¹ Beyond the Melting Pot: The Negroes, Puerto Ricans, Jews, Italians, and Irish of New York City (Cambridge, 1963).Google Scholar See also Glazer, Nathan, ‘Ethnic Groups in America: From National Culture to Ideology’, in Berger, Morroe et al. , Freedom and Control in Modern Society (New York, 1954), pp. 158–73.Google Scholar

² Beyond the Melting Pot, p. v.Google Scholar Another important study rejecting the melting-pot idea is Gordon, Milton M., Assimilation in American Life (New York, 1964).Google Scholar A sociological analysis of 10 U.S. cities supporting the same conclusion is Lieberson, Stanley, Ethnic Patterns in American Cities (New York, 1963).Google Scholar

³ For a résumé of the opinions voiced at the AHA session, see New York Times, 31 12 1964Google Scholar; Washington Post, 31 12 1964Google Scholar; Washington Daily News, 31 12 1964.Google Scholar For a similar exchange in 1940, see Maurice R. Davie, ‘The Cultural “Syncretism” of Nationality Groups’, and Billington, Ray Allen, ‘Cultural Contribution versus Cultural Assimilation’, in Ware, Carolyn F. (ed.), The Cultural Approach to History (New York, 1940), pp. 74–82.Google Scholar

⁴ Hays, Samuel P., ‘New Possibilities for American Political History: The Social Analysis of Political Life’, in Lipset, Seymour Martin and Hofstadter, Richard, Sociology and History: Methods (New York, 1968), pp. 181–227Google Scholar; and the somewhat similar paper, ‘The Social Analysis of American Political History, 1880–1920, Political Science Quarterly, 80 (09 1965), 373–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁵ Hays, , ‘New Possibilities’, p. 206.Google Scholar Hays broadened his theoretical framework in ‘Political Parties and the Community-Society Continuum’, Chambers, William N. and Burnham, Walter Dean (eds.), The American Party Systems; Stages of Political Development (New York, 1967), ch. 6.Google Scholar

⁶ Hays, , ‘New Possibilities’, pp. 188–9.Google Scholar Reference was to Lubell's, The Future of American Politics (New York, 1952)Google Scholar, and Lipset's, ‘Religion and Politics in the American Past and Present’, in Lee, Robert and Marty, Martin E. (eds.), Religion and Social Conflict (New York, 1964).Google Scholar Lipset also has an important chapter on the importance of religion in the nineteenth century in The First New Nation (New York, 1963).Google Scholar

⁷ For an exhaustive but concise critical essay on the sociological, political science and historical literature, see Fuchs, Lawrence H., ‘Bibliographical Essay on Ethnicity and Politics’, in Fuchs, (ed.), American Ethnic Politics (New York, 1968), pp. 275–88.Google Scholar

⁸ These categories find rough parallels in Milton M. Gordon's theoretical analysis of minority group assimilation ideologies of Anglo-conformity, the melting-pot, and cultural pluralism. Anglo-conformity can be equated with nationalism-nativism, the melting-pot with filiopietism and progressivism, and cultural pluralism with scientific and ethnocultural history. See Gordon, , ‘Assimilation in America: Theory and Reality’, Daedalus, 90 (Spring 1961), 263–85.Google Scholar Edgar Litt, in his important new book, Beyond Pluralism: Ethnic Politics in America (Glenview, Ill., 1970)Google Scholar, suggests a refinement of Gordon's Anglo-conformity category; namely, the ‘core-culture’ theory, which is an attempt to find a middle ground between pluralism and conformity. Over and above cultural pluralism, Litt argues, is a predominant WASP culture to which ethnics can identify and become acculturated, while concurrently maintaining quasi-autonomous cultures (pp. 8–15).

⁹ The phrase is that of Cole, Steward G. and Cole, Mildred W., Minorities and American Promise (New York, 1954), ch. 6.Google Scholar It signifies the desirability of maintaining Ang-American cultural patterns.

¹⁰ Saveth, Edward N., American Historians and European Immigrants, 1875–1925 (New York, 1948).Google Scholar See also Higham, John, Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism, 1860–1925 (New Brunswick, 1955), pp. 138–9, and passim.Google Scholar

¹¹ McMaster, John Bach, A History of the People of the United States (8 vols., New York, 1911–1913), vol. 6, pp. 78–80, 82.Google Scholar

¹² Ibid., vol. 6, p. 84. Cf. vol. 6, pp. 421–30, and vol. 5, pp. 391–4.

