No CrossRef data available.
Article contents
Winston Churchill versus E. D. Morel, Dundee, 1922, and the Split in the Liberal Party
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 14 December 2023
Abstract
In the November 1922 general election in the two-member seat of Dundee, Winston Churchill, Liberal member of Parliament for the city since 1908, lost his seat to Edwin Scrymgeour (Prohibitionist) and E. D. Morel (Labour). Before 1914, Morel, like Churchill, had been a member of the Liberal Party, and this article compares the political trajectory of Churchill and Morel across the war period in order to understand how their positions had diverged. While still a Liberal in party affiliation in 1922, Churchill was en route back to the Conservative Party, while Morel had become a prominent figure in the Labour Party. In examining this divergence, the aim is to shed light on one of the key issues of British politics in early twentieth-century Britain: the divisions in the Liberal party that undermined its place as one of the two leading political parties. The purpose is not to displace arguments about long-run socioeconomic change undermining the Liberals, nor of the severe impact of total war on Liberal thinking about the scope of state action; rather, it is to use this example to also stress the significance for the party of sharp divergences over war and peace, and more broadly, the conduct of foreign policy.
- Type
- Original Manuscript
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The North American Conference on British Studies
References
1 Thompson, J. A., “The Historians and the Decline of the Liberal Party,” Albion 22, no. 1 (1990): 65–83CrossRefGoogle Scholar, makes clear how much of the historical debate was tied to contemporary politics—which in no way disparages the quality of the work produced. Important recent work has been done on the meaning and significance of the heightened class consciousness commonly linked to the war; see Lawrence, Jon, “Labour and the Politics of Class, 1900–1940,” in Structures and Transformations in Modern British History, ed. Feldman, David and Lawrence, Jon (Cambridge, 2011), 237–60CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
2 Searle, Geoffrey, The Liberal Party: Triumph and Disintegration, 1886–1929, 2nd ed. (Basingstoke, 2001), 125, 168Google Scholar. For a treatment that focuses on the effects of the war, Dutton, David, A History of the Liberal Party (Basingstoke, 2004), 55Google Scholar, argues that “the more evidence that has been accumulated to show that the Liberal party was not in danger of imminent collapse in 1914, the more significance has to be attached to the war as the explanation for what happened subsequently.”
3 Wilson, Trevor, The Downfall of the Liberal Party, 1914–1935 (London, 1966), 17Google Scholar.
4 McKibbin, Ross, The Evolution of the Labour Party, 1910–1924 (Oxford, 1974), 236–47Google Scholar; Matthew, H. C. G., McKibbin, R. I., and Kay, J. A., “The Franchise Factor in the Rise of the Labour Party,” English Historical Review 91, no. 361 (1976): 723–52Google Scholar. Compare Clarke, Peter, “Liberals, Labour and the Franchise,” English Historical Review 91, no. 364 (1976): 582–89Google Scholar; Tanner, Duncan, “Class Voting and Radical Politics: The Liberal and Labour Parties, 1910–1931,” in Party, State and Society: Electoral Behaviour in Britain since 1820, ed. Lawrence, Jon and Taylor, Miles (Aldershot, 1997)Google Scholar.
5 For the survival of liberalism more generally, see Green, Ewen and Tanner, Duncan, eds., The Strange Survival of Liberal England (Cambridge, 2007)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
6 Freeden, Michael, Liberalism Divided: A Study in British Political Thought, 1914–1939 (Oxford, 1986), 1CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
7 Neither warrants a mention in Freeden's book.
8 Bentley, Michael, The Liberal Mind (Oxford, 1977)Google Scholar; see also Bentley, , The Climax of Liberal Politics: British Liberalism in Theory and Practice, 1868–1918 (London, 1987)Google Scholar.
9 Wilson, Downfall of the Liberal Party, 17.
10 Bentley, Liberal Mind, 15.
11 On the Liberal Party and the Boer War, see for recent discussion David Boucher, “‘Sane’ and ‘Insane’ Imperialism: British Idealism, New Liberalism and Liberal Imperialism,” History of European Ideas 44, no. 8 (2018): 1189–1204. A much older but still valuable discussion is Bernard Porter, Critics of Empire: British Radicals and the Imperial Challenge (1968; repr., London, 2008), 73–84.
