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Toward Dependency and Revolution: The Political Economy of Cuba between Wars, 1878–1895

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 October 2022

Louis A. Pérez
Louis A. Pérez*
Affiliation:
University of South Florida
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Historiographical advances in recent decades have emphasized increasingly the twentieth-century sources of American hegemony in Cuba. Two specific periods have served as the focus of these arguments: the years of the military occupation (1899-1902) and the decades of the Plattist republic, namely those years when Cuba was linked to the United States by virtue of the Permanent and Reciprocity treaties (1903-34). During these years, Cuban dependency certainly deepened and the character of the island acquired its definitive features as a client state. These twentieth-century developments, however, originated in nineteenth-century antecedents that contributed decisively to shaping events after 1895.

Type
Research Reports and Notes
Information
Latin American Research Review , Volume 18 , Issue 1 , 1983 , pp. 127 - 142
Copyright
Copyright © 1983 by the University of Texas Press

References

Notes

1. See Robert F. Smith, The United States and Cuba: Business and Diplomacy, 1917–1960 (New Haven: 1960); David F. Healy, The United States in Cuba, 1898–1902 (Madison, 1963); Philip S. Foner, The Spanish-Cuban-American War and the Birth of American Imperialism, 1895–1902, 2 vols. (New York, 1972); Jules Robert Benjamin, The United States and Cuba: Hegemony and Dependent Development, 1880–1934 (Pittsburgh, 1977); Robin Blackburn, “Prologue to the Cuban Revolution,” New Left Review 21 (Oct. 1963):52-91; and James L. Hitchman, “U.S. Control over Cuban Sugar Production, 1898–1902,” Journal of Inter-American Studies and World Affairs 12(Jan. 1970):90–106.

2. H. E. Friedlander, Historia económica de Cuba (Havana, 1944), p. 432; José R. Alvarez Díaz et al., A Study on Cuba (Coral Gables, 1965), pp. 91–92; Ramiro Guerra y Sánchez, Sugar and Society in the Caribbean (New Haven, 1964), p. 63; Ramiro Guerra y Sánchez et al., Historia de la nación cubana, 10 vols. (Havana, 1952), 7:153.

3. Alvarez Díaz, A Study on Cuba, p. 93.

4. Leland Hamilton Jenks, Our Cuban Colony (New York, 1928), p. 27.

5. Hugh Thomas, Cuba, The Pursuit of Freedom (New York, 1971), p. 272.

6. For the impact of abolition on sugar production, see Arthur F. Corwin, Spain and the Abolition of Slavery in Cuba, 1817–1886 (Austin, 1969), pp. 293–313.

7. Adam Badeau, “Report on the Present Condition of Cuba,” 7 February 1884, Despatches from United States Consuls in Havana, 1783–1906, Record Group 59, General Records of the Department of State, National Archives, Washington, D.C. (Hereafter cited as Despatches/Havana.)

8. David Vickers to Assistant Secretary of State John Davis, 24 October 1883, Despatches from United States Consuls in Matanzas, 1820–1889, Record Group 59, General Records of the Department of State, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

9. Guerra y Sánchez, Historia de la nación cubana 7:155,163; Friedlander, Historia económica de Cuba, p. 422.

10. William P. Pierce to Assistant Secretary of State John Davis, 10 August 1883, Despatches from United States Consuls in Cienfuegos, 1876–1906, Record Group 59, General Records of the Department of State, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

11. See Edwin F. Atkins, Sixty Years in Cuba (Cambridge, Mass., 1926), pp. 48–137.

12. John Anthony Froude, The English in the West Indies (London, 1888), pp. 301, 304, 306.

13. Richard Davey, Cuba, Past and Present (New York, 1898), p. 137.

14. Maturin M. Ballou, Due South, or Cuba Past and Present (Boston, 1885), p. 39, 43, 45, 49, 51, 168.

15. Adam Badeau to Department of State, 6 March 1884, Despatches/Havana.

16. Adam Badeau, “Report on the Present Condition of Cuba,” 7 February 1884, Despatches/Havana.

17. Alvarez Díaz, A Study of Cuba, p. 71; Thomas, Cuba, The Pursuit of Freedom, p. 285.

18. See Esteban Montejo, Diary of a Runaway Slave, edited by Miguel Barnet, translated by Jocasta Innes (London, 1968), pp. 63–73. See also Davey, Cuba, Past and Present, pp. 177, 208.