¹³ Rhodes, James Ford, History of the United States from Hays to McKinley, 1877–1896 (8 vols., New York, 1910–1919), vol. 8, p. 84.Google Scholar

¹⁴ Charming, Edward, A History of the United States (6 vols., New York, 1910–1925), vol. 4, p. 220.Google Scholar

¹⁵ Van Der Zee, Jacob, The Hollanders of Iowa (Iowa City, 1912), pp. 50, 107.Google Scholar

¹⁶ Faust, Albert B., The German Element in the United States with Special Reference to Its Political, Moral, Social, and Educational Influence (2nd ed., New York, 1909).Google Scholar Edward Saveth discusses the writings of filiopietists in American Historians, pp. 202–15.Google Scholar

¹⁷ Steiner, , The Immigrant Tide: Its Ebb and Flow (New York, 1909), p. 7.Google Scholar The best discussion of the ‘scientific’ racism of the progressive era is Oscar Handlin's essay, ‘Old Immigrants and New’, in Race and Nationality in American Life (New York, 1957), ch. 5.Google Scholar

¹⁸ Commons, John R., Race and Immigrants in America (New York, 1907), p. 21.Google Scholar Commons, nonetheless, was a restrictionist. Turner and Wilson were as positive as Commons. See Saveth, , American Historians, pp. 130–1, 147–8.Google Scholar J. H. Robinson was also as positive as Commons. ‘It is only education and social environment that separate the best of us from a savagery far lower than any to be observed on the earth to-day…’ Robinson, , The New History; Essays Illustrating the Modern Historical Outlook (New York, 1912), p. 87.Google Scholar

¹⁹ Saveth, American Historians, esp. ch. 1; Turner, , The Frontier in American History (New York, 1920), p. 23.Google Scholar Turner's contribution to immigrant history is a series of articles,‘Studies of American Immigration’, which appeared in the Chicago Record-Herald, 28 08, 4, 11, 18, 25 09, 16 10 1901.Google Scholar

²⁰ ‘The Study of Immigration’, in Commager, Henry Steele (ed.), Immigration and American History: Essays in Honor of Theodore C. Blegen (Minneapolis, 1961), pp. 4–5.Google Scholar

²¹ Schlesinger's paper first appeared in the American Journal of Sociology, 27 (07 1921), 71–85.Google Scholar It was later revised and reprinted in Schlesinger, New Viewpoints in American History (New York, 1922).Google Scholar

²² Schlesinger, , ‘Significance of Immigration’, p. 72.Google Scholar

²³ Stephenson also published a major book on The Religious Aspects of Swedish Immigration (Minneapolis, 1932)Google Scholar, and ‘The Background of the Beginning of Swedish Immigration, 1850–1875’, American Historical Review, 31 (07 1926), 708–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

²⁴ See also Hansen, , The Immigrant in American History (Cambridge, 1940)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and ‘The History of American Immigration as a Field for Research’, American Historical Review, 32 (04 1927), 500–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar Both Stephenson and Hansen were trained in Frederick Jackson Turner's seminars.

²⁵ Blegen, , Norwegian Migration to America (2 vols., Northfield, Minn., 1931, 1940).Google Scholar For an exhaustive listing of Blegen's publications, see Commager, , Immigration and American History, pp. 157–61.Google Scholar

²⁶ Qualey, , Norwegian Settlement in the United States (Northfield, Minn., 1938).Google Scholar See also Qualey, , ‘Some Aspects of European Migration to the United States’, in Sheehan, Donald and Syrett, Harold C. (eds.), Essays in American Historiography: Papers Presented in Honor of Allan Nevins (New York, 1960), pp. 153–68Google Scholar; ‘Immigration as a World Phenomenon’, in Commager, , Immigration and American History, pp. 96–106Google Scholar; ‘The Transitional Character of Nationality Group Culture’, in Ware, Cultural Approach to History, pp. 82–4.Google Scholar

²⁷ Wittke, , Refugees of Revolution: The German Forty-Eighters in America (Philadelphia, 1952).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

²⁸ Handlin, Oscar, ‘The New History and the Ethnic Factor in American Life’, Perspectives in American History, 4 (1970), 14–15, 23.Google Scholar

