Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-pjpqr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-17T18:11:10.195Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Gun Regulation Exceptionalism and Adolescent Violence: A Comparison to Tobacco

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 January 2021

Abstract

This article compares the landscape of tobacco regulations to the landscape of gun regulations, with a focus on regulations that target youth. This article argues that guns are significantly less regulated compared to tobacco, despite the frequency with which each product causes significant harm to both self and other.

Many of the specific ways tobacco is regulated can be applied analogously to firearms while plausibly surviving potential Second Amendment challenges. This article compares the regulatory landscape of tobacco and firearms across six categories: (a) minimum age for purchase, (b) sale by unlicensed individuals, (c) taxation, (d) advertising, (e) graphic warning labels, and (f) zoning.

At one time, tobacco was as central — or more so — to American culture as guns are today. However, many decades of public health advocacy led to historic tobacco regulations. Tobacco's regulatory history provides a valuable blueprint for gun regulation, despite Constitutional differences.

Type
Symposium Articles
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of Law, Medicine and Ethics 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Office of Adolescent Health, Adolescents and Tobacco: Trends, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, available at <https://www.hhs.gov/ash/oah/adolescent-development/substance-use/drugs/tobacco/trends/index.html> (last visited June 1, 2020).+(last+visited+June+1,+2020).>Google Scholar
Nat'l Rifle Ass'n of Am., Inc. v. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, & Explosives, 700 F.3d 185 (5th Cir. 2012).Google Scholar
Anglemyer, A., Horvath, T., and Rutherford, G., “The Accessibility of Firearms and Risk for Suicide and Homicide Victimization Among Household Members: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,” Annals of Internal Medicine 160, no. 2 (2014): 101-110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
18 U.S.C. § 922(b)(1), (c)(1).Google Scholar
18 U.S.C. § 922(x)(1), (5).Google Scholar
Giffords Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence, Minimum Age to Purchase & Possess, available at <https://lawcenter.giffords.org/gun-laws/policy-areas/who-can-have-a-gun/minimum-age/> (last visited June 1, 2020); Cal. Penal Code § 27505(a); Cal. Penal Code § 27510(a).+(last+visited+June+1,+2020);+Cal.+Penal+Code+§+27505(a);+Cal.+Penal+Code+§+27510(a).>Google Scholar
Buchanan, L., Keller, J., Oppel, R.A. Jr., and Victor, D., “How They Got Their Guns,” New York Times, February 16, 2018, available at <https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/10/03/us/how-mass-shooters-got-their-guns.html> (last visited June 1, 2020).+(last+visited+June+1,+2020).>Google Scholar
Giffords Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence, supra note 6.Google Scholar
Webster, D.W., Vernick, J.S., Zeoli, A.M., and Manganello, J.A., “Association between Youth-Focused Firearm Laws and Youth Suicides,” JAMA 292, no. 5 (2004): 594-601.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gius, M., “The Impact of Minimum Age and Child Access Prevention Laws on Firearm-Related Youth Suicides and Unintentional Deaths,” Social Science Journal 52, no. 2 (2015): 168-175.Google Scholar
Cooper, A. and Smith, E.L., Homicide Trends in the United States, 1980-2008, U.S. Department of Justice, November 2011, available at <https://bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/htus8008.pdf> (last visited June 1, 2020).+(last+visited+June+1,+2020).>Google Scholar
18 U.S.C § 921(a)(21)(C).Google Scholar
Giffords Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence, Universal Background Checks, available at <https://lawcenter.giffords.org/gun-laws/policy-areas/background-checks/universal-background-checks/> (last visited June 1, 2020).+(last+visited+June+1,+2020).>Google Scholar
Miller, M., Hepburn, L., and Azrael, D., “Firearm Acquisition Without Background Checks,” Annals of Internal Medicine 166, no. 4 (2017): 233239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
“Bipartisan Background Checks Act of 2019,” H.R.8, 116th Congress (2019-2020).Google Scholar
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, Fact Sheet: Tobacco Enforcement (May 2018), available at <https://www.atf.gov/resource-center/fact-sheet/fact-sheet-tobacco-enforcement> (last visited June 1, 2020).+(last+visited+June+1,+2020).>Google Scholar
Goldman, T.R., Tobacco Taxes, Health Affairs Health Policy Brief, September 19, 2016.Google Scholar
26 U.S.C. § 4181.Google Scholar
Murphy v. Guerrero, No. 1:14-CV-00026, 2016 WL 5508998 (D. N. Mar. I. Sept. 28, 2016).Google Scholar
Bice, D.C. and Hemley, D.D., “The Market for New Handguns: An Empirical Investigation,” Journal of Law and Economics 45, no. 1 (2002): 251-265.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fagan, J., “Policing Guns and Youth Violence,” The Future of Children (2002): 133-151, at 145.Google Scholar
“Gun Violence Prevention and Safe Communities Act of 2018,” H.R.5103, 115th Congress. (2017-2018).Google Scholar
“Children's Firearm Marketing Safety Act,” H.R.5093, 113th Congress. (2013-2014).Google Scholar
“US Judge Strikes Down California Ban on Handgun Ads,” CNBC, September 12, 2018, available at <https://www.cnbc.com/2018/09/12/us-judge-strikes-down-california-ban-on-handgun-ads.html> (last visited June 1, 2020).+(last+visited+June+1,+2020).>Google Scholar
Br. in Opp'n, Remington Arms Co., LLC, et al. v. Soto, cert. denied, 140 S. Ct. 513, (2019).Google Scholar
U.S. v. Philip Morris U.S.A., Inc., 449 F. Supp. 2d 1 (D.D.C. 2006); Truth Initiative, What Do Tobacco Advertising Restrictions Look Like Today? (February 6, 2017), available at <https://truthinitiative.org/research-resources/tobacco-industry-marketing/what-do-tobacco-advertising-restrictions-look-today> (last visited June 1, 2020).+(last+visited+June+1,+2020).>Google Scholar
Hemenway, D., “Risks and Benefits of a Gun in the Home,” American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine 5, no. 6 (2011): 502-511.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15 U.S.C. §§ 2051−2089.Google Scholar
R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. v. F.D.A., 696 F.3d 1205 (D.C. Cir. 2012).Google Scholar
Shadel, W.G., Martino, S., Setodji, C.M., et al., “Do Graphic Health Warning Labels on Cigarette Packages Deter Purchases at Point-of-Sale?” Health Education Research 34, no. 3 (2019): 321-331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, A.E., Mays, D., Falk, E.B., et al., “Young Adult Smokers' Neural Response to Graphic Cigarette Warning Labels,” Addictive Behaviors Reports 3 (2016): 28-32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graphic Ammunition Warnings, Graphic Ammunition Warnings, available at <https://graphicwarnings.com/> (last visited June 1, 2020).+(last+visited+June+1,+2020).>Google Scholar
Kilgore, E.A., Mandel-Ricci, J., et al., “Making It Harder to Smoke and Easier to Quit: The Effect of 10 Years of Tobacco Control in New York City,” American Journal of Public Health 104, no. 6 (2014): e5-e8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
U.S. v. Lopez, 514 US 549 (1995). (Challenged statute later amended and still in effect.)Google Scholar
Yablon, A., “Towns Create Gun-Store Free Zones, Confident Constitution Is on Their Side,” Trace, June 20, 2018, available at <https://www.thetrace.org/2018/06/piscataway-gun-storezoning/> (last visited June 1, 2020).+(last+visited+June+1,+2020).>Google Scholar
Teixeira v. County of Alameda, 873 F. 3d 670 (9th Cir. 2017). Cert denied.Google Scholar
Ezell v. City of Chicago, 846 F.3d 888 (7th Cir. 2017).Google Scholar
Kelly, M., “Do 98 Percent of Mass Public Shootings Happen in Gun-Free Zones?” Washington Post, available at <https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2018/05/10/do-98-percent-of-mass-public-shootings-happen-in-gun-free-zones/> (last visited June 1, 2020).+(last+visited+June+1,+2020).>Google Scholar