Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-2lccl Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T21:20:20.406Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Institutional Change and Ethnic Parties in South America

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2018

Donna Lee Van Cott
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The central question of this article is why indigenous social movements formed electorally viable political parties in Latin America in the 1990s. This development represents a new phenomenon in Latin America, where ethnic parties have been both rare and unpopular among voters. Institutional reforms in six South American countries are examined to see if the creation and success of these parties can be correlated with changes in electoral systems, political party registration requirements, or the administrative structure of the state. The study concludes that institutional change is likely to be a necessary but not sufficient condition for the emergence and electoral viability of ethnic parties.

Type
Research Article
Information
Latin American Politics and Society , Volume 45 , Issue 2 , Summer 2003 , pp. 1 - 39
Copyright
Copyright © University of Miami 2003

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Albó, Xavier. 1994. And from Kataristas to MNRistas? The Surprising and Bold Alliance Between Aymaras and Neoliberals in Bolivia. In Indigenous Peoples and Democracy in Latin America, ed. VanDonna Lee, Cott. New York: St. Martin's Press. 55–82.Google Scholar
Andolina, Robert. 1999. Colonial Legacies and Plurinational Imaginaries: Indigenous Movement Politics in Ecuador and Bolivia. Ph.D. diss., University of Minnesota.Google Scholar
Apaza, Jaime. 2001. Consejo Nacional de Ayllus y Markas de Qullasullo. Author interview. La Paz, July 17.Google Scholar
Arias, Iván. 1997. Anthropologist. Author interview. La Paz, June 3.Google Scholar
Asociación Interétnica de Desarrollo de la Selva Peruana (AIDESEP). 2000. Primer Boletin de la Asociación Interétnica de Desarrollo de la Selva Peruana. August.Google Scholar
Ayo, Diego. 2001. Subsecretario de Desarrollo Sustenible y Planificación. Author interview. La Paz, July 16.Google Scholar
Beck, Scott H., and Kenneth, J. Mijeski. 2001. Barricades and Ballots: Ecuador's Indians and the Pachakutik Political Movement. Ecuadorian Studies 1 (September): 1–23.Google Scholar
Birnir, Jóhanna Kristín. 2000. The Effect of Institutional Exclusion on Stabilization of Party Systems in Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru. Paper presented at the 22d International Congress of the Latin American Studies Association. Miami, March 16–18.Google Scholar
Birnir, Jóhanna Kristín. 2001. Personal communication, August 7.Google Scholar
Bolivia. Congress. 2001. Anteproyecto de ley de necesidad de reforma constitucional, Article 224. April.Google Scholar
Bolivia, . Corte Nacional Electoral. n.d. Website. http:www.cne.org.bo.Google Scholar
Bolivia, . Ministerio de Desarrollo Humano, Secretaría Nacional de Participación Popular. 1997. Indígenas en el poder local. La Paz.Google Scholar
Bonfil Batalla, Guillermo, comp. 1981. Utopía y revolución. El pensamiento político de los indios en América Latina. Mexico: Editorial Nuevo Imagen.Google Scholar
Buitrago, Jaime E. 1997. Alejo Véliz cree en Cristo y en Túpac Katari. Presencia (La Paz). May 4: 4–5.Google Scholar
Canton, Santiago. 1995. Partidos políticos en las Américas: desafíos y estrategias. Washington: National Democratic Institute.Google Scholar
Cárdenas, Víctor Hugo. 2001. Former vice president of Bolivia. Author interview. La Paz, July 14.Google Scholar
Collins, Jennifer N. 2001. Opening up Electoral Politics: Political Crisis and the Rise of Pachakutik. Paper prepared for presentation at the 23d Congress of the Latin American Studies Association, Washington, Dc, September 6–8.Google Scholar
Collins, Jennifer N. Forthcoming. Ph.D. diss. Department of Political Science, University of California, San Diego.Google Scholar
Coppedge, Michael. 1997. District magnitude, economic performance, and party-system fragmentation in five Latin American countries. Comparative Political Studies 30, 2 (April): 156–85.Google Scholar
