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Between 1970 and 2019, the proportion of the elderly population of Latin America and the Caribbean (those 60 years of age or older) more than doubled: from approximately 5.8% to 12.8% (UN Population Prospects, 2022). The overall prevalence of non-communicable diseases tends to increase overtime, together with this greater participation of older population groups in the total population, as the prevalence of non-communicable diseases is greater in these population groups.Google Scholar

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Prosser, H., Almond, S., and Walley, T., “Influences on GPs’ Decision to Prescribe New Drugs—The Importance of Who Says What” Family Practice 20, no. 1 (2003): 61–68. Other examples of recent publications include: M.A. Erdek, “What Clinicians and Health Professions Students Should Learn About How Pharmaceutical Marketing Influences Opioid Prescribing and Patient Outcomes,” AMA Journal of Ethics 22, no. 8 (2020): E681-686; F. Fickweiler and W. Fickweiler, and E. Urbach, “Interactions between Physicians and the Pharmaceutical Industry Generally and Sales Representatives Specifically and Their Association with Physicians’ Attitudes and Prescribing Habits: A Systematic Review,” BMJ Open 7 (2017): e016408; A. Fugh-Berman and N. Homedes, “How Drug Companies Manipulate Prescribing Behavior,” Colombian Journal of Anesthesiology 46 (2018): 317-321; M. Khazzaka, “Pharmaceutical Marketing Strategies’ Influence on Physicians’ Prescribing Pattern in Lebanon: Ethics, Gifts, and Samples,” BMC Health Services Research 19 (2019): 80; C.A. Marco, J.C. Moskop, R.C. Solomon, J.M. Geiderman, and G.L. Larkin, “Gifts to Physicians from the Pharmaceutical Industry: An Ethical Analysis,” Annals of Emergency Medicine 48, no. 5 (2006): 513-21; S.M. Price, A.C. O’Donoghue, L. Rizzo S. Sapru, and K.J. Aikin, “What Influences Healthcare Providers’ Prescribing Decisions? Results from a National Survey,” Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy 17, no. 10 (2021): 1770-1779.Google Scholar

The Physician Payment Sunshine Act was introduced in 2010 as part of the US Government’s Affordable Care Act. It requires medical product manufacturers to disclose payments or transfers of items of value made to physicians or teaching hospitals.Google Scholar

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Examples of regulatory agencies include the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) in the United States; the EMA (European Medicines Agency) in Europe; or the ANMAT (Administración Nacional de Medicamentos, Alimentos y Tecnología Médica) in Argentina; the ANVISA (Agência Nacional de Vigilância em Saúde) in Brazil; the INVIMA (Instituto Nacional de Vigilancia de Medicamentos y Alimentos) of Colombia, among others in the region. New molecular entity (NME) is a broader term that encompasses both a new chemical entity (NCE) and a new biological entity (NBE).Google Scholar

For example, the following news piece from Uruguay: <https://www.elobservador.com.uy/nota/los-precios-que-los-laboratorios-cobran-por-los-medicamentos-de-alto-costo-judicializados-y-que-preocupa-al-msp-20238313260?utm_source=planisys&utm_medium=EO-TitularesMatutinos2023&utm_campaign=EO-TitularesMatutinosFinesdesemana2023&utm_content=18> (last visited September 18, 2023)+(last+visited+September+18,+2023)>Google Scholar

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Id. (Vasconcelos). For another example related to a small municipality of the state of Rio Grande do Sul: D.W.L. Wang and F.V. Terrazas (orgs.), Judicialização da Saúde nos Municípios, Teses Jurídicas, Diagnósticos e Experiências de Gestão, CONASEMS, Brasília, D.F (2023).Google Scholar

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