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Labor Mobilization and Cooperation for Urban Construction: Building Apartment Compounds at Teotihuacan

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 December 2019

Tatsuya Murakami
Tatsuya Murakami*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Tulane University, 6823 St. Charles Ave., Dinwiddie Hall 101, New Orleans, LA70118, USA (tmurakam@tulane.edu)
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Abstract

Teotihuacan underwent an urban renewal during the Tlamimilolpa phase (AD 250–350) in which more than 2,000 apartment compounds were constructed to accommodate its estimated 100,000 residents. Although the orderly layout and canonical orientation of the city imply top-down planning, growing evidence suggests a bottom-up process of urban transformation. This study combines architectural energetics with archaeometric analysis of nonlocal construction materials (lime plaster and andesitic cut stone blocks) to examine the labor organization behind the construction of the apartment compounds. The results of the energetic analysis suggest that residents relied on labor forces external to their compounds, whereas materials analysis indicates that the procurement, transportation, and production of building material were centrally organized and thus indicative of a state labor tax. Based on these results, I argue that compounds were assembled through corporate group labor exchange or communal (neighborhood-level) labor cooperation/obligation, with differing degrees of support from the state labor tax. Apartment compound construction was not uniform but rather a diverse process in which state labor mobilization, communal labor obligations, and corporate labor exchange were articulated in various ways.

Durante la fase Tlamimilolpa (250–350 dC), Teotihuacan experimentó una renovación urbana en la cual se construyeron alrededor de 2.000 conjuntos departamentales, con la finalidad de albergar a un número aproximado de 100.000 residentes. Aunque la traza original y la orientación canónica de la ciudad suponen un diseño coordinado por las elites gubernamentales (top-down), la creciente evidencia sugiere un proceso de transformación de abajo hacia arriba (bottom-up). El presente estudio combina el análisis de inversión energética en arquitectura con análisis arqueométricos de materiales constructivos foráneos (estuco y bloques de andesita) para examinar la organización del trabajo en la construcción de los conjuntos departamentales. El resultado del estudio energético sugiere que los residentes dependían de fuerzas de trabajo externas a sus conjuntos; mientras que el análisis de los materiales revela que la adquisición, transporte y producción de materiales constructivos estaba centralizada. Esto indica, por lo tanto, la existencia de un impuesto estatal de trabajo. Sobre la base de estos resultados, se propone que dichos conjuntos fueron construidos a través del intercambio de trabajo entre grupos corporativos y/o la cooperación u obligación comunal (a nivel del barrio), con diferentes grados de apoyo por parte del impuesto estatal de trabajo. La construcción de los conjuntos departamentales no fue uniforme, sino un proceso en el cual la movilización del trabajo por parte del Estado, las obligaciones laborales comunales y el intercambio de trabajo colectivo estaban articulados de diversas maneras.

Keywords

urbanismarchitectureconstruction materialslabor organizationCentral Mexicourbanismoarquitecturamateriales constructivosorganización de trabajoAltiplano central de México
Type
Article
Information
Latin American Antiquity , Volume 30 , Issue 4 , December 2019 , pp. 741 - 759
Copyright
Copyright © 2019 by the Society for American Archaeology

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