Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-pftt2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-30T19:03:46.927Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

LE TIPOLOGIE DELLE POLITICHE PUBBLICHE: UNA STRADA SENZA USCITA?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 July 2018

Giliberto Capano

Introduzione

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Come è stato recentemente sottolineato, l'analisi delle politiche pubbliche costituisce, insieme al filone della political economy, «il campo d'indagine che ha registrato l'espansione forse più impetuosa nelle scienze sociali dell'ultimo ventennio» (Ferrera 1989, 241). Questo grande sviluppo dell'analisi delle politiche pubbliche pone una serie di problemi concernenti, oltre che il rapporto con la scienza della politica nel suo complesso, gli stessi assetti interni di questo campo di studi. Questioni che nascono soprattutto dal carattere intrinsecamente interdisciplinare dell'analisi delle politiche pubbliche, oltre che dalla problematicità dell'unità di analisi. Nel coacervo di questioni teorico-metodologiche che sorgono, nel momento in cui si intende porre al centro della ricerca empirica la policy, una di quelle più intriganti è costituita dal problema della classificazione delle politiche pubbliche. D'altra parte, il trattamento classificatorio dei concetti occupa un posto fondamentale nel processo di ricerca, costituendo altresì una condizione necessaria, pur se non sufficiente, per procedere in modo adeguato nell'analisi empirica e teorica del fenomeno politico (McKinney 1966, 1970; Tiryakian 1968; Sartori 1979; Oppenheim 1975; Marradi 1990). La questione assume, peraltro, una rilevanza assolutamente imprescindibile all'interno di un magmatico e frammentato campo di studi, quale è quello dei policy studies, laddove, pur esistendo una notevole tradizione classificatoria - anzi, nella sua espressione più rilevante, tipologica - la diversità delle proposte elaborate (numerose, spesso assolutamente non confrontabili) ha condotto a non soddisfare le attese riposte in tale strumento metodologico per ordinare e guidare la prodigiosa produzione di ricerca (soprattutto a carattere idiografico) sviluppata negli ultimi trent'anni.

Summary

Summary

Dating back to Lowi's classic review article (1964), the typological tradition of policy analisys has produced a variety of efforts to classify public policies, attempting, more specifically, to categorize policies in such a way that the relationship between substance and process can be more clearly understood. In this essay, we review the main categorization schemes, discussing their methodological and substantial limitations. Typologies of public policies suffer from two major problems: it is often difficult to identify a particular policy unambiguously as a particular type, and, it often appears that the characteristics of a policy, rather than being inherent in its nature, are socially constructed and subject to manipulation by actors. These limitations hinder the understanding of three ineluctable features of public policy: ambiguity, subjectivity and dynamism. In order to explain these features, classifications and typologies are not sufficient tools, but are only the first step of the scientific enterprise.

Type
RASSEGNE
Information
Italian Political Science Review / Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica , Volume 23 , Issue 3 , December 1993 , pp. 549 - 588
Copyright
Copyright © Societ Italiana di Scienza Politica 

References

Riferimenti bibliografici

Bauer, R.A. et al. (1963), American Business and Public Policy: The Politics of Foreign Trade, New York, Atherthorn Press.Google Scholar
Berelson, B.R., Lazarsfeld, P.F. e McPhee, W.N. (1951), Voting, Chicago, University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Boudon, R. (1984), La place du désordre, Paris, Presses Universitaires de France; trad. it. Il posto del disordine, Bologna, Il Mulino, 1985.Google Scholar
Bressers, H. e Honigh, M. (1986), A Comparative Approach to the Explanation of Policy Effects, in ‘International Social Sciences Journal’, 108, pp. 267–287.Google Scholar
Calise, M. (1987), Organizzare le politiche: arene di partito ed arene amministrative a Napoli, in ‘Democrazia e diritto’, n. 6, pp. 163–187.Google Scholar
Capano, G. (1992), L'improbabile riforma. Le politiche di riforma amministrativa nell'Italia repubblicana, Bologna, Il Mulino-Arel.Google Scholar
Champney, L. (1988), Public Goods and Policy Types, in ‘Public Administration Review’, v. 48, pp. 988–994.Google Scholar
Dente, B. (1990), Le politiche pubbliche in Italia, in Dente, B. (a cura di), Le politiche pubbliche in Italia, Bologna, Il Mulino, pp. 9–47.Google Scholar
Dunn, W.N. (1981), Public Policy Analysis: An Introduction, Englewood Cliffs, Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Dye, T.R. (1972), Understanding Public Policy, Englewood Cliffs, Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Edelman, M. (1964), The Symbolic Uses of Politics, Chicago, University of Illinois Press; trad. it. Gli usi simbolici della politica, Napoli, Guida, 1987.Google Scholar
Eulau, H. e Eyestone, R. (1968), Policy Maps of City Councils and Policy Outcomes: A Developmental Analysis, in ‘American Political Science Review’, LXII, pp. 126–143.Google Scholar
Ferrera, M. (1989), Le politiche pubbliche, in Morlino, L. (a cura di), Scienza politica, Torino, Edizioni della Fondazione Agnelli, pp. 241–256.Google Scholar
Freeman, G.P. (1985), National Styles and Policy Sectors: Explaining Structured Variation, in ‘Journal of Public Policy’, V, pp. 467–496.Google Scholar
Froman, L.A. (1967), An Analysis of Public Policies in Cities, in ‘Journal of Politics’, XXIX, pp. 94–108.Google Scholar
Froman, L.A. (1968), The Categorization of Policy Content, in Ranney, A. (a cura di), Political Science and Public Policy, Chicago, Markham, pp. 41–52.Google Scholar
Giuliani, M. (1992), Politiche regulative. Fra scambi e giochi, in ‘Rivista italiana di Scienza politica’, XXII, pp. 335–374.Google Scholar
Goodin, R. (1977), Symbolic Rewards: Being Bought Off Cheaply, in ‘Political Studies’, XXV, pp. 383–396.Google Scholar
Greenberg, G.D. et al. (1977), Developing Public Policy Theory, Perspectives from Empirical Research, in ‘American Political Science Review’, LXXXI, pp. 1532–1543.Google Scholar
Gustafsson, G. (1983), Symbolic and Pseudo Policies as Responses to Diffusion of Power, in ‘Policy Sciences’, XV, pp. 269–287.Google Scholar
Gustavsson, S. (1980), Types of Policy and Types of Politics, in ‘Scandinavian Political Studies’, III, pp. 123–142.Google Scholar
Hart, H.L.A. (1961), The Concept of Law, New York, Oxford University Press; trad. it. Il concetto di diritto, Torino, Einaudi, 1965.Google Scholar
Hayes, T.H. (1978), The Semi-Sovereign Pressure Groups: A Critique of Current Theory and an Alternative Typology, in ‘The Journal of Politics’, XL, pp. 134–161.Google Scholar
Head, J.G. (1962), Public Goods and Public Policy, in ‘Public Finance’, XVII, pp. 197–219.Google Scholar
Heckathorn, D.D. e Maser, S.M. (1990), The Contractual Architecture of Public Policy: A Critical Reconstruction of Lowi's Typology, in ‘Journal of Politics’, LXII, pp. 1101–1123.Google Scholar
Heclo, H. (1972), Review Article: Policy Analysis, in ‘British Journal of Political Science’, II, pp. 83–108.Google Scholar
Hill, K.Q. e Plumlee, J.P. (1984), Policy Arenas and Budgetary Politics, in ‘Western Political Quarterly’, XXXVII, pp. 84–99.Google Scholar
Hofferbert, R. (1974), The Study of Public Policy, New York, Bobbs Merrill.Google Scholar
