Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-wg55d Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-30T17:04:53.883Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

“Mom said it in quotation marks!” Irony comprehension and metapragmatic awareness in 8-year-olds

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 July 2023

Sarah GARFINKEL*
Affiliation:
Harvard Graduate School of Education, USA
Meredith L. ROWE
Affiliation:
Harvard Graduate School of Education, USA
Sandra BOSACKI
Affiliation:
Brock University, Canada
Natalia BANASIK-JEMIELNIAK
Affiliation:
The Maria Grzegorzewska University, Poland
*
Corresponding author: Sarah Garfinkel; Email: garfinkelsarahrose@gmail.com

Abstract

This study investigated links between the development of children’s understanding of ironic comments and their metapragmatic knowledge. Forty-six 8-year-olds completed the short version of the Irony Comprehension Task, during which they were presented with ironic comments in three stories and asked to provide reasons for why the speaker in a story uttered an ironic comment. We coded their responses and compared the results to similar data collected previously with 5-year-olds. Results showed that compared to younger children, 8-year-olds frequently refer to interlocutors’ emotions, intentions, and to metapragmatics. These results support the view that comprehension of verbal irony is an emerging skill in children.

Type
Article
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ackerman, B. P. (1983). Form and function in children’s understanding of ironic utterances. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 35(3), 487508.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aguert, M., Le Vallois, C., Martel, K., & Laval, V. (2018). “That’s really clever!” Ironic hyperbole understanding in children. Journal of Child Language, 45(1), 260272. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0305000917000113CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alba-Juez, L. (2014). Irony as inferred contradiction. Russian Journal of Linguistics, (4), 140153.Google Scholar
Attardo, S. (2000). Irony as relevant inappropriateness. Journal of Pragmatics, 32(6), 793826.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Attardo, S. (2013). Intentionality and irony. Irony and humor: From pragmatics to discourse, 3957. Amsterdam/Philadelphia. John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Banasik, N. (2013). Non literal speech comprehension in preschool children—an example from a study on verbal irony.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Banasik-Jemielniak, N., & Bokus, B. (2019). Children’s Comprehension of Irony: Studies on Polish-Speaking Preschoolers. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 48(5), 12171240.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Banasik-Jemielniak, N., & Bokus, B. (2022). Introducing the ICT: Irony Comprehension Task for preschool children. In: Kyuchukov, H. (ed) Studies in Language Acquisition and Bilingualism. LincomGoogle Scholar
Banasik-Jemielniak, N., Bosacki, S., Mitrowska, A., Wyrębek Walters, D., Wisiecka, K., Copeland, N. E., Wieland, L., Popovic, L., Piper, J., & Siemieniuk, A. (2020). “Wonderful! We’ve just missed the bus.” – Parental use of irony and children’s irony comprehension. PLOS ONE, 15(2).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berglund, E. V. A., Eriksson, M., & Westerlund, M. (2005). Communicative skills in relation to gender, birth order, childcare and socioeconomic status in 18‐month‐old children. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 46(6), 485491.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bloom, L. (1974). Talking, understanding, and thinking: Developmental relationship between receptive and expressive language.Google Scholar
Bosacki, S., Harwood, D., & Sumaway, C. (2012). Being mean: Children’s gendered perceptions of peer teasing. Journal of Moral Education, 41(4), 473489.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bosco, F. M., & Bucciarelli, M. (2008). Simple and complex deceits and ironies. Journal of Pragmatics, 40(4), 583607.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Capelli, C. A., Nakagawa, N., & Madden, C. M. (1990). How children understand sarcasm: The role of context and intonation. Child Development, 61(6), 18241841.10.2307/1130840CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carver, P. R., Yunger, J. L., & Perry, D. G. (2003). Gender identity and adjustment in middle childhood. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 49, 95109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collins, A., Lockton, E., & Adams, C. (2014). Metapragmatic explicitation ability in children with typical language development: Development and validation of a novel clinical assessment. Journal of Communication Disorders, 52, 3143.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Del Giudice, M. (2014). Middle childhood: An evolutionary developmental synthesis. Child Development Perspectives, 4, 193200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Demorest, A., Meyer, C., Phelps, E., Gardner, H., & Winner, E. (1984). Words speak louder than actions: Understanding deliberately false remarks. Child Development, 15271534.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Demorest, A., Silberstein, L., Gardner, H., & Winner, E. (1983). Telling it as it isn’t: Children’s understanding of figurative language. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 1(2), 121134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dews, S., & Winner, E. (1997). Attributing meaning to deliberately false utterances: The case of irony. In Advances in Psychology (Vol. 122, pp. 377414). North-Holland.Google Scholar
Dews, S., Winner, E., Kaplan, J., Rosenblatt, E., Hunt, M., Lim, K., McGovern, A., Qualter, A., & Smarsh, B. (1996). Children’s understanding of the meaning and functions of verbal ironyChild Development67(6), 30713085.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dynel, M. (2014). Participation framework underlying YouTube interaction. Journal of Pragmatics, 73, 3752.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A. G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G* Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior research methods, 41(4), 11491160.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Filippova, E., & Astington, J. W. (2008). Further development in social reasoning revealed in discourse irony understanding. Child Development, 79(1), 126138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Filippova, E., & Astington, J. W. (2010). Children’s Understanding of Social-Cognitive and Social-Communicative Aspects of Discourse Irony. Child Development, 81 ( 3), 913 928. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01442.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gabbatore, I., Bosco, F. M., Mäkinen, L., Leinonen, E., & Loukusa, S. (2021). Social-pragmatic contextual comprehension in Italian preschool and school-aged children: a study using the Pragma test. Intercultural Pragmatics, 18(2), 131162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garmendia, J. (2018). Irony. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibbs, R. W. (2000). Irony in Talk Among Friends. Metaphor and Symbol, 15 ( 1-2), 5 27. doi:10.1080/10926488.2000.9678862CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gombert, J. É. (1992). Metalinguistic development. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Grice, H. P. (1975). Logic and conversation. In Speech acts (pp. 4158). Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, M., & Pexman, P. M. (2003). Children’s Perceptions of the Social Functions of Verbal Irony. Discourse Processes, 36 ( 3), 147 165. doi:10.1207/s15326950dp3603_1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hsieh, H.-F., & Shannon, S. E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 12771288.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huttenlocher, J., Haight, W., Bryk, A., Seltzer, M., & Lyons, T. (1991). Early vocabulary growth: relation to language input and gender. Developmental psychology, 27(2), 236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, J., & Lantolf, J. P. (2018). Developing conceptual understanding of sarcasm in L2 English through explicit instruction. Language Teaching Research, 22, 208229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kingsford, J., Hawes, D., & de Rosnay, M. (2021). The development of moral shame indicates the emergence of moral identity in middle-childhood, Journal of Moral Education, doi: 10.1080/03057240.2021.1898936CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kreuz, R. (2020). Irony and sarcasm. Cambridge, MA, USA. MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laval, V. (2003). Idiom comprehension and metapragmatic knowledge in French children. Journal of Pragmatics, 35(5), 723739.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loukusa, S., & Leinonen, E. (2008). Development of comprehension of ironic utterances in 3-to 9-year-old Finnish-speaking children. Psychology of Language and Communication, 12(1), 5569.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loukusa, S., Leinonen, E., & Ryder, N. (2007). Development of pragmatic language comprehension in Finnish-speaking children. In First Language (Vol. 27, Issue 3, pp. 279296). https://doi.org/10.1177/0142723707076568CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loukusa, S., Ryder, N., & Leinonen, E. (2008). Answering questions and explaining answers: A study of Finnish-speaking children. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 37(3), 219241.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maccoby, E. E. (1998). The two sexes: Growing up apart, coming together. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
McCroskey, J. C., & Richmond, V. P. (1990). Willingness to communicate: A cognitive view. Journal of Social Behavior and personality, 5(2), 19.Google Scholar
Milanowicz, A., & Bokus, B. (2020). W krzywym zwierciadle ironii. O kobietach i mężczyznach nie wprost [The distorted mirror of irony. About men and women non directly]. Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morreale, S. P., Osborn, M. M., & Pearson, J. C. (2000). Why communication is important: A rationale for the centrality of the study of communication. JACA-ANNANDALE-, 1, 125.Google Scholar
National Research Council (1984). US Panel to Review the Status of Basic Research on School-Age Children; Collins WA, National Academies Press.Google Scholar
Peterson, C. C., Wellman, H. M., & Slaughter, V. (2012). The Mind Behind the Message: Advancing Theory-of-Mind Scales for Typically Developing Children, and Those With Deafness, Autism, or Asperger Syndrome. In Child Development (Vol. 83, Issue 2, pp. 469485). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01728.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pexman, P. M., & Glenwright, M. (2007). How do typically developing children grasp the meaning of verbal irony? Journal of Neurolinguistics, 20(2), 178196. doi:10.1016/j.jneuroling.2006.06.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pike, K. L. (1967). Language in relation to a unified theory of the structure of human behaviour. The Hague: Mouton.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pınar, E., Ozturk, S., Ketrez, F. N., & Özçalışkan, Ş. (2020). Parental Speech and Gesture Input to Girls Versus Boys in Singletons and Twins. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 122.Google Scholar
Recchia, H. E., Howe, N., Ross, H. S., & Alexander, S. (2010). Children’s understanding and production of verbal irony in family conversations. The British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 28(Pt 2), 255274.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rogoff, B., Sellers, M., Pirrotta, S., Fox, N., & White, S. (1975). Age of assignment of roles and responsibilities in children: a cross-cultural survey. Human Development, 18, 353369.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rothermich, K., Caivano, O., Knoll, L. J., & Talwar, V. (in press). Do they really mean it? Children’s inference of speaker intentions and the role of age and gender. Language and Speech, 0023830919878742. https://doi.org/10.1177/002383091987874Google Scholar
Stude, J. (2007). The acquisition of metapragmatic abilities in preschool children. In Bublitz, W. A, Huebler, W. (Eds) Metapragmatics in use (pp .199220), John Benjamins Publishing Company.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sullivan, K., Winner, E., & Hopfield, N. (1995). How children tell a lie from a joke: The role of second-order mental state attributions. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 13 ( 2), 191 204. doi:10.1111/j.2044-835x.1995.tb00673.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Szücs, M., & Babarczy, A. (2017). The role of Theory of Mind, grammatical competence and metapragmatic awareness in irony comprehension. Pragmatics at Its Interfaces. Edited by Stavros Assimakopoulous. Boston: Walter de Gruyter Inc, 129-50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tomasi, D., & Volkow, N. (2012). Gender differences in brain functional connectivity densityHuman Brain Mapping33(4), 849860. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.21252CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whalen, J. M., & Pexman, P. M. (2010). How do children respond to verbal irony in face-to-face communication? The development of mode adoption across middle childhood. Discourse Processes, 47(5), 363387.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whalen, J. M., Pexman, P. M., Gill, A. J., & Nowson, S. (2013). Verbal irony use in personal blogs. Behaviour & Information Technology, 32 ( 6), 560 569. doi:10.1080/0144929x.2011.630418CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zajączkowska, M., & Abbot-Smith, K. (2020). “Sure I’ll help—I’ve just been sitting around doing nothing at school all day”: Cognitive flexibility and child irony interpretation. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 199, 104942.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed