Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-x5gtn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-07T19:22:53.963Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

New light on North Mesopotamia in the earlier second millennium B.C.: metalwork from the Hamrin*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 August 2014

Extract

It is typical of Mesopotamian studies that periods well supplied with documentary evidence are frequently those for which archaeological evidence is least reliable. Such is the case with the earlier part of the second millennium B.C. (Porada et al. 1992: p. 119). While the situation has improved somewhat as a result of several recent publications (Gasche 1989; Hill et al. 1989; Kepinski-Lecomte 1992), many gaps remain. The paucity of reliable data from Mesopotamia has certainly hindered attempts to understand relationships between that area and the often better documented material cultures of neighbouring regions.

The present report represents an attempt to tackle one aspect of these problems by presenting a group of metal weapons of secure north Mesopotamian provenance, which can be reliably dated to the early second millennium B.C., the Old Babylonian period in particular. The material presented here is the first substantial assemblage of Mesopotamian weapons of this date to be published.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The British Institute for the Study of Iraq 1995 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

Note: Dating according to the Middle Chronology, Hammurabi 1792–1750 B.C.

References

Abbu, N. A. 1984. Excavations at Tell Halawa, Sumer 40: pp. 122129.Google Scholar
Amiet, P. 1976. Les Antiquités du Luristan, Collection David-Weill, Paris.Google Scholar
Andrae, W. 1922. Archaïschen Ischtar-Tempel in Assur. (Wissenschaftliche Veröffentlichungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft 39), Leipzig.Google Scholar
Bergamini, G. 1985. Tell Yelkhi. In Gulini, G. et al. The Land Between Two Rivers, Turin (II Quadante Edizioni), pp. 4156.Google Scholar
Boehmer, R. M. 1972. Die Kleinfunde von Boǧazköy aus die Grabungskampagnen 1931–1939 und 1952–1969, Berlin.Google Scholar
Calmeyer, P. 1969. Datierbare Bronzen aus Luristan und Kirmanshah (U.A.V.A 5), Berlin.Google Scholar
Catling, H. W. 1964. Cypriot Bronzework in the Mycenean World, Oxford (Clarendon Press).Google Scholar
Chernykh, E. N. 1992. Ancient Metallurgy in the U.S.S.R. Cambridge (University Press).Google Scholar
Curtis, J. E. 1983. Some Axe-Heads from Chagar Bazar and Nimrud, Iraq 45, pp. 7381.Google Scholar
Deshayes, J. 1960. Les Outils de bronze de l'Indus au Danube I–II, Paris.Google Scholar
Dever, W. G. 1975. Middle Bronze IIa Cemeteries at Ain es-Samiyeh and Sinjil, Bull. American Schools of Oriental Research 217, pp. 2336.Google Scholar
Dunand, M. 1939. Fouilles de Byblos 1926–1932. Tome I. Paris (Paul Geuthner).Google Scholar
Dunand, M. 19541958. Fouilles de Byblos 1933–1938. Tome II. Paris (Paul Geuthner).Google Scholar
Egami, N. 1959. Telul eth-Thalathat. The Excavation of Tell II 1956–1957 Vol. 1 (The Tokyo University Iraq-Iran Expedition Report 1), Tokyo.Google Scholar
Erkanal, H. 1977. Die Äxte und Beile des 2. Jahrtausends in Zentralanatolien (P.B.F. Abt. IX, Bd. 8), Munich.Google Scholar
Finkelstein, I. and Brandl, B. 1985. A Group of Metal Objects from Shiloh, Israel Museum Journal 4, pp. 1726.Google Scholar
Fiorina, P. 1985. Funeral Customs. In Gulini, et al., The Land Between Two Rivers, Turin (Il Quadrante Edizioni), pp. 62–3.Google Scholar