Huntington, S.P. (1961), The Common Defense, New York, Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Kellow, A. (1988), Promoting Elegance in Policy Theory: Simplifying Lowi's Arenas of Power, in ‘Policy Studies Journal’, XVI, pp. 713–724.Google Scholar
Froman, L.A. (1989), Taking The Long Way Home? A Reply to Spitzer on the Arenas of Power, in ‘Policy Studies Journal’, XVII, pp. 537–549.Google Scholar
Kjellberg, F. (1977), Do Policies (Really) Determine Politics? And Eventually How?, in ‘Policy Studies Journal’, V, pp. 554–570.Google Scholar
La Spina, A. (1989), La decisione legislativa, Milano, Giuffrè.Google Scholar
Lijphart, A. (1984), Democracies, London, Yale University Press; trad. it. Le democrazie contemporanee, Bologna, Il Mulino, 1988.Google Scholar
Lowi, T.J. (1964a), American Business, Public Policy, Case Studies, and Political Theory, in ‘World Politics’, XVI, pp. 677–715.Google Scholar
Lowi, T.J. (1964b), At the Pleasure of the Mayor, New York, Free Press.Google Scholar
Lowi, T.J. (1966), Distribution, Regulation, Redistribution: The Function of Government, in Ripley, R.B. (a cura di), Public Policies and their Politics, New York, Norton Co.Google Scholar
Lowi, T.J. (1967), Making Democracy Safe for the World, in Rosenau, J. (a cura di), Domestic Sources of Foreign Policy, New York, Free Press, pp. 295–331.Google Scholar
Lowi, T.J. (1969), The End of Liberalism, New York, Norton Co.Google Scholar
Lowi, T.J. (1970), Decision Making vs. Policy Making, in ‘Public Administration Review’, XXX, pp. 314–325.Google Scholar
Lowi, T.J. (1972), Four Systems of Policy, Politics, and Choice, in ‘Public Administration Review’, XXXII, pp. 298–310.Google Scholar
Lowi, T.J. (1985), The State in Politics. The Relation Between Policy and Administration, in Noll, R. (a cura di), Regulatory Policy and the Social Sciences, Berkeley, University of California Press, pp. 67–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lowi, T.J. (1988), An Assessment of Kellow's ‘Promoting Elegance in Policy Theory’, in ‘Policy Studies Journal’, XVI, pp. 725–728.Google Scholar
McKinney, J.C. (1966), Constructive Typology and Social Theory, New York, Appleton Century Crofts.Google Scholar
McKinney, J.C. (1970), Sociological Theory and the Process of Typification, in McKinney, J.C. e Tiryakian, E.A. (a cura di), Theoretical Sociology. Perspective and Developments, New York, Meredith Corporation, pp. 235–269.Google Scholar
Malkin, J. e Wildavsky, A. (1991), Why the Traditional Distinction Between Public and Private Goods Should Be Abandoned, in ‘Journal of Theoretical Politics’, IV, pp. 355–378.Google Scholar
Marradi, A. (1987), Concetti e metodi per la ricerca sociale, Firenze, La Giuntina, 3a ed.Google Scholar
McKinney, J.C. (1990), On Classification, in Bebler, A. e Seroja, J. (a cura di), Contemporary Political Systems. Classifications and Typologies, London, Lynne Rienner, pp. 11–43.Google Scholar
Morlino, L. (1986), Democrazie, in Pasquino, G. (a cura di), Manuale di scienza della politica, Bologna, Il Mulino, pp. 83–135.Google Scholar
Olson, M. (1965), The Logic of Collective Action, Cambridge, Harvard University Press; trad. it. La logica dell'azione collettiva, Milano, Feltrinelli, 1983.Google Scholar
Oppenheim, F.E. (1975), The Language of Political Inquiry: Problems of Clarification, in Greenstein, F.I. e Polsby, N.W. (a cura di), Handbook of Political Science, Reading, Addison Wesley Publishing Company, vol. I, pp. 283–335; trad. it. Problemi di chiarificazione del linguaggio, in D. Fisichella (a cura di), Metodo scientifico e ricerca politica, Roma, Nis, 1985, pp. 189–239.Google Scholar
Ostrom, V. e Ostrom, E. (1978), Public Goods and Public Choices, in Savas, E.S. (a cura di), Alternatives for Delivering Public Services: Toward Improved Performance, Boulder, Co, Westview Press, pp. 7–49.Google Scholar
Panebianco, A. (1989), Le scienze sociali e la politica, in Panebianco, A. (a cura di), L'analisi della politica, Bologna, Il Mulino, pp. 13–65.Google Scholar
Pennock, J.R. (1979), Another Legislative Typology, in ‘Journal of Politics’, 41, pp. 1206–1213.Google Scholar
