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PALESTINIAN DOCTORS UNDER THE BRITISH MANDATE: THE FORMATION OF A PROFESSION

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 March 2020

Liat Kozma  and
Yoni Furas
Liat Kozma
Affiliation:
Liat Kozma is Associate Professor of Islamic and Middle Eastern Studies at Hebrew University
Yoni Furas
Affiliation:
Yoni Furas is a Postdoctoral Fellow of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies at the University of Haifa
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Abstract

During the final years of Ottoman rule and the three decades of British rule, Palestine witnessed the emergence of a community of professionally trained Palestinian Arab doctors. This study traces the evolution of the medical profession in Palestine against the background of the shifting cultural and symbolic capital of an expanding urban middle class and the educational possibilities that enabled this development. Palestinian Arab doctors are examined through a number of interconnected prisms: their activity in social, political, and professional regional networks, their modus operandi under British colonial rule, their response to Zionism and its accompanying influx of immigrant Jewish doctors, and their ability to mobilize collectively under a shared national vision.

Keywords

British mandatehealth carePalestinephysiciansZionism
Type
Article
Information
International Journal of Middle East Studies , Volume 52 , Issue 1 , February 2020 , pp. 87 - 108
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2020

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References

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35 The two elder sons graduated as doctors. Ahmad Samih switched to pharmacy after fainting at the sight of corpses; interview of Walid Khalidi by Yoni Furas, Cambridge, MA, 21 November 2016. See also Johann Büssow, “Children of the Revolution: Youth in Palestinian Public Life, 1908–14,” in Late Ottoman Palestine: The Period of Young Turk Rule, eds. Yuval Ben-Bassat and Eyal Ginio (London: I. B. Tauris, 2011), 55–78. Compare the Husayni family and St. George's School in Jerusalem, see Hammuda, Samih, Sawt min al-Quds: al-Mujahid Dawud Salih al-Husayni min Khilal Mudhakkiratihi wa-Awaraqihi (Ramallah: Manshurat Maktabat Sar al-Fikr, 2015)Google Scholar.

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41 Al-Kulliya, 7, nos. 1, 9 (1920). The history of the AUB's Jewish students is yet to be studied, and is beyond the scope of this paper.

42 Al-Kulliya, 20, no. 2 (1933): 38–40. In 1931–32, 261 Palestinians and 162 Jews were registered; ibid., 29, no. 3 (1 February 1933): 71–72.

43 Bowman's testimony before the Royal Commission, MECA, 2/2/33, BM, 27 November 1936; Tibawi, Arab Education, 111; al-Kulliya, 20, no. 3 (1934): 69.

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53 Al-Kulliya, 7, no. 8 (1921): 135–136; 19, no. 5 (1933): 156.

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69 ʻAʼish Muhammad ʻUbayd, Burayr fi al-Dhakira wa-l-Ta'rikh (Gaza: al-Markaz al-Qawmi li-l-Dirasat wa-l-Tawthiq, 2003), 73; Sharif Kanaʻnah and Rashad al-Madani, Al-Falluja (Birzeit: Jamiʻat Birzayt, Markaz al-Wathaʼiq wa-l-Abhath, 1987), 61.

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72 Ibrahim Jamil Marʻi and Salih ʻAbd al-Jawad, Qaryat Zarʻin (Birzeit: Jamiʻat Birzayt, Markaz Dirasat wa-Tawthiq al-Mujtamaʻ al-Filastini, 1994); Sharif Kanaʻna, al-Lajjun (Birzeit: Jamiʻat Birzayt, Markaz al-Wathaʼiq wa-l-Abhath, 1987), 49. For Acre, Muhammad Tawfiq Abu Raqabah (b. 1929), interviewed by Rakan Mahmoud, Nakba Oral History, 2 December 2010, Beirut, video, 1,000 min., accessed 1 December 2016, http://www.palestineremembered.com/Acre/Acre/Story20810.html.

73 For British health-care reform of traditional rural health services and regulation of modern services, see Giacaman, Rita, Life and Health in Three Palestinian Villages (London: Ithaca Press, 1988)Google Scholar; Young, Gender and Nation Building, 85–94.

74 See ISA, M/28/6601/1–2, Chief Secretary to Director of Health Services, 12 September 1945, and Director of Health Services to Chief Secretary, 20 September 1945.

75 ISA, M/28/6601, Director of Medical Services (DMS) to Chief Secretary, 9 September 1946 and 13 July 1946; DMS to Acting Financial Secretary, Government of Palestine, 25 January 1947.

76 This immigration also transformed the Jewish health services; Doron Niederland, “Hashpaʻat ha-Rof'im ha-ʻOlim mi-Germania ‘al Hitpathut ha-Refuʼah be-Erets-Yisraʼel, 1933–1948,” Cathedra, no. 30 (1983): 111–60; Davar, 17 January 1937.

