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Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission (Eecc): Partial Award on Prisoners of War (Eritrea's Claim 17)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 February 2017

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Type
Judicial and Similar Proceedings
Information
International Legal Materials , Volume 42 , Issue 5 , September 2003 , pp. 1083 - 1115
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of International Law 2003

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Footnotes

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This document was reproduced and reformatted from the text appearing at the Permanent Court of Arbitration website (visited September 13, 2003) <http://www.pca-cpa.org.>

References

Endnotes

1 The ICRC reported registering 2,600 Eritrean POWs at the time of the Agreement. ICRC, ICRC repatriates 24 Ethiopian prisoners of war, ICRC Press Release 01/40 (Geneva, October 10, 2001).

2 75 U.N.T.S. p. 135; 6 U.S.T. p. 3316.

3 Ethiopia's Claim 4, Prisoners of War, Memorial, filed by Ethiopia on August 1, 2002, p. 283 [hereinafter ET04 MEM].

4 Case concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities In and Against Nicaragua (Nicar. v. U.S.), 1986 I.C.J. p. 14 paras. 174-178 (June 27).

5 Transcript of the Eritrea/Ethiopia Claims Commission Hearings of December 3-14,2002, Peace Palace, The Hague, p. 44 [hereinafter Transcript].

6 Case concerning the Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Project (Hung./Slov.), 1997 I.C.J. p. 7 para. 123 (Sept. 25).

7 Both Parties referred to the Statement by Mr. Minelik Alemu, Observer for Ethiopia at the Fiftieth Session of the U.N. Sub- Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities under Item 10 on “Freedom of Movement” in the Exercise of the Right of Reply (Geneva, August 24, 1998), available at <http://www.ethemb.se/s980824_2.htm>. See ET04 MEM p. 34 note 97, p. 57 note 241, p. 146 note 616; Professor Brilmayer, Transcript p. 62.

8 ICRC, Ethiopia-Eritrea: Aid for medical facilities and the displaced, ICRC NEWS 98/23, June 12, 1998, in Eritrea's Claim 17, Prisoners of War, Memorial, filed by Eritrea on August 1, 2002, Documentary Annex p. 40 [hereinafter ER17 MEM].

9 Celebići Case (The Prosecutor v. Delalicet al), 2001 ICTY Appeals Chamber Judgement Case No. IT-96-21 -A (Feb. 20).

10 1946 U.N.T.S. p. 3; 17 I.L.M. p. 1488.

11 ER17MEMp. 19.

12 Eritrea's Claim 17, Prisoners of War, Counter-Memorial to ER17 MEM, filed by Ethiopia on November 1, 2002, pp. 27-28 [hereinafter ER17 CM].

13 U.S. v. Wilhelm von Leeb, et al., in Trials of war criminals before the nuremberg military tribunals under control council law, NO.10,VOLUME XI, p. 462 (United States Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. 1950).

14 See Baxter, Richard R., Multilateral Treaties as Evidence of Customary International Law, 41 BRIT. Y.B. INT'L L. pp. 275, 286 (1965-66).Google Scholar

15 See, e.g., Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, 1996 I.C.J. p. 226 para. 79 (July 8); Report of the Secretary-General Pursuant to Paragraph 2 of Security Council Resolution 808 (May 3, 1993), U.N. Doc. S/25704, para. 35; The handbook of humanitarian law in armed conflicts p. 24 (Dieter Fleck ed., Oxford University Press 1995); and Theodor meron, human rights and humanitarian norms as customary law p. 45 (Clarendon Press 1989).

16 See, e.g., Charney, Jonathan I., International Agreements and the Development of Customary International Law, 61 WASH. L. REV. p. 971 (1986).Google Scholar

17 See, e.g., MERON, supra note 15 at pp. 56-58.

18 Professor Murphy, Transcript p. 185.

19 Professor Crawford, Transcript pp. 333-334.

20 See, e.g., ET04 MEM p. 47; Transcript pp. 333-334.

21 In that connection, see Sylvain vité, Les procedures internationales d'établissement des faits dans la mise en oeuvre du droit international humanitaire pp. 345-346 (Editions de l'Université de Bruxelles 1999).

22 See Rona, Gabor, The ICRC Privilege Not to Testify: Confidentiality in Action, 84 INT'LREV. RED CROSS p. 207 (2002).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

23 See, e.g., Geoffrey best, War law since 1945 p. 135 (Clarendon Press 1994).

24 See Dinstein, Yoram, Prisoners of War, in Encyclopedia of public international law, Volume 4, pp. 146, 148 (Rudolf Bernhardt ed., North-Holland Publishing Company 1982).Google Scholar

25 75 U.N.T.S. p. 31; 6 U.S.T. p. 3114.

26 See Common Article 3(l)(a), (2); Geneva Convention I, Articles 12, 15; Geneva Convention III, Articles 13, 20, 130.

27 See Ethiopia's Claim 4, Prisoners of War, Counter-Memorial to ETCH MEM, filed by Eritrea on November 1, 2002, pp. 196, 198 [hereinafter ET04 CM].

28 See id. at p. 213.

29 Jean de preux et al., commentary on the geneva conventions of 12 AUGUST 1949, VOLUME III, at p. 166 note 4 (Jean S. Pictet, ed., ICRC, Geneva 1960).

30 See, e.g., ET04 CM p. 56.

31 See, e.g., id. at pp. 195, 197.

32 Geneva Convention III, Article 17.

33 ER17MEMp. 138.

34 See, e.g., ET04 CM pp. 64-65, 99.

35 Id. at p. 219.

36 Id. at p. 220.

37 Id. at p. 221.

38 ET04CMTabl7.

39 See Articles 13, 21-29.

40 Article 13 (emphasis added).

41 Geneva Convention III, Article 26.

42 118L.N.T.S. pp. 343-411.

43 See ET04 CM pp. 259-261.

44 Mat pp. 331-338.

45 ER17 MEM p. 65 note 235.

46 See Section IIIA supra.

47 ER17MEMp. 138.

48 Transcript p. 4.

49 See Dinstein, Yoram, The Release of Prisoners of War, In Studies And Essays On International Humanitarian Law And Red Cross principles in honor of jean pictet p. 44 (C. Swinarski ed., Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 1984).Google Scholar

50 See Levie, Howard S., Prisoners of war in international armed conflict, in International law studies, VOLUME 59, pp. 421-429 (U.S. Naval War College Press 1977).Google Scholar

51 Id. at pp. 417-418.

52 Professor Crawford, Transcript pp. 472-475.

53 Ethiopia Conditionally Halts POWs Exchange with Eritrea, Ethiopian News Agency (ENA), August 3, 2001, in ER17 MEM, Documentary Annex p. 32.

54 Asmara Accuses Ethiopia of Violating Ceasefire Deal over POWs, Agence France Presse, August 3, 2001, in ER17 MEM, Documentary Annex p. 34.

55 ER17MEMp. 41.

56 ICRC Expresses Concern over Delay of POWs Repatriation in Ethiopia, Eritrea, Bbc Worldwide Monitoring, May 9, 2002, in ER17 CM, Documentary Annex, Annex 2, No. 4.

57 Ethiopia: Inten'iew with Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi, United nations integrated regional information Network, July 17, 2002, in ER17 MEM, Documentary Annex p. 46.

58 ICRC, ICRC President Visits Eritrea and Ethiopia: decisive progress in the release and repatriation of POWs, Press Release 02/48 (August 23, 2002), available at <http://www.icrc.org/web/Eng/siteengo.nsf/ iwpList279/>.

59 ICRC Expresses Concern, supra note 56.