Rakoff, S.H. e Schaefer, G.F. (1970), Politics Policy, and Political Science: Theoretical Alternatives, in ‘Politics and Society’, I, pp. 51–77.Google Scholar
Regonini, G. (1985), Le politiche sociali in Italia: metodi di analisi, in ‘Rivista italiana di scienza politica’, XV, pp. 335–377.Google Scholar
Regonini, G. (1989), Lo studio delle politiche pubbliche, in Panebianco, A. (a cura di), L'analisi della politica, Bologna, Il Mulino, pp. 491–516.Google Scholar
Richardson, J.J. et al. (1982), The Concept of Policy Style, in Richardson, J.J. (a cura di), Policy Styles in Western Europe, London, Allen & Unwin, pp. 1–16.Google Scholar
Rose, R. (1969), Comparing Public Policy, in ‘European Journal of Political Research’, I, pp. 67–94.Google Scholar
Regonini, G. (1984), Comparative Policy Analysis: The Programme Approach, Glasgow, Centre for the Study of Public Policy, Studies in Public Policy 138.Google Scholar
Salisbury, R.H. (1968), The Analysis of Public Policy: A Search for Theories and Roles, in Ranney, A. (a cura di), Political Science and Public Policy, Chicago, Markham, pp. 151–175.Google Scholar
Salisbury, R.H. e Heinz, J. (1970), A Theory of Policy Analysis and Some Preliminary Applications, in Sharkansky, I. (a cura di), Policy Analysis in Political Science, Chicago, Markham, pp. 39–60.Google Scholar
Samuelson, P. (1954), The Pure Theory of Public Expenditure, in ‘Review of Economic and Statistics’, XXXVI, pp. 387–390.Google Scholar
Sartori, G. (1979), La politica. Logica e metodo in scienze sociali, Milano, Sugar Co.Google Scholar
Schattschneider, E.E. (1960), The Semi-Sovereign People, Hillsdale, The Driden Press, 2a ed. (1975).Google Scholar
Sheffer, G. (1977), Reversibility of Policies and Pattern of Politics, in ‘Policy Studies Journal, V, pp. 535–554.Google Scholar
Smith, T.A. (1969), Toward a Comparative Theory of the Policy Process, in ‘Comparative Politics’, I, pp. 498–515.Google Scholar
Smith, T.A. (1975), The Comparative Policy Process, Santa Barbara, Clio Books.Google Scholar
Spitzer, R.J. (1983a), The Presidency and Public Policy: A Preliminary Inquiry, University, University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
Smith, T.A. (1983b), Presidential Policy Determinism, in ‘Presidential Studies Quarterly’, Fall, pp. 556–574.Google Scholar
Smith, T.A. (1987), Promoting Policy Theory: Revising the Arenas of Power, in ‘Policy Studies Journal’, XV, pp. 675–689.Google Scholar
Steinberger, P.J. (1980), Typologies of Public Policies: Meaning Construction and the Policy Process, in ‘Social Sciences Quarterly’, LXI, pp. 185–207 Google Scholar
Stigler, G.J. (1971), The Theory of Economic Regulation, in ‘The Bell Journal of Economic and Management Science’, II, pp. 3–21.Google Scholar
Tatalovich, R. e Daynes, B. (1984), Moral Controversies and the Policymaking Process, in ‘Policy Studies Journal’, XIII, pp. 207–222.Google Scholar
Tiryakian, E.A. (1968), Typologies, in Sills, D.L. (a cura di), International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, New York, Macmillan, vol. 15.Google Scholar
Uslaner, E.M. (1985), Energy, Issue, and Policy Typologies, in Ingram, H.M. (a cura di), Public Policy and the Natural Environment, Greenwich, JAI Press, pp. 101–122.Google Scholar
Weber, M. (1922a), Gesammelte Aufsatze zur Wissenschaftslehere, Tubingen, Mohr; trad. it., Il metodo nelle scienze storico-sociali, Milano, Mondadori, 1980.Google Scholar
Smith, T.A. (1922b), Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft, Tubingen, Mohr; trad. it., Economia e Società, Milano, Comunità, 1980, 5 voll.Google Scholar
Wilson, J.Q. (1973), Political Organizations, New York, Basic Books.Google Scholar
Wilson, J.Q. (1974), The Politics of Regulation, in McKie, J.W. (a cura di), Social Responsability and the Business Predicament, Washington D.C., The Brookings Institution, pp. 135–164.Google Scholar
Wilson, J.Q. (1980), The Politics of Regulation, in Wilson, J.Q. (a cura di), The Politics of Regulation, New York, Basic Books, pp. 357–394.Google Scholar