19. Diario de la Marina, 24 de noviembre de 1888, enclosure in Ramon O. Williams to George L. Rives, 24 November 1888, Despatches/Havana.

20. Guerra y Sánchez, Sugar and Society in the Caribbean, pp. 61–67.

21. See Guerra y Sánchez, Historia de la nación cubana 7:192-94; and Friedlander, Historia económica de Cuba, pp. 436–38.

22. By the early 1890s, ranking members of the planter elite who had acquired American citizenship included: Juan Pedro Baró, Perfecto Lacosta, Andrés Terry, Arturo Averhoff, Francisco J. Cazares, Francisco D. Duque, Carlos Manuel García y Ruiz, Alberto V. de Goicuría, José González, Domingo González y Alfonso, Cristobal N. Madán, Antonio A. Martínez, Federico P. Montes, Luis Felipe Morejón y Márquez, Joaquín Pérez Cruz, Manuel A. Recio, José Rafael de los Reyes y García, Juan Rosell, Francisco Soria y Díaz, Manuel de la Torres, José Ignacio Toscano, Manuel de la Vega, and José Antonio Yznaga.

23. Ramon O. Williams to Assistant Secretary of State James N. Porter, 28 December 1886, Despatches/Havana.

24. See La Unión Constitucional, 23 de junio de 1891, enclosure in Ramon O. Williams to William F. Wharton, 23 June 1891, Despatches/Havana; and Boletín de la Cámara Oficial de Comercio, Industria y Navegación de La Habana, 30 de junio de 1891, enclosure in Ramon O. Williams to William F. Wharton, 18 June 1891, Despatches/Havana.

25. “El manifiesto económico,” La Discusión, 22 julio 1891, enclosure in Ramon O. Williams to William F. Wharton, 28 July 1891, Despatches/Havana.

26. Ramon O. Williams to William F. Wharton, 23 June 1891, Despatches/Havana.

27. Alvarez Díaz, A Study on Cuba, pp. 133–36; and Thomas, Cuba, The Pursuit of Freedom, p. 289.

28. Pulaski F. Hyatt to Department of State, 12 October 1894, Despatches from United States Consuls in Santiago de Cuba, 1799–1906, Record Group 59, General Records of the Department of State, National Archives, Washington, D.C. (Hereafter cited as Despatches/Santiago de Cuba.)

29. La Lucha, 1 de diciembre de 1894, p. 1.

30. Diario de la Marina, 19 de diciembre de 1894, p. 2. See also Lawrence R. Nichols, “Domestic History of Cuba during the Insurrection, 1895-1898” (M.A. thesis, Duke University, 1951), pp. 29–30, 32.

31. Ramon O. Williams to Assistant Secretary of State Edwin F. Uhl, 5 January 1895, Despatches/Havana.

32. Pulaski F. Hyatt to Department of State, 12 October 1894, Despatches/Santiago de Cuba.

33. La Lucha, 19 de diciembre de 1894, p. 2.

34. See Ramon O. Williams to Assistant Secretary of State Edwin F. Uhl, 3 January 1895, Despatches/Havana; and Joseph Hance to Assistant Secretary of State Edwin F. Uhl, 9 October 1894, Despatches from United States Consuls in Cardenas, 1843–1849, 1879–1898, Record Group 59, General Records of the Department of State, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

35. La Lucha, 3 de enero de 1895, p. 2.

36. Pulaski F. Hyatt to Department of State, 12 October 1894, Despatches/Santiago de Cuba.

37. La Lucha, 3 de enero de 1895, p. 2.

38. See Julio E. LeRiverend Brusone, “Raíces del 24 de febrero: la economía y la sociedad de 1878 a 1895,” Cuba socialista 5(Feb. 1965):1-17; and Paul Estrade, “Cuba en 1895: las tres vías de la burguesía insular,” Casa de las Américas 13(Sept.–Oct. 1972):55–65.