Coppedge, Michael. 1998. The Evolution of Latin American Party Systems. In Politics, Society and Democracy: Latin America, ed. Scott, Mainwaring and Arturo, Valenzuela. Boulder: Westview Press. 171–206.Google Scholar
Dalton, Russel J., Scott, C. Flanagan, and Paul Allen, Beck. 1984. Political Forces and Partisan Change. In Electoral Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies: Realignment or Dealigment? ed. Dalton, Flanagan, and Beck, . Princeton: Princeton University Press. 451–76.Google Scholar
Deruyttere, Anne. 1997. Indigenous Peoples and Sustainable Development: The Role of the Inter-American Development Bank. Forum of the Americas, April 8. Washington: Inter-American Development Bank.Google Scholar
Domínguez, Jorge I. 1995. Los desafíos de los partidos políticos en América Latina y el Caribe. Paper prepared for the conference on political parties in Latin America and the Caribbean under the auspices of Pnud y la Fundación F. Ebert, Cartagena, Colombia. July.Google Scholar
Dugas, John C. 2001. Sisyphus in the Andes? the Pursuit of Political Party Reform in Colombia. Paper prepared for delivery at the 23d Congress of the Latin American Studies Association, Washington, Dc, September 6–8.Google Scholar
Foreign Broadcast Information Service-Latin America (Fbis-Lat). 1993. 93–081 (April 20): 31.Google Scholar
García Sánchez, Miguel. 2001. La democracia colombiana: entre las reformas institucionales y la guerra. Una aproximación al desempeño de las terceras fuerzas en las alcaldías municipales, 1988–2000. Paper prepared for presentation at the 23d Congress of the Latin American Studies Association, Washington, Dc, September 6–8.Google Scholar
Grofman, Bernard, and Arend, Lijphart, eds. 1986. Electoral Laws and Their Political Consequences. New York: Agathon Press.Google Scholar
Harmel, Robert, and John, D. Robertson. 1985. Formation and Success of New Parties: a Cross-National Analysis. International Political Science Review 6, 4 (October): 501–23.Google Scholar
Hartlyn, Jonathan, and John, Dugas. 1999. Colombia: The Politics of Violence and Democratic Transformation. In La democracia en América Latina. Actualidad y perspectivas, ed. Pablo González, Casanova and Marcos Roitman, Rosenmann. Mexico City: La Jornada. 249–307.Google Scholar
Hauss, C., and Rayside, D.. 1978. The Development of New Parties in Western Democracies Since 1945. In Political Parties: Development and Decay, ed. Maisel, L. and Cooper, J.. Beverly Hills: Sage. 31–57.Google Scholar
Healy, Kevin. 2002. Personal communication. February 16.Google Scholar
Horowitz, Donald L. 1985. Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Jones, Mark P. 1995. A Guide to the Electoral Systems of the Americas. Electoral Studies 14, 1: 5–21.Google Scholar
Jones, Mark P. 1997. A Guide to the Electoral Systems of the Americas: an Update. Electoral Studies 16, 1: 13–15.Google Scholar
King, Gary, Robert, O. Keohane, and Sidney, Verba. 1994. Designing Social Inquiry: Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Laurent, Virginie. 1997. Población indígena y participación política en Colombia. Análisis Político 31 (May–August): 63–81.Google Scholar
Lieberman, Evan S. 2001. Causal Inference in Historical Institutional Analysis. Comparative Political Studies 34, 9 (November): 1011–35.Google Scholar
Lijphart, Arend. 1986a. Degrees of Proportionality of Proportional Representation Formulas. in Grofman and Lijphart 1986. 170–79.Google Scholar
Lijphart, Arend. 1986b. Proportionality by Non-Pr Methods: Ethnic Representation in Belgium, Cyprus, Lebanon, New Zealand, West Germany, and Zimbabwe. in Grofman and Lijphart 1986. 113–23.Google Scholar
Lipset, Seymour Martin, and Stein, Rokkan. 1967. Party Systems and Voter Alignments: Cross-National Perspectives. New York: The Free Press.Google Scholar
Lluco, Miguel. 1999. Leader, Movimiento Unido Pluricultural Pachakutik. Author interview. Quito, August 2.Google Scholar
Loaza, Roman. Asp national deputy. Author interview. La Paz, 1997.Google Scholar
Lucero, José Antonio. 2002. Arts of Unification: Political Representation and Indigenous Movements in Bolivia and Ecuador. Ph.D. diss., Princeton University.Google Scholar