12 Richard Toye, Lloyd George and Churchill: Rivals for Greatness (London, 2007), 21.
13 Churchill, cited in Robert Rhodes-James, Churchill: A Study in Failure, 1900–1939 (Harmondsworth, 1973), 194.
14 Birkenhead Liberal Association, “E. D. Morel, Prospective Liberal Party Candidate for Birkenhead,” 1913, Morel Papers, F13/5/1, London School of Economics Archives (hereafter this repository is abbreviated as LSE Archives); Porter, Critics of Empire, 328; R. E. Dowse, Left in the Centre: The Independent Labour Party, 1893–1940 (London, 1966), 25.
15 Catherine Cline, Recruits to Labour: The British Labour Party, 1914–1931 (Syracuse, 1963); Alun Wyburn-Powell, Defectors and the Liberal Party, 1910–2010: A Study of Inter-party Relationships (Manchester, 2012), 27–92.
16 The source for the data in the table is Southgate, “Politics and Representation in Dundee, 1832–1963,” 302. As Dundee was a dual-member constituency, each elector had two votes.
17 John Kemp, “Drink and the Labour Movement in Early Twentieth-Century Scotland with Particular Reference to Edwin Scrymgeour and the Scottish Prohibition Party” (PhD diss., Dundee University, 2000).
18 Martin Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, vol. 4, 1917–1922 (London, 1975), 871–92; William Walker, “Dundee's Disenchantment with Churchill,” Scottish Historical Review 49, no. 1 (1970): 85–108; Tony Pattinson, A Seat for Life (Dundee, 1980); Donald Southgate, “Politics and Representation in Dundee, 1832–1963,” in The Third Statistical Account of Scotland: The City of Dundee, ed. J. M. Jackson (Arbroath, 1979), 287–328; Seth Thevoz, “Winston Churchill's 1922 General Election Defeat in Dundee” (Master's thesis, Kings College London, 2009); Jim Tomlinson, “Churchill's Defeat in Dundee, 1922, and the Decline of Liberal Political Economy,” Historical Journal 63, no. 4 (2020): 980–1006. For the communist view, see Bob Stewart, Breaking the Fetters (London, 1967), 127; William Gallacher, The Last Memoirs of William Gallacher (London, 1966), 170. For local politics more generally, see John Kemp, “Red Tayside? Political Change in Early Twentieth-Century Dundee,” in Victorian Dundee: Image and Realities, ed. Christopher Whatley, Bob Harris, and Louise Miskell, 2nd ed. (Dundee, 2011), 217–38; Kenneth Baxter and William Kenefick, “Labour Politics and the Dundee Working Class, c.1895–1936,” in Jute No More: Transforming Dundee, ed. Jim Tomlinson and Christopher Whatley (Dundee, 2011), 191–19.
19 For biographies of Morel, see Frederick Cocks, E. D. Morel, the Man and His Works (London, 1920); Catherine Ann Cline, E. D. Morel, 1873–1924: Strategy of Protest (Belfast, 1980); David Mitchell, The Politics of Dissent: A Biography of E. D. Morel (London, 2014); Rudi Wuliger, “The Idea of Economic Imperialism, with Special Reference to the Life and Work of E. D. Morel” (PhD diss., London School of Economics, 1953). On his role in the Congo, see Porter, Critics of Empire, 254–329; Adam Hochschild, King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror and Heroism in Colonial Africa (London, 2006). On his relationship to the dissenting tradition in British foreign policy, see A. J. P. Taylor, The Troublemakers: Dissent over Foreign Policy, 1792–1939, 2nd ed. (London, 1993), 119–22, 132–66; Martin Ceadel, Semi-detached Idealists: The British Peace Movement and International Relations, 1854–1945 (Oxford, 2000).
20 On the Congo Reform Association, see Kevin Grant, A Civilized Savagery: Britain and the New Slaveries in Africa, 1884–1926 (London, 2005), chap. 2.
21 Mitchell, Politics of Dissent, 68–76.
22 Mitchell, 51; E. D. Morel, Red Rubber: The Story of the Rubber Slave Trade Which Flourished on the Congo for Twenty Years, 1890–1910 (Manchester, 1919).
23 Birkenhead Liberal Association, “Mr E. D. Morel,” 4, 6, Morel Papers, F13/5/1, LSE Archives; italics in original.
24 This view was articulated early on in Morel's pamphlet calling for more cotton growing in the British Empire; he characteristically claimed that West Africa would be an especially favorable place for expanding this activity because of “the commercial aptitude of the native, which is a very considerable asset, and will facilitate the taking up of the cultivation of cotton as a native industry, under expert direction and official encouragement.” “Empire Grown Cotton” (Manchester, 1904), 25, Morel Papers, F13/5/1, LSE Archives. His most extended discussion was published after the war: E. D. Morel, The Black Man's Burden (1903; repr., London, 1920). See also Porter, Critics of Empire, 256–60.
25 Partha Gupta, Imperialism and the British Labour Movement, 1914–1964 (London, 1975), 32–35.
26 Frank Trentmann, Free Trade Nation (Oxford, 2008).
27 Morel was strongly supported and financed by the Liverpool merchant John Holt, who had major interests in expanding Britain's trade with its empire in Africa: Gupta, Imperialism and the British Labour Movement, 16–17. See also Cocks, E. D. Morel, 50–55; Cline, Recruits to Labour, 55–56. Morel wrote an admiring obituary of Holt: “John Holt,” by E. D. M. in African Mail, 2 July 1915, 393–94, Morel Papers, F13/5/1, LSE Archives.
28 Mitchell, Politics of Dissent, 27.
29 Ceadel, Semi-detached Idealists, 258.
30 “Mr Morel in Birkenhead,” Manchester Guardian, 3 December 1912.
31 “Mr Morel and the Foreign Crisis,” Manchester Guardian, 4 December 1912.
32 Birkenhead Liberal Association, “The Problem of Our Social Conditions; Being a Speech by Mr E. D. Morel on December 9th 1913,” Morel Papers, F13/5/1, LSE Archives; “The Increase in Armaments,” Manchester Guardian, 10 December 1913.
33 Norman Angell, The Great Illusion (London, 1909); “The Great Satire upon Civilization,” Manchester Guardian, 27 January 1914.
34 Liberalism and the Social Problem (London, 1909); Randolph Churchill, Winston S. Churchill, vol. 22, Young Statesman, 1901–1914 (London, 1967), 316–61.
35 Paul Addison, Churchill on the Home Front, 1900–1955 (London, 1992), 53–54.
36 Addison, Churchill on the Home Front, 56–60.
37 Winston Churchill, as cited in Robert Rhodes-James, Churchill: A Study in Failure, 1900–1939 (Harmondsworth, 1973), 47.
38 Jim Tomlinson, “Responding to Globalization? Churchill and Dundee in 1908,” Twentieth Century British History 21, no. 3 (2010): 257–80.
39 Winston Churchill, speech at Saltburn, 7 August 1909, as cited in Addison, Churchill on the Home Front, 87.
40 Alan Baxendale, Winston Spencer Churchill: Penal Reformer (Bern, 1907); Chris Wrigley, “Churchill and the Trade Unions,” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, no. 11 (2001): 273–93.
41 Winston Churchill, Speech to the House of Commons, 12 July 1910, Parliamentary Debates, Commons, 5th series, vol. 19 (1909–10), col. 221. Churchill continued his opposition when a far more straightforward proposal was put forward in 1911–1912. Much is revealed by the terms of that rejection: “What a ridiculous tragedy it would be if this strong Government and party which made its mark on history were to go down on Petticoat politics.” Cited in Addison, Churchill on the Home Front, 160–61. See also Paul Addison, “Churchill and Women,” in Winston Churchill: Politics, Strategy and Statecraft, ed. Richard Toye (London, 2017), 93–104.
42 Ronald Hyam, Elgin and Churchill at the Colonial Office, 1905–1908: The Watershed of the Empire-Commonwealth (London, 1968), 503; Addison, Churchill on the Home Front, 54.
43 Winston Churchill, My African Journey (London, 1907); Richard Toye, Churchill's Empire: The World That Made Him and the World He Made (Basingstoke, 2010), 119.
44 Toye, Churchill's Empire, xi.
45 Addison, Churchill on the Home Front, 153.
46 Paul Bew, Churchill and Ireland (Oxford, 2016), 29–82.
47 Winston Churchill, For Liberalism and Free Trade (Dundee, 1908), 7, 8, CHAR 9/31/66, Churchill Archive, www.churchillarchive.com.
48 Tomlinson, “Responding to Globalization.” It no doubt helped Churchill's cause that the sugar duty was cut the day before the election, especially as Dundee was a heavy user of sugar for its jam industry. Times, 8 May 1908. Unless otherwise specified, all newspapers cited are published in London.
