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Beth Miqdash Me’at: The Synagogues of Medieval England

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 March 2017

Joe Hillaby
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Extract

Since the destruction of the Temple the synagogue has been at the heart of every Jewish community. Here the individual could affirm his obedience to the laws (kalakkot) through prayer and ceremony. In this way he sought the salvation of the soul and the resurrection of the body in the messianic age. In addition the community, through the offices of the synagogue, was able to exercise close control over the social lives of all its members, by excommunication if necessary but this was rarely required for ‘the social consequences of nonconformity brought irresistible pressure to bear upon the transgressor’.

Type
Articles
Information
The Journal of Ecclesiastical History , Volume 44 , Issue 2 , April 1993 , pp. 182 - 198
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1993

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References

1 Joseph Gutmann, ‘Synagogue origins: theories and facts', and Marilyn Chiat, ‘First-century synagogue architecture: methodological problems', in Joseph Gutmann (ed.), , Chico, CA 1981, 1-6, 49-60; L. Rabinowitz, , London 1938, 75-98; L. Finkelstein, , New York 1924.

2 B. Blumenkranz, ‘Juifs et Judaisme dans l'art chretien du haut moyen age', in , Spoleto 1980, 987-1014; M. Schlauch, ‘The allegory of church and synagogue', xiv (1939), 448-64; L.Edwards, ‘Some English examples of the medieval representation of church and synagogue', xviii (1958), 63-75; Carra Ferguson O'Meara, , New York 1975, 91-132.

3 B. Blumenkranz, ‘Les synagogues', and ‘Inventaire archeologique', in idem, (ed.), , Toulouse 1980, 33-72, 307-87; F. Cantera Burgos, Madrid 1984; R. Krautheimer, , Berlin 1927; R. Wischnitzer, , Philadelphia 1964, 18-58.

4 C. Roth, , London 1934; M. Wood, ‘Norman domestic architecture', xcii (1935), 196; J. W. F. Hill, , Cambridge 1948, 231—2; N.Pevsner and J. Harris, , 2nd edn, rev. N. Antram, London 1989, 519. Edgar R. Samuel, ‘Was Moyse's Hall, Bury St. Edmunds, a Jew's house?', xxv (1977), 43-7.

5 H. G. Richardson, , London i960, 6-20, 135-60; , III: , ed. H. Rothwell, London 1975, 303; Rigg, , 1-3.

6 .

7 i. 115; ii. 146.

8 PRO E401/1568, 1569; Rigg, , 96-8; PRO E101/249/10/2.

9 PRO E101/249/27, 30; B. L. Abrahams, ‘Condition of the Jews in England in 1290', ii (1896), 76-105.

10 , 218; , 76.

11 G. P. G. Johnson, ‘A second Jewish in Lincoln', xiii (1978), 35-6; , ii, ed. D. Keene, Oxford 1985, 666-7 and fig- 72; J. Hillaby, ‘Aaron le Blund and the last decades of Hereford Jewry, 1253-60', xlvi(i) (1990), 432-87; Richard Johnson, , 2nd edn, London 1882, 100.

12 , ed. W. H. Stevenson, Gloucester 1890, 100; PRO E368/13/3; , 235 discussed in J. Hillaby, ‘The Worcester Jewry, 1158-1290: portrait of a lost community', , 3rd ser. xii (1990), 73-122; F. M. Powicke and C. R. Cheney (eds), , II: , Oxford 1964, ii.. 1045; PRO SC 11/426.

13 M. Dothan, ‘The synagogue at Hammath-Tiberias', in L. I. Levine (ed.), , Jerusalem 1981, 63-9.

14 J. Naveh, ‘Ancient synagogue inscriptions', in Levine, , 133-g summarises the author's Hebrew work , Jerusalem 1978. See also B. Lifshitz, , Paris 1967.

15 Cantera Burgos, , 21-4; Jesus Palaez del Rosal, , Cordoba 1988; Gantera Burgos, , 21—4, 96-101; I. Baer, , i, Philadelphia 1961, 92, 397, 362-4. The Lisbon and Monochique inscriptions are now housed at the Abraham Zacuto Luso-Hebraic Museum, Tomar.

16 O. Bocher, ‘Die Alte Synagoge zu Worms', in E. Roth (ed.), , Frankfurt am Main 1961, 11-154; F. Reuter, , Worms 1984, 197-201.

17 L. I. Levine, ‘The inscriptions in the ‘En Gedi Synagogue', in Levine, , 140-5.

18 PRO E159/101; E368/97. Text with commentary in Richardson, , 237-41.

19 (Pipe Roll Society, 1884-1990), 12 Henry 11 (1888), 132; 5 Richard 1 (1927), 162-3.

20 (ibid. 1943), 70; Norman Golb, , Rouen 1985, 277-81, diagrams A, B; Dominique Halbout-Bertin,’ Rapport sommaire de la fouille (de la synagogue de Rouen)', and Maylis Bayle, ‘Les monuments juifs de Rouen et l'architecture romane', in Blumenkranz, , 231-8, 251—76; J. Tanguy, , Rouen 1990.

21 , ed. D. Keene and V. Harding, 1: (microfiche, Cambridge 1987), 372.

22 ‘Aaron of York', in M. Adler, , London 1939, 127-73, is tne only study of this key figure.

23 , 307.

24 PRO E401/4/4; E401/6/6; E401/48/6; E401/16/2. The role of the Blund family and the London community's tallage returns for 1221, 1223, 1239, 1241 are listed in J. Hillaby, ‘London: the thirteenth-century Jewry revisited', xxxii (forthcoming), tables 3-6.

25 , ed. H. R. Luard (Rolls Series xxxvi, 1864-9), ii. 101, 450; iv. 141-3; , 522.

26 , ed. R. R. Sharpe, London 1901, C pp. 61-2; Cartulary of the Hospital of St Thomas of Aeon (Mercers’ Company, Register of Writings, I), fo. 48, transcribed in John Walney, , London 1892, 256-7; , 522; Hillaby, ‘London'; , 435; C. Roth, ‘Elijah of London: the most illustrious English Jew in the Middle Ages', xv (1946) 29-62.

27 , 441-2, 556, 564, 570-1; , 16. For the family of Master Moses and for Aaron son of Vives see Hillaby, ‘London'.

28 , 312; , 522; , 245, 253.

29 , ed. William Stubbs (Rolls Series lxxiii, 1879-80), i. 405-6; PRO E101/249/2 transcribed by I. Abrahams, i (1925), lix-lxxiv; Michael Adler, , London 1939, 53-5; William Urry, , London 1967, 119-20, 150-2, 302-3, 424-6, map 2(b)5, central area west.

30 PRO E101/249/2; H.P. Stokes, , Edinburgh 1913, 144; R. B. Dobson, , York 1974, 12-15.

31 , PRO 1904, 62; J. Hillaby, ‘A Magnate amongst the Marchers: Hamo of Hereford, his family and clients, 1218-53', xxxi (1990), 23-81; idem. ‘Hereford gold: the Jewish community at Hereford and its clients, 1179-1253. Part 2', xlv(i) (1985), 195-239.

32 , ed. H. E. Salter (Oxford Historical Society lxiv, 1913), 91-122 and map facing p. 122; idem. , i, ed. W. A. Pantin (ibid. n.s. xiv, i960), 230-1 and map SE 1; C. Roth, (ibid. n.s. ix, 1951), 58-61, 97-1O0.

33 Ibid. 51-4.

34 Finkelstein, , 130; Cantera Burgos , 97-8.

35 i. 104.

36 , 510; Johnson quoting Lincolnshire Archives Office, Dean and Chapter, Liber de Ordinationibus Cantariarum (A/1/8), no. 301.

37 S. W. Baron, , 3 vols, Philadelphia 1942; Finkelstein, J. Parkes, , London 1938; I. Abrahams, , new edn, London 1932; Rabinowitz,

38 M. D. Davis, , London 1888, repr. Farnborough 1969, nos 47, 54, 67.

39 PRO Just 1/775/20; , 239. 34i. 271; chR 1226-57, 218.

40 , 245, 253.

41 Davis, , nos 16, 47.

42 BL, MS Lansdowne 826(4).

43 , 235; Davis, , no. 116.

44 Urry, , 303, n. 306; , 61; , 338; , ed. A. G. Little, Paris 1909, 28, 167.

45 , 245, 253.

46 , ed. C. Trice-Martin (Rolls Series lxxvii, 1882-5), i, no. 179; A. H. M. Jones, , Oxford 1964, ii. 945; James Parkes, , London 1934, appendix i; B. Blumenkranz, , Paris i960, 309-12.

47 PRO E352/73 published by Z. Rokeah, ‘Some accounts of condemned Jews' property in the Pipe and Chancellor's Rolls', i (r973)! 23∼4; iii (:975)> 57∼8; Roth, , 112-25.

48 , ii, nos 312, 316; D. L. Douie, , Oxford 1952, 324-5.

49 Richardson, , 195.

50 Rigg, , 105; Keene and Harding, , 134-7, and Plan K.

51 , Kolnisches Stadtmuseum 1984, 22-3; Reuter, , 92-3.

52 , 312-13; , 522; , 262, 306, 488; , 180; , 142; , 380-1.

53 W. C.Jordan, , Philadelphia 1989, 32; Blumenkranz, , 309-14.

54 Cantera Burgos, , 16-24; M. Schwab,’ Rapport sur les inscriptions hebraiques de la France', in , ii, Paris 1903, 198-200, 205-14.

55 , 96; T. Rymer, , i(ii) Record Commission 1816, 736. Richardson, , 228, n. 2 describes the secret instructions.

56 I. Loeb, ‘Le role des Juifs de Paris en 1296 et 1297', i (1880), 61—70; , ed. K. Michaelsson, Gothenburg 1958, 264-7 > J. Shatzmiller, , Paris 1973, 17 n. 3.

57 PRO E101/250/5; Hillaby, ‘Aaron', 487.