 2.
424 Id. at 2–3.
425 Id. at 3–4.
426 Id.
427 Id. at 4–7.
428 Id. at 7–16.
429 Id. at 16–20.
430 Id. at 20.
431 Christophe Geiger, Reconceptualizing the Constitutional Dimension of Intellectual Property—An Update, in Intellectual Property Law and Human Rights (Paul Torremans ed., 4th ed., Kluwer Law International 2020).
432 Id. at 7–10.
433 Id. at 18–21.
434 Id. at 21–24.
435 Id. at 24.
436 Id. at 30–55.
437 Id. at 56.
438 Peter K. Yu, TRIPS Wars: Developing Countries Strike Back, in Flashpoints: Changing Paradigms in Intellectual Property and Technology L. (Alexandra George ed., Quid Pro Press, forthcoming 2021).
439 Id. at 2–7.
440 Id. at 7–18.
441 Id. at 18–19.