Mainwaring, Scott. 1999. Rethinking Party Systems in the Third Wave of Democratization: The Case of Brazil. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Mainwaring, Scott, and Timothy, Scully, eds. 1995. Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in Latin America. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Mair, Peter. 1997. Party System Change: Approaches and Interpretations. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Mamani, Carlos. 2001. Member, Taller de Historia Oral Andina. Author interview. La Paz, July 16.Google Scholar
Mayorga, René Antonio. 2001. Director, Centro Boliviano de Estudios Multidisciplinarios. Author interview. La Paz, July 18.Google Scholar
Medina, Javier. 2001. Adviser, Ministry of Sustainable Development and Planning, Bolivia. Author interview. La Paz, July 18.Google Scholar
Ramiro, Molina R.. 1997. Anthropologist. Author interview. La Paz, April 28.Google Scholar
Molina, V., José, E. 2002. The Presidential and Parliamentary Elections of the Bolivarian Revolution in Venezuela: Change and Continuity (1998–2000). Bulletin of Latin American Research 21, 2 (April 2002): 219–47.Google Scholar
Mozaffar, Shaheen. 1997. Electoral Systems and Their Political Effects in Africa: a Preliminary Analysis. Representation 34, 3–4: 148–56.Google Scholar
Ordeshook, Peter C., and Olga, V. Shvetsova. 1994. Ethnic Heterogeneity, District Magnitude, and the Number of Parties. American Journal of Political Science 38, 1 (February): 100–123.Google Scholar
Padilla, Guillermo. 1996. La ley y los pueblos indígenas en Colombia. Journal of Latin American Anthropology 1, 2 (Spring): 78–97.Google Scholar
Patzi Paco, Felix. 1999. Insurgencia y sumisión. Movimientos indígenocampesinos (1983–1998). La Paz: Muela del Diablo.Google Scholar
Pérez, Benjamin. 1999. Participación en el Movimiento Político Indígena Pueblo Unido Multiétnico de Amazonas (Puama). La Iglesia en Amazonas 85 (September): 8–9.Google Scholar
La Prensa (La Paz). 2002. February 8. via Internet.Google Scholar
La Razón (La Paz). 2002. July 9. http:www.la-razon.com.Google Scholar
Roberts, Kenneth M. 2001. Political Cleavages, Party-Society Linkages, and the Transformation of Political Representation in Latin America. Paper prepared for delivery at the 23d Congress of the Latin American Studies Association. Washington, Dc, September 6–8.Google Scholar
Roberts, Kenneth M., and Erik, Wibbels. 1999. Party Systems and Electoral Volatility in Latin America: a Test of Economic, Institutional, and Structural Explanations. American Political Science Review 93, 3 (September): 575–90.Google Scholar
Rolon Anaya, Mario. 1999. Política y partidos en Bolivia. 3d edition. La Paz: Libreria Editorial Juventud.Google Scholar
Sartori, Giovanni. 1986. The Influence of Electoral Systems: Faulty Laws or Faulty Method? in Grofman and Lijphart 1986. 43–68.Google Scholar
Schedler, Andreas. 1996. Antipolitical-establishment Parties. Party Politics 2, 3: 291–312.Google Scholar
Selverston-Scher, Melina. 2001. Ethnopolitics in Ecuador: Indigenous Rights and the Strengthening of Democracy. Coral Gables: North-South Center Press.Google Scholar
Stavenhagen, Rodolfo. 1992. Challenging the Nation-State in Latin America. Journal of International Affairs 34, 2 (Winter): 421–40.Google Scholar
Taagepera, Rein, and Matthew Soberg, Shugart. 1989. Seats and Votes: The Effects and Determinants of Electoral Systems. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Tapia, Luciano. 1995. Ukhamawa Jakawisaxa (Así es nuestra vida). Autobiografía de un aymara. La Paz: Hisbol.Google Scholar
Ticona, Esteban. 2001. Professor, Universidad de la Cordillera. Author interview. La Paz, July 18.Google Scholar
El Tiempo (Bogotá). 2002. March 11. http:www.eltiempo.com.Google Scholar
Los Tiempos (Cochabamba). July 9. http:www.lostiempos.com.Google Scholar
VanCott, Donna Lee. 2000a. Party System Development and Indigenous Populations in Latin America: the Bolivian Case. Party Politics 6, 2 (April): 155–74.Google Scholar
VanCott, Donna Lee. 2000b. The Friendly Liquidation of the Past: The Politics of Diversity in Latin America. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
VanCott, Donna Lee. 2003. Andean Indigenous Movements and Constitutional Transformation: Venezuela in Comparative Perspective. Latin American Perspectives 30, 1 (January): 49–69.Google Scholar
Véliz, Alejo. 2001. Member, Asamblea de la Soberanía del Pueblo. Author interview. La Paz, July 17.Google Scholar