²⁹ Handlin, ‘Immigration in American Life: A Reappraisal’, in Commager, , Immigration and American History, p. 25.Google ScholarRolle, Andrew described Handlin's view of the immigrant as ‘undeniably sentimental, stereotyped, and maudlin’, The Immigrant Upraised: Italian Adventurers and Colonists in an Expanding America (Norman, Okla., 1968), p. 336n.Google Scholar An earlier pioneering work to which Handlin admitted his indebtedness is Thomas, William I. and Znaniecki, Florian, The Polish Peasant in Europe and America (2 vols., Chicago, 1918–1920).Google Scholar Maurice R. Davie and Ray Allen Billington in brief papers in Ware, Cultural Approach to History, pp. 74–82Google Scholar, also urged historians to study immigrant ‘contributions’. Davie had in mind material achievements such as mechanical inventions, the arts, etc., while Billington preferred the more intangible factors, such as modes of thought, living habits, and intellectual and spiritual concepts (pp. 75, 81).

³⁰ Levine, Edward M., The Irish and Irish Politicians: A Study of Cultural and Social Alienation (Notre Dame, Ind., 1966)Google Scholar; Gleason, Philip, The Conservative Reformers: German-American Catholics and the Social Order (Notre Dame, 1968), chs. I, 9Google Scholar; Brown, Thoman N., Irish-American Nationalism, 1870–1890 (New York, 1966)Google Scholar; Hoglund, A. William, Finnish Immigrants in America, 1880–1920 (Madison, 1960)Google Scholar; Kolehmainen, John I. and Hill, George W., Haven in the Woods: The Study of the Finns in Wisconsin (Madison, 1951).Google Scholar

³¹ ‘Contadini in Chicago: A Critique of The Uprooted’, Journal of American History, 51 (12 1964), 404–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar Vecoli has pressed the same theme more recently in ‘Prelates and Peasants: Italian Immigration and the Catholic Church’, Journal of Social History, 2 (Spring 1969), 217–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³² Vandenbosch, Amry, The Dutch Communities of Chicago (Chicago, 1927)Google Scholar; Lucas, Henry S., Netherlanders in America: Dutch Immigration to the United States and Canada, 1789–1950 (Ann Arbor, 1955), pp. 225–32, 322–30Google Scholar; Cook, Richard A., South Holland, Illinois: A History, 1846–1966 (South Holland, 1966).Google Scholar

³³ Daniels, George, ‘Immigrant Vote in the 1860 Election: The Case of Iowa’, Mid-America, 44 (07 1962), 146–62Google Scholar; Swierenga, Robert P., ‘The Ethnic Voter and the First Lincoln Election’, Civil War History, 11 (03 1965), 27–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar In lhese studies, which focus on the Lincoln election of 1860 in Iowa, German and Dutch ethnic leaders turned Republican with great fanfare and a pledge to carry along their particular groups, but the immigrant community ignored the leaders' advice and continued to vote against Republican prohibitionists and nativists.

³⁴ Hays, , ‘Political Parties and the Community-Society Continuum’, loc. cit., p. 158.Google Scholar

³⁵ Lubell, , The Future of American Politics, pp. 6–7.Google Scholar

³⁶ The Concept of Jacksonian Democracy: New York as a Test Case (Princeton, 1961), p. 165.Google Scholar

³⁷ Formisano, Ronald P., ‘A Case Study of Party Formation: Michigan, 1835’, Mid-America, 50 (04 1968), 85.Google Scholar Formisano's full-length study is ‘The Social Bases of American Voting Behavior: Wayne County, Michigan, 1837–1852, As a Test Case’ (unpublished Ph.D. diss., Wayne State University, 1966).Google Scholar

³⁸ Stanley, John L., ‘Majority Tyranny in Tocqueville's America: The Failure of Negro Suffrage in 1846’, Political Science Quarterly, 34 (09 1967), 412–35.Google Scholar

³⁹ Dykstra, Robert R. and Hahn, Harlan, ‘Northern Voters and Negro Suffrage: The Case of Iowa, 1968’, Public Opinion Quarterly, 32 (Summer 1968), 202–15, esp 213–14CrossRefGoogle Scholar, reprinted in Swierenga, Robert P. (ed.). Quantification in American History: Theory and Research (New York. 1970).Google Scholar

⁴⁰ Holt, Michael F., Forging A Majority: The Formation of the Republican Party in Pittsburgh, 1848–1860 (New Haven, 1969), p. 218.Google Scholar The quotation is from pp. 7, 9. For a broader study of Pennsylvania and other northern states along the same lines, see Roger Peterson, ‘The Reaction to a Heterogeneous Society: Voting in the Northern United States, 1848–1860’, paper read to the Conference in Political History, Cortland, New York, 16 October 1970.