49 Peter Clarke, “Churchill's Economic Ideas, 1900–1930,” in Churchill, ed. Robert Blake and W. Roger Louis (Oxford, 1993), 79–95, at 83; Addison, Churchill on the Home Front, 91–92; Toye, Lloyd George and Churchill, 27–29; however, Churchill did support protectionism in 1931.
50 Winston Churchill, For Free Trade, 2nd ed. (London, 1908), 69–70, CHAR 9/20, Churchill Archive.
51 Churchill, For Free Trade, 71, CHAR 9/20, Churchill Archive.
52 Churchill, cited in Rhodes-James, Churchill, 47.
53 Rhodes James, Study in Failure, 52.
54 Paul Addison, Churchill: The Unexpected Hero (Oxford, 2006), 62–64.
55 Douglas Newton, The Darkest Days: The Truth behind Britain's Rush to War, 1914 (London, 2014).
56 For Churchill's activities in the run-up to war, see Newton, Darkest Days, 61–62, 136–38, 178–92.
57 Newton, Darkest Days, 283, 286–87, 290–93, 301.
58 E. D. Morel, Truth and the War (London, 1916), 1–13.
59 Morel, Truth and the War, xxix–xxx.
60 On the Union of Democratic Control, see Marvin Swartz, The Union of Democratic Control in British Politics during the First World War (Oxford, 1971); Helena Swanwick, Builders of the Peace: Being Ten Years History of the Union of Democratic Control (London, 1924); Sally Harris, Out of Control: British Foreign Policy and the Union of Democratic Control, 1914–1918 (Hull, 1996).
61 Toye, introduction to Winston Churchill, 4. Addison describes Churchill as being “enthralled and intoxicated by war”: Addison, Churchill, 21. In Geoffrey Best's account, all Churchill's warlike attitudes are excused by his role in 1940: “[T]he rough has to be taken with the smooth”; Geoffrey Best, Churchill and War (London, 2005), 31.
62 Rhodes James, Study in Failure, 26; Taylor says of Morel, “He had sublime confidence in his own judgement and never shrank from attributing base motives to others”; Taylor, Troublemakers, 119.
63 Churchill, note to John Morley, 29 April 1914, CHAR 21/36, Churchill Archive.
64 Cited in Addison, Churchill, 19.
65 Toye, Churchill's Empire, 240–41.
66 Addison, Churchill, 55.
67 “Cambridge and War Problems: Mr Schreiner and Mr Morel,” Manchester Guardian, 8 March 1915.
68 E. D. Morel, Truth and the War, 2nd ed. (London, 1916).
69 Ceadel, Semi-detached Idealists, 200.
70 Morel, Morocco in Diplomacy (London, 1912).
71 Mitchell, Politics of Dissent, 125.
72 Morel, Black Man's Burden, 71.
73 Ceadel, Semi-detached Idealists, 200.
74 H. N. Brailsford, War of Steel and Gold (London, 1914); J. A. Hobson, Imperialism: A Study (London, 1902); V. I. Lenin, “Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism,” in Collected Works, vol. 22, December 1915–1916 (Moscow, 1974), 185–304.
75 His resignation letter is in his Truth and the War, 1–13.
76 H. D. Morel, Tsardom's Part in the War (London, 1917). There is a verbatim account of the trial in “Rex v E.D. Morel,” Morel Papers, F13/7, LSE Archives; Mitchell, Politics of Dissent, 132–44.
77 Taylor, Troublemakers, 154; Morel later ascribed his imprisonment to a “puerile technicality”; E. D. Morel's Statement on Communism,” Dundee Advertiser, 30 October 1922.
78 Cline, Recruits to Labour, 10.
79 Trentmann, Free Trade Nation, 251, citing Union of Democratic Control pamphlet of 1915; see also Cline, Recruits to Labour, 13.
80 Toye, Lloyd George and Churchill, 157.
81 Morel to D. Watt, 18 May 1920, Morel Papers, F2 1/7, LSE Archives; Robert Smillie to E. D. Morel, 22 August 1920, Morel Papers, F2 1/7, LSE Archives. Morel had been put on the list of Labour candidates by the party executive in 1918; “Labour Party Candidates: Mr E. D. Morel Accepted,” Manchester Guardian, 16 July 1918.
82 Morel to Watt, 18 May 1920, Morel Papers, F2 1/7, LSE Archives; Ewan Carr to Morel, 1 June 1920, Morel Papers, F2 1/7, LSE Archives.
83 John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace (London, 1919).
84 Cline, Recruits to Labour, 74.
85 “Morel Replies to Mrs Churchill,” Dundee Advertiser, 9 November 1922.
86 “Morel's Reply to Attack by Churchill,” Dundee Advertiser, 2 November 1922.
87 “Problem of Unemployment,” Dundee Courier, 19 December 1921.
88 Malcolm Petrie, “Public Politics and Traditions of Popular Protest: Demonstrations of the Unemployed in Dundee and Edinburgh, c.1921–1939,” Contemporary British History 27, no. 4 (2013): 498; William Walker, Juteopolis: Dundee and Its Textile Workers, 1885–1923 (Edinburgh, 1979), 428–29.
89 Tomlinson, “Churchill's Defeat,” 10–11.
90 Mitchell, Politics of Dissent, 185.
91 E. D. Morel, Ireland: Our Shame and Our Peril (London, 1921), 4.
92 Walker, “Dundee's Disenchantment.”
93 Toye, Lloyd George and Churchill, 203–4.
94 Best, Churchill and War, 95.
95 Kim Wagner, Amritsar 1919: An Empire of Fear and the Making of a Massacre (New Haven, 2019), 239, 251–52, 253; compare Toye, Churchill's Empire, 152–54.
96 Morel, Black Man's Burden, ix.
97 Morel, 217–18. Thus, Morel's approach was in contradiction with a growing focus on colonial development on the left in the 1920s; Gupta, Imperialism and the British Labour Movement, 71–75; Porter, Critics of Empire, 274–90.
98 Generally, however, the Union of Democratic Control's approach was unsympathetic to the League of Nations, especially because of the potential for the latter to support collective military action; Ceadel, Semi-detached Idealists, 199, 261.
99 Morel, Black Man's Burden, 232.
100 Morel, 216.
101 Morel, 223.
102 Robert Reinders, “Racialism on the Left: E. D. Morel and the “Black,” International Review of Social History 13, no. 1 (1968): 1–28; Priyamvada Gopal, Insurgent Empire: Anticolonial Resistance and British Dissent (London, 2019), 285–90; “Black Scourge in Europe,” Daily Herald, 10 April 1920.
103 E. D. Morel, The Horror on the Rhine, 8th ed. (London, 1921), Morel Papers, F13/5/1, LSE Archives. Morel's foreword to this edition recognizes how earlier versions had been deployed by racists in the United States but disclaims any motive of race prejudice.
104 Toye, Churchill's Empire, xv; Madhusree Mukerjee, Churchill's Secret War: The British Empire and the Ravaging of India during World War II (New York, 2010).
105 E. D. Morel, British Labour and the Problem of Empire (London, 1921), 14.
106 Morel, British Labour and the Problem of Empire, 8–9.
107 Kenneth Morgan, Consensus and Disunity: The Lloyd George Coalition Government, 1918–1922 (Oxford, 1979), 80–108. The Geddes Committee was set up by the Lloyd George government to recommend economies in public spending, and reported in February 1922.
108 “Churchill Howled Down,” Dundee Advertiser, 14 November 1922. Morel later referred to Churchill and his friends “stooping to tactics that would have bought a blush to the cheeks of a bronze image”; letter to John Ogilvie, 27 November 1922, Morel Papers, F2/1/8, LSE Archives.
109 “Birkenhead in Dundee,” Dundee Advertiser, 10 November 1922; on Birkenhead's speech, see Pattinson, Seat for Life, 237–39; Morel's argument in favor of the levy was mainly that it was the only alternative to higher taxes for the mass of the population; “Morel Replies to Mrs Churchill,” Dundee Advertiser, 9 November 1922.
110 Cabinet Conclusions 4 June 1920, CAB 23/21, National Archives, London; Morgan, Consensus and Disunity, 240–41.
111 “Churchill Howled Down,” Dundee Advertiser, 14 November 1922.
112 “Dundee,” CHAR 5/22/62-3, Churchill Archive; Barlow's report is at CHAR 5/22/64-7.