Gasche, H. 1989. La Babylonie au 17e siècle avant notre ère: approche archéologique, problèmes et perspectives (University of Ghent: Mesopotamian History and Evironment. Series II, Memoirs I), Ghent.Google Scholar
Gulini, G. et al. 1985. The Land Between Two Rivers, Turin (Il Quadrante Edizioni).Google Scholar
Haller, A. 1954. Die Gräber und Grüfte von Assur (Wissenschaftliche Veröffentlichungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft 65), Berlin.Google Scholar
Haller, A. and Andrae, W. 1955. Die Heiligtümer des Gottes Assur und der Sin-Šamaš-Tempel in Assur (Wissenschaftliche Veröffentlichungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft 67), Berlin.Google Scholar
Hanoun, N. 1984. Excavations at Tulul Baradan, Al-Seib and Haddad, Sumer 40, pp. 7072 (English); pp. 65–70 (Arabic).Google Scholar
Hill, H. D., Jacobsen, T. and Delougaz, P. 1989. Old Babylonian Public Buildings in the Diyala Region (Oriental Institute Publications 98), Chicago.Google Scholar
Ilan, D. 1992. A Middle Bronze Age Offering Deposit from Tel Dan and the Politics of Cultic Gifting, Tel Aviv 19, pp. 247–66.Google Scholar
Invernizzi, A. 1980. Excavations in the Yelkhi area, Mesopotamia 15, pp. 1950.Google Scholar
Kamada, H. and Ohtsu, T. 1988. Report on the Excavations at Songor A — Isin-Larsa, Sassanian and Islamic Graves, Al-Rafidain 9, pp. 135–72.Google Scholar
Kepinski-Lecomte, C. 1992. Haradum I. Une ville nouvelle sur le Moyen-Euphrate (XVIIIe-XVIIe siécles av.J.-C), Paris (ERC).Google Scholar
Laessoe, J. 1963. People of Ancient Assyria: their inscriptions and correspondence, London.Google Scholar
Langdon, S. H. 1924. Excavations at Kish Vol. I, Paris.Google Scholar
Levey, M. 1959. Chemistry and Chemical Technology in Ancient Mesopotamia, New York (Elsevier).Google Scholar
Mackay, E. J. H. 1925. Report on the Excavation of the ‘A’ Cemetery at Kish, Mesopotamia I, Chicago.Google Scholar
Mackay, E. J. H. 1929. A Sumerian Palace and the ‘A’ Cemetery at Kish, Mesopotamia II, Chicago.Google Scholar
Maigret, A. de 1976. Le lance nell'Asia anteriore nell'eta dell bronzo (Istituto di Studi del vicino oriente, Università di Roma), Rome.Google Scholar
Malfoy, J.-M. and Menu, M. 1987. La métallurgie du cuivre à Suse aux IVe et IIIe millénaires: analyses en laboratoire. In Tallon, 1987, pp. 355–73.Google Scholar
Mallowan, M. E. L. 1937. The excavations at Tall Chagar Bazar and an archaeological survey of the Habur region, second campaign 1936, Iraq 4, pp. 91178.Google Scholar
Mallowan, M. E. L. 1947. Excavations at Brak and Chagar Bazar, Iraq 9, pp. 1259.Google Scholar
Maxwell-Hyslop, K. R. 1946. Daggers and swords of Western Asia, Iraq 8, pp. 165.Google Scholar
Maxwell-Hyslop, K. R. 1949. Western Asiatic shaft-hole axes, Iraq 11, 90129.Google Scholar
Mecquenem, R. de. 1934. Fouilles de Suse 1929–1933, Mémoires de la Délégation en Perse XXIV, Paris, pp. 177237.Google Scholar
Mesnil du Buisson, R. du 1948. Baghouz, l'ancienne Corsoté, Leiden (E. J. Brill).Google Scholar
Montet, P. 1928. Byblos et l'Égypte, Paris (Paul Geuthner).Google Scholar
Moorey, P. R. S. 1971. Catalogue of Ancient Persian Bronzes in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (Clarendon Press).Google Scholar
Moorey, P. R. S. 1982. Archaeology and Pre-Achaemeneid Metalworking in Iran: A Fifteen Year Retrospective, Iran 20, pp. 81101.Google Scholar
Muscarella, O. W. 1988. Bronze and Iron. Near Eastern Artifacts in The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (Metropolitan Museum of Art).Google Scholar
Oates, D. 1985. Excavations at Tell Brak 1983–84, Iraq 47, pp. 159–73.Google Scholar