⁴¹ Kleppner, Paul, ‘Lincoln and the Immigrant Vote: A Case of Religious Polarization’, Mid-America, 48 (07 1966), 176–95Google Scholar; Daniels, ‘Immigrant Vote in the 1860 Election’; and Swierenga, ‘The Ethnic Voter and the First Lincoln Election’. An excellent re-interpretation of the ante-bellum era which incorporates the ethnocultural approach is Silbey, Joel H., ‘The Civil War Synthesis in American Political History’, Civil War History, 10 (06 1964), 130–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar See also Silbey, , ‘Politics and Society: The Process of Political Change’, in Silbey, (ed.), The Transformation of American Politics, 1840–1860 (Englewood Cliffs, 1967), pp. 1–34.Google Scholar

⁴² Kleppner, , ‘Lincoln and the Immigrant Vote’, loc. cit., p. 187.Google Scholar Kleppner also made effective use of the reference group idea. He points out that when German Lutherans lived in close proximity to German Catholics they were more likely to vote Republican. Conversely, when German Catholics were not available for negative reference, the German Lutherans tended more to vote Democratic.

⁴³ Earlier studies of German voting in the Midwest in 1860 are thoroughly confusing because of inadequate methodology. Most support a German switch to the Republicans in 1860, except for Schafer, Joseph, ‘Who Elected Lincoln?’, American Historical Review, 47 (10 1941), 51–63CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and Dorpalen, Andreas, ‘The German Element and the Issues of the Civil War’, Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 29 (06 1942), 55–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar For the traditional view, see Donnal V. Smith, ‘The Influence of the Foreign-Born of the Northwest in the Election of 1860’, ibid., 19 (September 1932), 192–203; Dodd, William F., ‘The Fight for the Northwest, 1860’, American Historical Review, 16 (07 1911), 774–88CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Monaghan, Jay, ‘Did Abraham Lincoln Receive the Illinois German Vote?’, Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, 35 (06 1942), 133–9Google Scholar; and Emery, Charles Wilson, ‘The Iowa Germans in the Election of 1860’, Annals of Iowa, Third Series, 22 (10 1940), 421–53.Google Scholar Much of the literature on this subject is collected in an anthology by Luebke, Frederick C. (ed.), Ethnic Voters and the Election of Lincoln (Lincoln, forthcoming, 1971).Google Scholar The only earlier studies to take account of the religious division between German Catholics and Lutherans, as did Kleppner, are Schafer, ‘Who Elected Lincoln?’ and Johnson, Hildegard Binder, ‘The Election of 1860 and the Germans of Minnesota’, Minnesota History, 28 (03 1947), 20–36.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ Parsons, Stanley B., ‘Who Were the Nebraska Populists?’, Nebraska History, 44 (06 1963), 83–99.Google Scholar Parsons' larger study is ‘The Populist Context: Nebraska Farmers and their Antagonists, 1882–1895’ (unpublished Ph.D. diss., University of Iowa, 1964).Google Scholar For the Kansas story, see Nugent, Walter T. K., The Tolerant Populists (Chicago, 1963).Google Scholar

⁴⁵ Wyman, Roger E., ‘Wisconsin Ethnic Groups and the Election of 1890’, Wisconsin Magazine of History, 51 (Summer 1968), 269–93Google Scholar; reprinted in Swierenga, Quantification in American History, pp. 239–66.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ Luebke, Frederick C., Immigrants and Politics: The Germans of Nebraska, 1880–1900 (Lincoln, 1969).Google Scholar

⁴⁷ Ibid., pp. 181–4. It is only fair to note the tenuous basis for the generalizations on German voting after 1900, since the research has yet to be done.

⁴⁸ Ibid., p. 179. The essay cited is Cherny, Robert W., ‘The 1940 Election in Nebraska with Special Attention to Isolationist Voting Among Nonurban German Stock Voters of the State’ (unpublished M.A. thesis, Columbia University, 1967).Google Scholar

⁴⁹ Kleppner, Paul, The Cross of Culture: A Social Analysis of Midwestern Politics: 1850–1900 (New York, 1970).Google Scholar A companion study of the impact of religious values on political behaviour in the five states of the Old Northwest (Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Wisconsin) plus Iowa, from 1888 through 1896 is Richard Jensen's The Winning of the Midwest: 1888–1896, being published by the University of Chicago Press. A preliminary summary is ‘The Historical Roots of Party Identification’, paper read to the American Political Science Association, Washington, D.C., September 1969, to be published in Civil War History in 1971. Jensen's religious analysis, which distinguishes between pietists and liturgicals. lacks the sophistication and sensitivity displayed in Kleppner's work but his treatment of the economic dimension is more thorough.

⁵⁰ Kleppner, , Cross of Culture, p. 71.Google Scholar

⁵¹ Ibid., pp. 316–68.

⁵² Ibid., pp. 37–51.

⁵³ Michael Paul Rogin discovered the same Republican trend in California in foreign-stock counties in 1896, largely because Populism in California also displayed nativist overtones. See ‘California Populism and the “System of 1896”’, Western Political Quarterly, 22 (03 1969), 179–96, esp. 192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁵⁴ The pioneering works are Lubell, , Future of American Politics, pp. 129–57Google Scholar; and Key, V. O. Jr, and Munger, Frank, ‘Social Determinism and Electoral Decision: The Case of Indiana’, in Burdick, Eugene and Brodbeck, Arthur J. (eds.), American Voting Behavior (Glencoe, 1959), pp. 281–99.Google Scholar

⁵⁵ This is the meaning of assimilation as it is analyzed theoretically in Dahl, Robert A., Who Governs? (New Haven, 1961), pp. 34–6.Google Scholar An excellent theoretical article which questions Dahl's ‘three-stage’ model of assimilation and instead distinguishes acculturation from assimilation is Parenti, Michael, ‘Ethnic Politics and the Persistence of Ethnic Identification’, American Political Science Review, 61 (09 1967), 717–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar European scholars have made this distinction for some years already. See, for example, Zubrzycki, Jerzy, Polish Immigration in Britain: A Study of Adjustment (The Hague, 1956), esp. chs. 6–10CrossRefGoogle Scholar, in which the author presents a typology of immigrant adjustment to a host society.

⁵⁶ Wolfinger, Raymond E., ‘The Development and Persistence of Ethnic Voting’, American Political Science Review, 59 (12 1965), 896–908CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Pomper, Gerald,‘Ethnic and Group Voting in Nonpartisan Municipal Elections’, Public Opinion Quarterly, 30 (Spring 1966), 79–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁵⁷ Homer, Dorothy T., ‘The Rockford Swedish Community’, Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, 57 (Summer 1964), 149–55.Google Scholar

⁵⁸ Allswang, John M., A House For All Peoples: Ethnic Politics in Chicago, 1890–1936 (Lexington, Ky., 1970)Google Scholar; ‘The Chicago Negro Voter and the Democratic Consensus: A Case Study, 1918–1936’, Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, 60 (Summer 1967), 145–75.Google Scholar Allswang's book is an outgrowth of his dissertation at the University of Pittsburgh under Samuel Hays.

⁵⁹ Hamilton County is studied by Howard W. Allen, ‘Isolationism and German-Americans’, Ibid., 57 (Summer 1964), 143–9. Chicago and Perry County attitudes are discussed in Lorinskas, Robert A. et al. , ‘The Persistence of Ethnic Voting in Urban and Rural Areas: Results from the Controlled Election Method’, Social Science Quarterly, 49 (03 1969), 891–9.Google Scholar

⁶⁰ Greer, Scott, ‘Catholic Voters and the Democratic Party’, Public Opinion Quarterly, 25 (Winter 1961), 611–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁶¹ Huthmacher, J. Joseph, Massachusetts: People and Politics,1919–1933 (Cambridge, Mass., 1959).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁶² Rogin, Michael P., The Intellectuals and McCarthy: The Radical Specter (Cambridge, Mass., 1967), esp. chs. 3–5.Google Scholar

⁶³ For Elmira, New York, see Berelson, Bernard R. et al. , Voting (Chicago, 1954), pp. 61–75.Google Scholar For New York City see Gorenstein, Arthur, ‘A Portrait of Ethnic Politics; The Socialists in the 1908 and 1910 Congressional Elections on the East Side’, Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society, 50 (03 1961), 202–38.Google Scholar Richard K. Lieberman, a graduate student in history at New York University, is completing a computerized analysis of New York ethnic voting behaviour in the early 1900s.

⁶⁴ Wolfinger, , ‘Development and Persistence of Ethnic Voting’, loc. cit., pp. 901–3.Google Scholar

⁶⁵ Pomper, , ‘Ethnic and Group Voting’, loc. cit., p. 87.Google Scholar

⁶⁶ Allen, , ‘Isolationism and German-Americans’, loc. cit., pp. 143–9.Google Scholar

⁶⁷ Homer, , ‘Rockford Swedish Community’, loc. cit., pp. 149–55.Google Scholar

⁶⁸ Allswang, A House For All Peoples.

