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Judicial Contributions to US National Policy Change since 1945

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 October 2022

Matt Grossmann  and
Brendon Swedlow
Matt Grossmann
Affiliation:
Michigan State University
Brendon Swedlow*
Affiliation:
Northern Illinois University
*
Contact the corresponding author, Brendon Swedlow, at bswedlow@niu.edu.
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Abstract

How often, at what times, and on what issues do courts directly make policy or indirectly influence policy making by other branches of government? We assess the judicial contribution to policy change using 268 policy histories covering 14 issue areas of US domestic policy making from 1945 to 2004. Contrary to the prominent view that courts are relatively inconsequential policy-making institutions, we find that federal courts made or influenced nearly one in four significant federal policy changes. Courts directly made almost as many significant policies as the executive branch and indirectly influenced about as many significant policies in other branches as Congress. We also find that judicial policy making and influence are concentrated in a few time periods and issue areas.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Law and Courts , Volume 3 , Issue 1 , Spring 2015 , pp. 1 - 35
Copyright
© 2015 by the Law and Courts Organized Section of the American Political Science Association. All rights reserved.

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Footnotes

We would like to thank Mitch Pickerill, Rob Robinson, Ryan Black, Amy Steigerwalt, Steve Wasby, Todd Collins, Art Ward, David Klein, Jon Goldberg-Hiller, David T. Johnson, Valerie J. Martinez-Ebers, Chandra Hunter Swedlow, participants in the Midwest Political Science Association meeting, and various anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on earlier iterations of this article; and Erik Jonasson, Matt Phelan, Haogen Yao, Martina Egerer, Erica Weiss, Michael Thom, Heta Mehta, Lindsay Vogelsberg, Chris Heffner, Anthony Clarke, and Fangxue Zheng for reading literature, collecting data, and other assistance with this project.

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Agriculture

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Civil Rights and Liberties

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Peritz, Rudolph J. R. 2001. Competition Policy in America: History, Rhetoric, Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
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Rimmerman, Craig A., Wald, Kenneth D., and Clyde Wilcox, eds. 2000. The Politics of Gay Rights. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Roof, Tracy. 2011. American Labor, Congress, and the Welfare State, 1935–2010. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Shelden, Randall G. 2001. Controlling the Dangerous Classes: A Critical Introduction to the History of Criminal Justice. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.Google Scholar
Simon, Jonathan K. 2007. Governing through Crime: How the War on Crime Transformed American Democracy and Created a Culture of Fear. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Smith, David G., and Moore, Judith D.. 2010. Medicaid Politics and Policy: 1965–2007. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.Google Scholar
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Stetson, Dorothy McBride. 1997. Women’s Rights in the USA. New York: Garland.Google Scholar
Walker, Samuel. 1980. Popular Justice: A History of American Criminal Justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Wisensale, Steven K. 2001. Family Leave Policy: The Political Economy of Work and Family in America. Armonk, NY: Sharpe.Google Scholar

Criminal Justice

Davies, Gareth. 1999. From Opportunity to Entitlement: The Transformation and Decline of Great Society Liberalism. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.Google Scholar
Frank, Richard G., and Glied, Sherry A.. 2006. Better but Not Well: Mental Health Policy in the United States since 1950. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google ScholarPubMed
Mink, Gwendolyn., Rickie Solinger, and Frances Fox Piven. 2003. Welfare: A Documentary History of U.S. Policy and Politics. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
O’Brien, John T., and Marvin Marcus. 1980. Crime and Justice in America: Critical Issues for the Future. Oxford: Pergamon.Google Scholar
Shelden, Randall G. 2001. Controlling the Dangerous Classes: A Critical Introduction to the History of Criminal Justice. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.Google Scholar
Simon, Jonathan K. 2007. Governing through Crime: How the War on Crime Transformed American Democracy and Created a Culture of Fear. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Stetson, Dorothy McBride. 1997. Women’s Rights in the USA. New York: Garland.Google Scholar
Walker, Samuel. 1980. Popular Justice: A History of American Criminal Justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Education

Davies, Gareth. 2007. See Government Grow: Education Politics from Johnson to Reagan. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.Google Scholar
Fraser, James W. 1999. Between Church and State: Religion and Public Education in a Multicultural America. New York: St. Martin’s.Google Scholar
Moran, Rachel. 1988. “The Politics of Discretion: Federal Intervention in Bilingual Education.” California Law Review 76:1249–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Energy

Duffy, Robert J. 1997. Nuclear Politics in America: A History and Theory of Government Regulation. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.Google Scholar
Goodwin, Craufurd D. W. 1981. Energy Policy in Perspective: Today’s Problems, Yesterday’s Solutions. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.Google Scholar
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Housing and Development

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Labor and Immigration

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Macroeconomics

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Science and Technology

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Social Welfare

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Transportation

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