77 Mir'at al-Sharq, 22 October 1934.

78 See, for example, Shvarts, Shifra, The Workers' Health Fund in Eretz Israel: Kupat Holim, 1911–1937 (Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 2002)Google Scholar; Shehori-Rubin, Zipora, Shvartz, Shifra, and Donhin, Yoel, Hadassah Li-Vri'ut ha-‘Am: Pe‘iluta ha-Bri'utit-ha-Hinukhit shel Hadassah be-Eretz Israel Bi-Tkufat ha-Mandat ha-Briti (Jerusalem: Ha-Sifriya Ha-Tzionit, 2003)Google Scholar.

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84 Levy, Peraqim be-Toldot ha-Refuʼah, 260–61.

85 Dr. Ilyas Dib from Rameh shared his clinic in Acre with a Jewish doctor; authors interview with Ziad Deeb, 11 June 2018; Sufian, Healing the Land, 251, 290–91.

86 Bayt Jala, Lajna min Abnaʼ, Madinat Bayt Jala (Bethlehem: Matba'at Bayt Lahm, 1994), 144Google Scholar.

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88 Kanaʻna, Sharif, ʻAyn Hawd (Birzeit: Jamiʻat Birzeit, Markaz al-Wathaʼiq wa-l-Abhath, 1987), 44–45Google Scholar.

89 Shahin, Iyad, Hikayat Qarya Mudammara, Bashit (Birzeit: Dar ʻAllush lil-Nashr wa-l-Tawziʻ, 2002)Google Scholar.

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91 Al-Sadiq, interview, 16 June 2010; al-Dibajeh, interview, 29 December 2010. Kanaʻna, ʻAyn Hawd, 44–45. Shahin, Hikayat Qarya Mudammara.

Al-Bawati, interview, 11 June 2011; al-Da'oum, interview, 14 December 2017; al-Tahtamouni, interview, 22 June 2004.

Sharif Kanaʻna and Lubna ʻAbd al-Hadi, Lifta (Birzeit: Jamiʻat Birzeit, Markaz al-Wathaʼiq wa-l-Abhath, 1991), 23.

92 Man, Michal, Stetoskop u-Mahreshah: bi-Netiv ha-Mirpaʼah ba-Kibutsim, Hitpathut Sherute ha-Beriʼut ba-Kibutsim ba-Shanim, 1910–1948 (Beersheba: Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 2016), 49–54Google Scholar, 149–52.

93 Davar, 5 October 1945; Reiss, Health Care, 28.

94 Filastin, 20 June 1933.

95 Al-Kulliya, 3, no. 7 (1912): 252–53.

96 Al-Kulliya, 19, no. 5 (1933): 145–47.

97 Palestine Post, 12 April 1933, 9. For an Iraqi doctor's account of his visit to Jewish health facilities, see Fa'iq Shakir, Kitab Tadbir al-Amrad al-Zahriyya (Baghdad: Matba‘at al-‘Ahd, 1934).

98 “Al-Mu'tamar al-Tibbi al-‘Arabi al-Sanawi al-Thamin ʻAshar al-Mun‘aqad bi-Madinat Halab,” al-Majalla al-Tibbiyya al- M isriyya, 29 (1946): 150.

99 Filastin, 19 December 1944.

100 Filastin, 7 July 1945; al-Difa‘, 8 July 1945.

101 Filastin, 24 February 1945.

102 Filastin, 20 July 1945. Following the conference, on 29 July 1945, Dajani and Canaan met Macqueen and discussed the detailed list of demands (ISA, M–325/19).

103 Al-Difa‘, 24 April 1945.

104 Tawfiq Kan‘an and Mahmud Tahir Dajani, al-Jamʻiyya al-Tibbiyya al-ʻArabiyya al-Filastiniyya, Taqrir ʻAm ʻan Juhud al-Jamʻiya wa-ʻJihaduha, 1947–1950 (Jerusalem: Matbaʻat Dar al-Aytam al-Sinaʻiyya al-Islamiyya, 1950), 5.

105 Ninette S. Fahmy, The Politics of Egypt: State-Society Relationship (Abingdon, UK: Routledge, 2012), 133–34; Majallat al- J amʻiyya al-Tibbiyya al-ʻArabiyya al-Filastiniyya, 1, no. 1 (1945): 2–5.

106 Kan‘an and al-Dajani, al-Jamʻiyya al-Tibbiyya, 6.

107 Qaraqra, “Maʻarekhet ha-Bri'ut ha-Mandatorit,” 261–65; Reiss, Health Care, 38.