Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-x4r87 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T07:38:00.729Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Perceived Addiction as a Predictor of Smoking Cessation Among Occasional Smokers

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 January 2016

Michael Chaiton ,
Joanna E. Cohen ,
Sue J. Bondy ,
Peter Selby ,
K. Stephen Brown ,
Roberta Ferrence  and
John M. Garcia
Michael Chaiton*
Affiliation:
Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Joanna E. Cohen
Affiliation:
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Maryland, USA
Sue J. Bondy
Affiliation:
Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Peter Selby
Affiliation:
Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Ontario, Canada
K. Stephen Brown
Affiliation:
Propel Centre for Population Health Impact, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
Roberta Ferrence
Affiliation:
Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
John M. Garcia
Affiliation:
School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
*
Address for correspondence: Michael Chaiton, Ontario Tobacco Research Unit, T530, 155 College St, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3S7, Canada. Email: Michael.chaiton@utoronto.ca
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Introduction: Common short screening measures of dependence that use number of cigarettes per day may not be appropriate for use in populations of occasional smokers.

Aims: In this study, we investigate whether perceived addiction (PA) predicts quit attempts and successful cessation among occasional smokers.

Methods: Current occasional smokers (18+) in the Ontario Tobacco Survey (OTS) longitudinal cohort study followed up every six months for up to three years. Respondents rated their self-perceived level of addiction (very vs. somewhat or not very addicted). Generalised Estimating Equation models and proportional hazard models were used to test the predictive ability of PA.

Results/Findings: Occasional smokers with very high PA had a higher likelihood of reporting a quit attempt (RR: 2.49; 95% CI: 1.88, 3.30) after adjusting for demographics. Given an incident quit attempt, occasional smokers who reported being very addicted were 2.93 times more likely to relapse (95%: 2.01, 4.28). The effect of PA was independent of other predictors of smoking behaviour.

Conclusions: For some, occasional smokers, smoking cessation is a difficult process that may require significant support. Asking occasional smokers about PA is an effective way to predict likely success in quitting smokers that may be easily assessed in population based, as well as in community and clinical, settings.

Type
Original Articles
Information
Journal of Smoking Cessation , Volume 12 , Issue 3 , September 2017 , pp. 165 - 172
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Baker, T.B., Breslau, N., Covey, L., & Shiffman, S. (2012). DSM criteria for tobacco use disorder and tobacco withdrawal: a critique and proposed revisions for DSM-5. Addiction Feb, 107 (2), 263–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bondy, S.J., Victor, J.C., & Diemert, L.M. (2009). Origin and use of the 100 cigarette criterion in tobacco surveys. Tobacco Control, 18 (4), 317–323. doi:10.1136/tc.2008.027276.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Borland, R., Partos, T.R., & Cummings, K.M. (2012). Systematic biases in cross-sectional community studies may underestimate the effectiveness of stop-smoking medications. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 14 (12), 1483–1487, doi: 10.1093/ntr/nts002.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chaiton, M.O., Cohen, J.E., McDonald, P.W., & Bondy, S.J. (2007). The heaviness of smoking index as a predictor of smoking cessation in Canada. Addictive Behaviours, 32, 1031–1042, doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.07.008.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Diemert, L., Victor, J.C., Chaiton, M. et al. (2010). Ontario Tobacco Survey Technical Report 1:Baseline Data. Toronto, ON: Ontario Tobacco Research Unit.Google Scholar
Eiser, J. R. (1982). Addiction as attribution: Cognitive processes in giving up smoking. In Eiser, J. R. (Ed.), Social Psychology and Behavioural Medicine (pp. 281–299). Chichester: Wiley.Google Scholar
Eiser, J. R., Sutton, S. R., & Wober, M. (1977). Smokers, non-smokers and the attribution of addiction. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 16 (4), 329–336. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8260.1977.tb00239.x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eiser, J.R., Sutton, S.R., & Wober, M. (1978). ‘Consonant’ and ‘dissonant’ smokers and the self-attribution of addiction. Addictive Behaviours 3 (2), 99–106. doi: 10.1016/0306-4603(78)90032-1.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eiser, J., van der Pligt, J., Raw, M., & Sutton, S. R. (1985). Trying to stop smoking: Effects of perceived addiction, attributions for failure, and expectancy of success. Journal of Behavioural Medicine, 8 (4), 321–341. doi: 10.1007/BF00848367.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Etter, J.F. (2008). Comparing the validity of the cigarette dependence scale and the fagerström test for nicotine dependence. Drug & Alcohol Dependence, 95 (1–2), 152–159. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.01.017.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Falba, T., Jofre-Bonet, M., Busch, S., Duchovny, N., & Sindelar, J. (2004). Reduction of quantity smoked predicts future cessation among older smokers. Addiction, 99 (1), 93–102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldstein, R.Z., Craig, A.D., Bechara, A., Garavan, H., Childress, A.R., Paulus, M.P. et al. (2009). The neurocircuitry of impaired insight in drug addiction. Trends in Cognitive Science, 13 (9), 372–380. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2009.06.004.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heatherton, T.F., Kozlowski, L.T., Frecker, R.C., & Fagerström, K.O. (1991). The fagerström test for nicotine dependence: A revision of the fagerström tolerance questionnaire. British Journal of Addiction, 86 (9), 1119–1127. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01879.x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heatherton, T.F., Kozlowski, L.T., Frecker, R.C., Rickert, W., & Robinson, J. (1989). Measuring the heaviness of smoking: Using self-reported time to the first cigarette of the day and number of cigarettes per day. British Journal of Addiction, 84 (7), 791–800. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1989.tb03059.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herd, N., & Borland, R. (2009). The natural history of quitting smoking: Findings from the international tobacco control (ITC) four country survey. Addiction, 104 (12), 2075–2087.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herd, N., Borland, R., & Hyland, A. (2009). Predictors of smoking relapse by duration of abstinence: Findings from the international tobacco control (ITC) four country survey. Addiction, 104 (12), 2088–2099. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02732.x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ho, M.K., & Tyndale, R.F. (2007). Overview of the pharmacogenomics of cigarette smoking. The Pharmacogenomics Journal, 7 (2), 81–98. doi:10.1038/sj.tpj.6500436.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Howard, M., McMillen, C., Nower, L., Elze, D., Edmond, T., & Bricout, J. (2002). Denial in addiction: Toward an integrated stage and process model–qualitative findings. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 34 (4), 371–382. doi: 10.1080/02791072.2002.10399978.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hughes, J., & Carpenter, M. (2006). Does smoking reduction increase future cessation and decrease risk? A qualitative review. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 8 (6), 739–749.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hughes, J.R., Oliveto, A.H., Riggs, R., Kenny, M., Liguori, A., Pillitteri, J.L. et al. (2004). Concordance of different measures of nicotine dependence: Two pilot studies. Addictive Behaviours, 29 (8), 1527–1539. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.02.031.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hyland, A., Borland, R., Li, Q., Yong, H.H., McNeill, A., Fong, G.T. et al. (2006). Individual-level predictors of cessation behaviours among participants in the international tobacco control (ITC) four country survey. Tobacco Control, 15, iii83–iii94. Available from: http://tc.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/15/suppl_3/iii83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Okoli, C.T.C., Richardson, C.G., Ratner, P.A., & Johnson, J.L. (2008). An examination of the smoking identities and taxonomies of smoking behaviour of youth. Tobacco Control, 17 (3), 151–158. doi:10.1136/tc.2007.021683.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Okuyemi, K.S., Thomas, J.L., Warren, J., Guo, H., & Ahluwalia, J.S. (2010). Relationship between smoking reduction and cessation among light smokers. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 12 (10), 1005–1010.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'Loughlin, J., DiFranza, J., Tyndale, R.F., Meshefedjian, G., McMillan-Davey, E., Clarke, P.B.S., & Paradis, G. (2003). Nicotine-dependence symptoms are associated with smoking frequency in adolescents. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 25 (3), 219–225. doi: 10.1016/S0749-3797(03)00198-3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'Loughlin, J., Karp, I., Koulis, T., Paradis, G., Difranza, J. (2009). Determinants of first puff and daily cigarette smoking in adolescents. Am. J. Epidemiol., 170, 585–597.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Piper, M.E., Federman, E.B., Piasecki, T.M., Bolt, D.M., Smith, S.S., Fiore, M.C. et al. (2004). A multiple motives approach to tobacco dependence: The Wisconsin inventory of smoking dependence motives (WISDM-68). Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72, 139–154.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schane, R., Glantz, S., & Ling, R. (2009). Nondaily and social smoking: An increasingly prevalent pattern. Archives of Internal Medicine, 169 (19), 1742–1744.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schauer, G.L., Malarcher, A.M., & Berg, C.J. (2014). Differences in smoking and cessation characteristics among adult nondaily smokers in the United States: Findings from the 2009–2010 national adult tobacco survey. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 16 (1), 58–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shiffman, S., Ferguson, S.G., Dunbar, M.S., & Scholl, S.M. (2012). Tobacco dependence among intermittent smokers. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 14 (11), 1372–1381.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shiffman, S., Waters, A., & Hickcox, M. (2004). The nicotine dependence syndrome scale: A multidimensional measure of nicotine dependence. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 6 (2), 327–348. doi:10.1080/1462220042000202481.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sledjeski, E.M., Dierker, L.C., Costello, D., Shiffman, S., Donny, E., Flay, B.R. et al. (2007). Predictive validity of four nicotine dependence measures in a college sample. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 87 (1), 10–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tindle, H.A, & Shiffman, S. (2011). Smoking cessation behaviour among intermittent smokers versus daily smokers. American Journal of Public Health, 101 (7), E1–E3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vos, H.P. (1989). Denial of the inner reality: Observations on drug abuse and addiction based on psychotherapies after treatment in a therapeutic community in the Netherlands. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 6 (3), 193–199. doi: 10.1016/0740-5472(89)90006-8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
West, O., Hajek, P., & McRobbie, H. (2011). Systematic review of the relationship between the 3-hydroxycotinine/cotinine ratio and cigarette dependence. Psychopharmacology (Berlin), 218 (2), 313–322. doi: 10.1007/s00213-011-2341-1.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed