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Incidence of Greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) (Homoptera: Aphididae) in Pakistan and resistance in wheat against it

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 September 2011

C. Inayatullah ,
M. Nahid Ehsan-Ul-Haq  and
M. F. Chaudhry
C. Inayatullah
Affiliation:
National Agricultural Research Centre Islamabad, Pakistan
M. Nahid Ehsan-Ul-Haq
Affiliation:
National Agricultural Research Centre Islamabad, Pakistan
M. F. Chaudhry
Affiliation:
National Agricultural Research Centre Islamabad, Pakistan
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Abstract

Greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), an important vector of barley yellow dwarf mosaic virus, is a major pest of cereals in many countries. A preliminary survey conducted in the Punjab and North Western Frontier Province of Pakistan revealed medium to heavy infestations at Charsadda (density 12 apterous greenbugs/25 plants), Sher Shah (Multan) (density 33) and Malkot (Murree) (density 114). However, it was found in small numbers at many other locations.

A culture of greenbugs collected from Charsadda, was established on susceptible wheat cultivar Faisalabad-83 at 27 ± 3°C, 60% r.h. and 16:8 hr day:night regime. A seedling bulk test using local and exotic host differentials indicated that DS-28A and Largo wheat were susceptible, whereas Amigo wheat, Post and Will barley were resistant. This indicates that the population of greenbug from Charsadda culture was different from greenbug biotypes occurring in the USA. Therefore, it was designated as biotype PK-I for future reference.

Of the 44 recommended wheat cultivars in Pakistan, Punjab-85 was found to be resistant (visual damage rating (DR) 3 at 0 to 9 damage scale; 0, healthy; 9, dead). Faisalabad-85 had a DR of 4, PARI-73, Sandal and Yecora had a DR of 5, and PAK-81, WL-711, Sutluj-86 and Nuri-70 had a DR of 6. All the remaining cultivars were highly susceptible to greenbug (DR ≻ 6).

Three tests, namely, antixenosis (non-preference), antibiosis and tolerance, were conducted to determine the nature of resistance in selected entries. In the antixenosis test, PARI-73, WL-711 and Yecora were found to be the least preferred. The lowest fecundity (antibiosis) of the greenbug was on Punjab-85. In the tolerance test, the lowest damage was recorded on PARI-73 (DR= 4.1), followed by Sandal (DR= 4.8) and Punjab-85 (DR= 4.8). These three tests indicated that resistance in Punjab-85 is mainly due to antibiosis and a low level of tolerance.

During this study 439 native wheat germplasm lines were also tested. Of these, 16 germplasm lines (PAK 15081, PAK 15115, PAK 15139, PAK 15242, PAK 15433, PAK 15479, PAK 15481, PAK 15519, PAK 15992, PAK 15994, PAK 15995, PAK 15997, PAK 16007, PAK 16008, PAK 16010 and PAK 16190) were found to have a high level of resistance (DR ≺ 3). Of the test entries, 114 were moderately resistant (DR= 4–6) and the remainder were susceptible (DR ≻ 6) to greenbug. The germplasm lines found resistant may have different genes for resistance which can be exploited in breeding programmes.

Résumé

Importance de la punaise, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), (Homoptera: Aphididae) au Pakistan et résistance du blé vis à vis du ravageur.

La punaise, S. graminum (Rondani), important vecteur de la mosaïque naisante de l'orge, est un des principaux ravageurs des céréales dans de nombre pays. Un enquête préliminaire conduite dans le Punjab et dans le Nord Ouest de la province frontaliére du Pakistan a revelé que ses infestations varient de moyen à sevére à Charsadda (densité de 12 aptères/25 plantes), à Sher Shah, Multan (densité de 33) et à Malkot, Muree (densité de 114). Cependant elie présente en petit nombre dans beaucoup d'autres localités.

Un élevage des puniases recoltées à Charsadda a été realisé sur une varieté sensible de blé, Faisalabad-83, à 27 °C, 60% d'humidité relative et 16 heures d'éclairement. Un test utilisant une gamme differentielle de variétés locales et introduites a revelé que les variété de blé DS-28 et Largo étaient sensibles tandis que Amigo, et les variétés d'orge Post et Will sont résistantes à la population locale de la puniase. Tout ceci indique que cette population locale est différente des biotypes présentes aux USA. Aussi elle est désignée biotype PK-1 pour reference future.

Sur les 44 variétés de blé proposées à la vulgarisation aii Pakistan, Punjab-85 a été reconnue pour sa résistance (score visuel 3) sur une échelle de 0 à 9 (0 = sain et 9 = mort), Faisalabad-85 a une score de 4, PARI-73, Sandal et Yecora, un score de 5, et PAK-81, WI-711, Suttluj-86 et Nuri-70, un score de 6. Toutes les autres variétés sont hautement sensibles (score ≻ 6).

Trois tests portant sur I'antixenosis, l'antibiosis et la tolérance ont été conduits pour déterminer la nature de la résistance des variétés. Pour l'antixenosis (non preference), PARI-73, WI-711 et Yecora sont les moins préférées de l'insect. Le plus faible taux de fécondité (antibiosis) de la punaise a été observée sur Punjab-85. Dans le test de tolerance, PARI-73 (score = 4.1), Sandal (score = 4.8) et Punjab-85 (score = 4.8) ont enregistré les attaques les plus faibles.

Ces 3 tests indiquent que la résistance de Punjab-85 est essentiellement due à l'antibiosis et à un niveau bas de tolerance.

Au cours de cette étude, 439 lignés locales provenant du germplasme de blé ont été également testées. De celles-ci, 16 lignés (PAK 15081, PAK 15115, PAK 15139, PAK 15242, PAK 15433, PAK 15479, PAK 15481, PAK155 19, PAK 15992, PAK 15994, PAK 15995, PAK 15597, PAK16007, PAK 16008, PAK 16010 et PAK 16190) ont un dégré de résistance élevé (score ≺ 3); 114 lignés sont moderement résistantes (score = 4.6) tandis que le reste des lignés sont susceptibles (score ≻ 6).

Les lignés résistantes pourraient avoir des génes differents de résistance pouvant être exploitérs dans un programme de selection.

Keywords

Insectahost plant resistancebiotype. resistant varietiesnatural controlplant breedingantibiosisantixenosistolerancePakistanInsectsresistance plante notebiotypevariétés résistantescontrôle naturelselection variétaleantibiosisantixenosistolerance
Type
Research Articles
Information
International Journal of Tropical Insect Science , Volume 14 , Issue 2 , April 1993 , pp. 247 - 254
Copyright
Copyright © ICIPE 1993

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