113 Ritchie to Churchill, 15 April 1921, CHAR 5/24/ 26-50, Churchill Archive; Churchill to Ritchie, 11 September 1921, CHAR 5/24/76-100, Churchill Archive.
114 Churchill to Lloyd George 23 September 1921, CHAR 5/24/94-9, Churchill Archive. More generally on Churchill's approach to unemployment policy in this period, see Morgan, Consensus and Disunity, 284, where he is described as a “vigorous supporter of more active policies.”
115 Churchill to Ritchie, 9 May 1919, CHAR 5/21/5-6, Churchill Archive.
116 Morgan, Consensus and Disunity, 333–34. The previous year, Churchill had defended “dumping” of imports in the British market as having a welcome effect on “the uneconomic demands of labour”; Trentmann, Free Trade Nation, 303.
117 “Mr Churchill on Peril of Bolshevism,” Times, 16 February 1920.
118 Morgan, Consensus and Disunity, 353.
119 Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, 4:874. Scrymgeour, Churchill said, could, along with Pilkington, “be safely left to expound their doctrines to their particular sectaries”; Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, 4:877.
120 Gilbert, 4:878. Clementine Churchill similarly claimed that “Mr Morel was just another Mr Gallacher, but a more refined and respectable form”; “Morel Replies to Mrs Churchill,” Dundee Advertiser, 9 November 1922, Dundee Advertiser, 9 November 1922.
121 Randolph Churchill, Winston S. Churchill, 2:261.
122 “Front Bench Figures: II, Mr Churchill,” Times, 15 November 1920, cited in Rhodes James, Study in Failure, 193.
123 Toye, Churchill's Empire, xv.
124 Randolph Churchill, Winston S. Churchill, 2:99.
125 “Mr Churchill on Free Trade,” Dundee Advertiser, 8 April 1922.
126 Trentmann, Free Trade Nation, 285–330.
127 Tomlinson, Jim, “The First World War in a ‘Women's Town’: Dundee 1914–1922,” Women's History Review 31, no. 2 (2022): 173–97CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
128 “A Serious National Misfortune,” Times, 18 January 1924.
129 Trentmann, Free Trade Nation, 306–16.
130 Julie Danskin, A City at War: The 4th Black Watch, Dundee's Own (Dundee, 2013).
131 Baxter and Kenefick, “Labour Politics,” 203–5; William Kenefick, “War Resisters and Anti-conscription in Scotland: An ILP Perspective,” in Scotland and the Great War, ed. Catriona Macdonald and Elaine McFarland (Edinburgh, 1998), 59–80.
132 Peter Clarke, Liberals and Social Democrats (Cambridge, 1978), 195.
133 Morel election advertisement, Dundee Advertiser, 11 November 1922.
134 Swanwick, Builders of Peace, 61.
135 “Churchill Attacks ‘Advertiser,’” Dundee Advertiser, 15 November 1922.
136 Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, 4:31, 34.
137 Mitchell, Politics of Dissent, 125.
138 Morgan, Consensus and Disunity, 327–28. There were emerging signs of a distinct Labour approach to foreign policy, but these were slow to gain support; see Ceadel, Semi-detached Idealists, 245–46.
139 Saklatvala to Morel, 24 January 1923, Morel Papers, F2 1/8, Churchill Archive; Morel to Ogilvie, 28 January 1923, Morel Papers, F2 1/8, Churchill Archive; see also “E. D. Morel's Statement on Communism,” Dundee Advertiser, 30 October 1922.
140 V. I. Lenin, “British Pacifism and the British Dislike of Theory,” Collected Works, vol. 21, August 1914 –December 1915 (Moscow, 1974), 260–65, at 263.
141 Walker, Juteopolis, 455.
142 Clarke, Lancashire and the New Liberalism, 394
143 Bentley, Climax of Liberal Politics, 9.
144 On the role of conscription in Liberal division, see Adams, R. J. Q., “Asquith's Choice: The May Coalition and the Coming of Conscription, 1915–1916,” Journal of British Studies 25, no. 3 (1986): 243–63CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Johnson, Matthew, “The Liberal War Committee and the Liberal Advocacy of Conscription in Britain, 1914–1916,” Historical Journal 55, no. 3 (2008): 399–420Google Scholar.
145 Bentley, Liberal Mind, 209.
146 Wyburn-Powell, Defectors and the Liberal Party, 27–148.
147 Cline, Recruits to Labour, 68–69.