⁶⁹ Lorinskas, et al. , ‘Persistence of Ethnic Voting’, loc. cit., pp. 891–9.Google Scholar

⁷⁰ Huthmacher, , Massachusetts: People and Politics, pp. 182–3, 260–79.Google Scholar

⁷¹ Greer, , ‘Catholic Voters and the Democratic Party’, loc. cit., p. 624.Google Scholar

⁷² Rogin, , The Intellectuals and McCarthy, p. 64.Google Scholar

⁷³ Rogin, ch. 3.

⁷⁴ Rogin, chs. 4–5.

⁷⁵ Rogin, , pp. 118–9, 131.Google Scholar The quotation is from p. 118.

⁷⁶ Parenti, , ‘Ethnic Politics and the Persistence of Ethnic Identification’, loc. cit., p. 719.Google Scholar Parenti also cites the pertinent sociological literature. A more general essay on the political consequences of immigration is Parenti's ‘Immigration and Political Life’, in Jaher, Frederick C., The Age of Industrialism in America: Essays in Social Structure and Cultural Values (New York, 1968), pp. 79–99.Google Scholar

⁷⁷ Gerson, Louis L., The Hyphenate in Recent American Politics and Diplomacy (Lawrence, Ka., 1964), p. 258.Google Scholar Gerson deplores the significant influence of hyphenates (due to persistent ethnic bloc voting) in American diplomacy and foreign policy, 1890–1956, a fact which he myopically attributes to the ‘manipulations’ of ‘susceptible’ people by party strategists who seek ‘to hyphenize the American people for political purposes’ (viii, pp. 258–9).

⁷⁸ Smith, Timothy, ‘New Approaches to the History of Immigration in Twentieth Century America’, American Historical Review, 71 (07 1966), 1265.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁷⁹ Recent works in the traditional vein are Rolle, Andrew F., The Immigrant Upraised (Norman, Okla., 1968)Google Scholar; Ander, O. Fritiof (ed.), In the Trek, of the Immigrants: Essays Presented to Carl Wittke (Rock Island, Ill., 1964)Google Scholar; Saloutos, Theodore, The Greeks in the United States (Cambridge, 1964)Google Scholar; Wittke, Carl, The Irish in America (Baton Rouge, 1956)Google Scholar; Shannon, William V., The American Irish (New York, 1963)Google Scholar; Pisani, Lawrence F., The Italian in America: A Social Study and History (New York, 1957)Google Scholar; Scott, Franklin D., Emigration and Immigration [A Publication of the American Historical Association's Service Center for Teachers of History, No. 51] (New York, 1963)Google Scholar; Pochmann, Henry A., German Culture in America: Philosophical and Literary Influences (Madison, 1957)Google Scholar, and Pochmann's earlier but important Bibliography of German Culture in America to 1940 (Madison, 1952)Google Scholar; and Lucas, , The Netherlanders in America (Ann Arbor, 1955).Google Scholar

⁸⁰ Smith, , ‘New Approaches to the History of Immigration’, loc. cit., p. 1279.Google Scholar Smith's former colleague, Rudolph J. Vecoli, who is director of the Center for Immigration Studies at the University of Minnesota, apparently dissents from Smith's advice. In a recent article, Vecoli condemned the Anglo-American parochialism inherent in the melting-pot notion and urged students of immigration history to study ethnic differences. Vecoli cites Glazer and Moynihan's Beyond the Melting Pot approvingly. See Vecoli, , ‘The Immigrant Studies Collection of the University of Minnesota’, American Archivist, 32 (04 1969), 140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁸¹ Strangers in the Land, x. In an earlier essay, Higham traced the sordid tale of anti-semitism in the Gilded Age, but likewise concluded that ‘the genial and democratic norms of American life remained basically undisturbed’. Higham, , ‘Anti-Semitism in the Gilded Age: A Reinterpretation’, Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 43 (03 1957), 578.CrossRefGoogle Scholar In a similar vein, Professor Smith suggests that ‘assimilation is a more useful perspective than alienation from which to approach the history of twentieth-century immigration’. Smith, , ‘New Approaches to the History of Immigration’, loc. cit., pp. 1274, 1279.Google Scholar

⁸² I am indebted to Frederick C. Luebke of the University of Nebraska and Henry Leonard and lohn T. Hubbell of Kent State University for substantive and editorial advice.