Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-75dct Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-15T18:49:11.143Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Into Law's Artifice: Postwar Policing, Sexual Difference, and the Epistemic Gap

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 March 2023

Yvonne Pitts*
Affiliation:
Purdue University

Extract

Vice Patrol analyzes how reconfigurations in postwar gay public life, psychiatric research, and policing surveillance technologies recast Americans’ chimerical commitments to purging sexual vice. Before a more radical, visible queer liberation movement emerged after 1969, vice enforcement was not a monolithic project but rather a conglomeration of newly empowered post-Prohibition liquor agents, policing units, and judicial institutions. Enforcement practices and institutional priorities generated inconsistencies over policing sexual difference, creating conflicts that became embedded in judicial processes, themselves fraught with institutional pressures and contradictions. These legal and administrative configurations did more than enforce existing law regulating sexual deviance; they actively produced identifiable targeted groups believed to be predisposed to sexual criminality. Vice Patrol’s insights are urgent; they reveal and explain the historical, institutional, and political processes of negotiating human expression into criminal acts requiring state policing intervention. The intrusive tactics that Lvovsky chronicles did not disappear; they were redirected, which is best articulated in the liberal disillusionment with “urban renewal” and with the Nixon administration's “War on Crime” that targeted “high crime” areas in urban communities of color, propelling forward racialized mass incarceration.

Type
Forum: Anna Lvovsky's Vice Patrol: Cops, Courts, and the Struggle over Urban Gay Life Before Stonewall
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the American Society for Legal History

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Lvovsky, Anna, Vice Patrol: Cops, Courts, and the Struggle over Urban Gay Life Before Stonewall (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2021)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

2 Lvovsky uses “gay” as a reflection of historical nomenclature. “Queer” is used also as more capacious term to describe other non-heteronormative sexual orientations.

3 Margot Canaday, The Straight State: Sexuality and Citizenship in Twentieth-Century America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009); Stacy Braukman, Communists and Perverts under the Palms: The Johns Committee in Florida, 1956–1965 (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2013); David K. Johnson, The Lavender Scare: The Cold War Persecution of Gays and Lesbians in the Federal Government (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006); Marcia M. Gallo, Different Daughters: A History of the Daughters of Bilitis and the Rise of the Lesbian Rights Movement (New York: Seal Press, 2007); Rachel Lewis, “Lesbians under Surveillance: Same-Sex Immigration Reform, Gay Rights, and the Problem of Queer Liberalism,” Social Justice 37 (2010): 90–106; Robert Byron Genter, ”‘An Unusual and Peculiar Relationship’: Lesbianism and the American Cold War National Security State,” Journal of the History of Sexuality 28 (2019): 235–62; Eric Cervini, The Deviant's War: The Homosexual vs. the United States of America (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2020); Miriam G. Reumann, American Sexual Character: Sex, Gender, and National Identity in the Kinsey Reports (Berkeley, University of California Press, 2005); William Eskridge Jr., Dishonorable Passions: Sodomy Laws in America, 1861–2003 (New York: Viking Press, 2008); Jennifer Terry, An American Obsession: Science, Medicine, and Homosexuality in Modern Society (Chicago: University Of Chicago Press, 1867); Marie-Amelie George, “The Harmless Psychopath: Legal Debates Promoting the Decriminalization of Sodomy in the United States,” Journal of the History of Sexuality 24 (2015): 225–61; Henry L. Minton, Departing from Deviance a History of Homosexual Rights and Emancipatory Science in America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002); Ronald Bayer, Homosexuality and American Psychiatry: The Politics of Diagnosis by Ronald Bayer (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987); and Clayton Howard, “The Closet and the Cul-de-Sac The Politics of Sexual Privacy in Northern California (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 2019).

4 Emily K. Hobson, Lavender and Red: Liberation and Solidarity in the Gay and Lesbian Left (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2016; Terence Kissack, “Freaking Fag Revolutionaries: New York's Gay Liberation Front, 1969–1971,” Radical History Review 62 (1995): 105–34; and Barbara Ruth, Smash the Church, Smash the State: The Early Years of Gay Liberation, Illustrated edition, ed. Tommi Avicolli Mecca (San Francisco: City Lights Publishers, 2009).

5 Thomas Grillot, Pauline Peretz, and Yann Philippe, “‘Wherever the Authority of the Federal Government Extends’: Banning Segregation in Veterans’ Hospitals (1945–1960),” Journal of American History 107 (2020): 388–410; Risa Goluboff, Vagrant Nation: Police Power, Constitutional Change, and the Making of the 1960s (New York: Oxford University Press, 2016), 334; Elizabeth Hinton, From the War on Poverty to the War on Crime: The Making of Mass Incarceration in America (Cambridge, MA; London: Harvard University Press, 2017); Adrian Vermeule, Law's Abnegation: From Law's Empire to the Administrative State (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2016); Eskridge, Dishonorable Passions; Kellie Wilson-Buford, Policing Sex and Marriage in the American Military: The Court-Martial and the Construction of Gender and Sexual Deviance, 1950–2000 (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2018); Timothy Stewart-Winter, “Queer Law and Order: Sex, Criminality, and Policing in the Late Twentieth-Century United States,” Journal of American History 102 (2015): 61–72: George, “The Harmless Psychopath, 225–61; and Naoko Wake, Private Practices: Harry Stack Sullivan, the Science of Homosexuality, and American Liberalism (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2011).

6 George Chauncey, Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890–1940 (New York: Basic Books, 1995).

7 On fascination and law, see Clare Sears, Arresting Dress: Cross-Dressing, Law, and Fascination in Nineteenth-Century San Francisco (Durham: Duke University Press, 2015).

8 “Homosexuality in America—A Secret World Grows Open and Bolder,” Life Magazine, June 26, 1964, 66.

9 Goluboff, Vagrant Nation, 334.

10 Kunzel, Regina, “Queer History, Mad History, and the Politics of Health,” American Quarterly 69 (2017): 315–19CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

11 Mumford, Kevin, Not Straight, Not White: Black Gay Men from the March on Washington to the AIDS Crisis, Illustrated edition (Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press, 2016)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

12 Armstrong, Elizabeth A. and Crage, Suzanna M., “Movements and Memory: The Making of the Stonewall Myth,” American Sociological Review 71 (2006): 724–51CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

13 William F. Buckley, “Crucial Steps in Combating the Aids Epidemic; Identify All the Carriers,” https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/00/07/16/specials/buckley-aids.html (February 14, 2022).