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What Does Blood Membership Mean in Political Terms?: The Political Incorporation of Latin American Nikkeijin (Japanese Descendants) (LAN) in Japan 1990–2004

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 February 2011

MICHAEL ORLANDO SHARPE
MICHAEL ORLANDO SHARPE*
Affiliation:
Assistant Professor of Political Science, Department of Behavioral Sciences, York College / City University of New York, School of Health and Behavioral Sciencesmsharpe@york.cuny.edu
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Abstract

This attempts to explain the limited political incorporation of Latin American Nikkeijin (Japanese descendants) (LAN) in Japan 1990–2004. A 1990 reform provides Nikkeijin a renewable visa that has enabled some 300,000 LAN to emigrate to Japan on the basis of Japanese blood descent or ethnicity.1 Long-term marginalized minority groups, such as Zainichi Koreans and Chinese,2 are comparatively better incorporated in Japan's political system and their demands increasingly recognized as more legitimate. I argue Japan's changing ethnic citizenship regime, political opportunity structure, and structure of civil society combined with LAN language difficulties, newness of residence, small size, low minority status, and powerful myth of return limits their immigrant political incorporation in Japan.

Type
Research Article
Information
Japanese Journal of Political Science , Volume 12 , Issue 1 , April 2011 , pp. 113 - 142
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2011

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References

1 Following Max Weber, ethnicity is defined as ‘those human groups that entertain a subjective belief in their common descent because of similarities of physical type or of customs or both, or because of memories of colonization and migration; this belief must be important for the propagation of group formation; conversely, it does not matter whether or not an objective blood relation exists’. Roth, Guenther and Wittich, Claus (eds.), Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology, Volume 1 (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1978), p. 389Google Scholar.

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33 Foreign population just reaching about 1% in the early 1990s. Peng-Er, ‘At the Margins of a Liberal-Democratic State’, p. 225.

34 It is ironic that in the midst of the global financial crisis in 2009, the Japanese government established a program for the paid voluntary repatriation of unemployed Latin American Nikkeijin Kikoku Shien Jigyo (Help Return Program).

35 Kashiwazaki, ‘Citizenship in Japan’.

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37 Ibid.

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50 Rogers Brubaker, Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany.

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90 Akemi Nakmura, ‘Suffrage for foreigners gain momentum, Diet to take up bill on local voting rights, but LDP is dragging its feet’, The Japan Times, 10 November 2004, http://www.search.japantimes.co.jp/print/nn20041110f1.html.

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96 Interview with Japanese NGO official, 8/4/06.

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115 Shipper, ‘The Political Construction of Foreign Workers in Japan’.

116 Tsuda, Strangers in the Ethnic Homeland.

117 Brody, Opening the Door.

118 Tsuda, Strangers in the Ethnic Homeland, p. 235.

119 As referred to in Shipper, Fighting for Foreigners, p. 92. The Catholic Bishops Conference of Japan notes some 406,974 foreign born Catholics in 2000, http://www.cbcj.catholic.jp/jpn/data/00data.htm (accessed 8/2/10).

120 Pekkanen, Japan's Dual Civil Society.

121 Ibid., pp. 2–3.

122 Pharr, State of Japan's Civil Society.

123 Pekkanen, Japan's Dual Civil Society.

124 Ibid.

125 Ibid.

126 Shipper, ‘Foreigners in Japan’.

127 Shipper, Fighting for Foreigners, p. 195.

128 Pekkanen, Japan's Dual Civil Society.

129 Shipper, ‘Foreigners in Japan’.

130 Ibid. pp. 270–1.

131 Interview with long-term resident and foreign community activist, 14 July 2006.

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