Oren, E. D. 1971. A Middle Bronze Age I Warrior Tomb at Beth Shan, Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins 87, pp. 109–39.Google Scholar
Özgüç, T. 1982. Maşat Höyük II: a Hittite Center Northeast of Boǧazköy (Türk Tarih Kurumu yayınlarından Seri 5, No. 38a), Ankara.Google Scholar
Özgüç, T. 1986. Kültepe-Kaniş II: New Researches at the Trading Centre of the Ancient Near East (Türk Tarih Kurumu, V. Seri, Sa 41), Ankara.Google Scholar
Philip, G. 1988. Hoards of the Early and Middle Bronze Ages in the Levant. World Archaeology 20/2, pp. 190208.Google Scholar
Philip, G. 1989. Metal Weapons of the Early and Middle Bronze Ages in Syria-Palestine (B.A.R. International Series 526 i & ii), Oxford.Google Scholar
Philip, G. 1991. Cypriot Bronzework in the Levantine World: conservatism, innovation and social change, Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 4/1, pp. 59108.Google Scholar
Philip, G. in press (a). Tell el-Dab'a metalwork: patterns and purpose. In Davies, W. V. and Schofield, L. (eds), Egypt, the Aegean and the Levant, London.Google Scholar
Philip, G. in press (b). Warrior Burials in the Ancient Near Eastern Bronze Age: the evidence from Mesopotamia, western Iran and Syria-Palestine. In Green, A. C. and Campbell, S. (eds), The Archaeology of Death in the Ancient Near East.Google Scholar
Porada, E., Hansen, D. P. and Dunham, S. 1992. The Chronology of Mesopotamia ca. 7000–1600 B.C. In Ehrich, R. W. (ed.), Chronologies in Old World Archaeology (3rd ed.), Chicago (University of Chicago Press).Google Scholar
Postgate, J. N. 1979. Historical Geography of the Hamrin Basin, Sumer 35, pp. 591–4.Google Scholar
Postgate, J. N. and Watson, P. J. 1979. Excavations in Iraq, 1977–78, Iraq 41, pp. 141–81.Google Scholar
Rashid, F. 1984. Akkadian Texts from Tell Sleima, Sumer 40, pp. 55–6.Google Scholar
Roaf, M. J. and Postgate, J. N. 1981. Excavations in Iraq, 1979–1980, Iraq 43, pp. 167–98.Google Scholar
Rumeidiyeh, S. S. 1984. Excavations at Tell Suleimeh, Sumer 40, pp. 57–8 (English), pp. 43–54 (Arabic).Google Scholar
Salman, S. and Shaker, B. 1979. Tell Sleima Excavations, Sumer 35, pp. 427–28.Google Scholar
Schaeffer, C. F. A. 1949. Ugaritica II, Paris (Paul Geuthner).Google Scholar
Schmidt, E. F., van Loon, M. N. and Curvers, H. H. 1989. The Holmes Expedition to Luristan (Oriental Institute Publications 108), Chicago.Google Scholar
Speiser, E. A. 1931. Reports from our Expeditions in Iraq. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 41, pp. 1924.Google Scholar
Speiser, E. A. 1935. Tepe Gawra I: Levels I–VIII, Philadelphia (University of Pennsylvania Press).Google Scholar
Summers, G. D. 1991. Metalwork in Gaziantep Museum said to be a hoard from the Region of Sakcegözü, Anatolian Studies 41, pp. 173196.Google Scholar
Tallon, F. 1987. Métallurgie susienne. De la fondation de Suse au XVIIIe siècle avant J.-C. (Editions de la Reunion des musées nationaux, Notes et Documents des musées de France 15), Paris, 2 vols.Google Scholar
Thureau-Dangin, F. and Dunand, M. 1936. Til-Barsip, Paris (Paul Geuthner).Google Scholar
Waele, E. de. 1982. Bronzes du Luristan et d'Amlash (Publications de l'Histoire de l'Art et d'Archéologie de l'Université Catholique de Louvain XXXIV), Louvain-la-Neuve.Google Scholar
Werr, L. G. (ed.) 1992. Old Babylonian Cylinder seals from the Hamrin (Edubba 2), London (Nabu Publications).Google Scholar
Woolley, C. L. 1934. Ur Excavations II: The Royal Cemetery, London.Google Scholar
Yadin, Y. 1963. The Art of Warfare in Biblical Lands in the Light of Archaeological Discovery, London (Weidenfield & Nicholson).Google Scholar