Hostname: page-component-5d84bcc8dc-2mlsc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-09-15T22:57:17.168Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Entry Bar as Surreptitious Deportation? Zapret na v'ezd in Russian Immigration Law and Practice: A Comparative Perspective

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 December 2018

Agnieszka Kubal
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Since 2013, a three-year entry bar (zapret na v'ezd) has been issued in Russia to migrants with a record of two or more administrative offenses. This article examines the sociolegal characteristics of zapret na v'ezd by situating it in a global, comparative perspective, vis-à-vis the legal developments in the areas of deportation and removal in the United States and the United Kingdom. This article argues that the Russian entry bar law experienced a shift, established by other migration-receiving jurisdictions, from controlling the migration process to controlling the social conduct of migrants, toward an increased reliance on deportability as a form of post-entry control of the migrant population. At a broader level, I aim to shed more light on the migration governance processes in Russia—the third largest destination of migrants worldwide—by moving away from the intellectually dead-end explanations that consider Russia as a deviant exception.

Information

Type
Articles
Information
Law & Social Inquiry , Volume 42 , Issue 3 , Summer 2017 , pp. 744 - 768
Copyright
Copyright © American Bar Foundation, 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

References

Aliverti, Ana. 2012. Making People Criminal: The Role of the Criminal Law in Immigration Enforcement. Theoretical Criminology 16:417–34. doi:10.1177/1362480612449779Google Scholar
Buckley, Cynthia, and Hofmann, Erin Trouth. 2012. Are Remittances an Effective Mechanism for Development? Evidence from Tajikistan, 1999–2007. Journal of Development Studies 48:1121–38.Google Scholar
Burnham, William, Maggs, Peter R., and Danilenko, Gennady M. 2012. Law and Legal System of the Russian Federation, 5th ed. New York: Juris.Google Scholar
Chacon, Jennifer M. 2009. Managing Migration through Crime. Columbia Law Review Sidebar 109:135–48.Google Scholar
Chacon, Jennifer M. 2012. Overcriminalizing Migration. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 102:613–52.Google Scholar
Dave, Bhavna. 2014. Becoming “Legal” through “Illegal” Procedures: The Precarious Status of Migrant Workers in Russia. Russian Analytical Digest 159:2–6.Google Scholar
de Genova, Nicholas P. 2002. Migrant “Illegality” and Deportability in Everyday Life. Annual Review of Anthropology 31:419–47.Google Scholar
de Genova, Nicholas P. 2004. The Legal Production of Mexican/Migrant “Illegality.” Latino Studies 2 (2): 160–85.Google Scholar
de Genova, Nicholas P., and Peutz, Nathalie, eds. 2010. The Deportation Regime: Sovereignty, Space, and the Freedom of Movement. Durham, UK: Durham University Press.Google Scholar
de Haas, Hein. 2010. The Internal Dynamics of Migration Processes: A Theoretical Inquiry. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 36: 1587–1617.Google Scholar
Federal Migration Service. 2014. Entry Bar Information. http://www.fms.gov.ru/treatment/form/?f=Q_THEME&v=%CE%F2%EA%F0%FB%F2%FB%E5%20%E4%E0%ED%ED%FB%E5 (accessed August 15, 2014).Google Scholar
Gannushkina, Svetlana Alekseyeevna. 2014. The Most Important Changes in Migration Law of 2013 in Russia. Paper presented at the Seminar “Migration and Law,” May 24, Moscow, Russia.Google Scholar
Golash‐Boza, Tanya. 2010. The Criminalization of Undocumented Migrants: Legalities and Realities. Societies Without Borders 5 (1): 81–90.Google Scholar
Hendley, Kathryn. 2006. Assessing the Rule of Law in Russia. Cardozo Journal of International and Comparative Law 14:347–92.Google Scholar
Hendley, Kathryn. 2011. Varieties of Legal Dualism: Making Sense of the Role of Law in Contemporary Russia. Wisconsin International Law Journal 29 (2): 233–62.Google Scholar
Hoshi, Bijan. 2014. Immigration Act 2014: Removals and Nationality Provisions. Grand Court Chambers. Free Movement. Updates and commentary on immigration and asylum law. https://www.freemovement.org.uk/immigration-act-2014-removals-and-nationality-provisions/ (accessed August 18, 2014).Google Scholar
Ivahniuk, Irina. 2015. Russian Legislation on Labour Migration from 2007 to 2015: Trends and Effects. Paper presented at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) conference, “Russia's Migration Regulatory Regime: Migration Policy, Laws, Enforcement and Effects,” June, 19, London, UKGoogle Scholar
Kahn, Jeffrey. 2002. Federalism, Democratization, and the Rule of Law in Russia. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kahn, Jeffrey. 2008. Vladimir Putin and the Rule of Law in Russia. Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law 36:511–58.Google Scholar
Kanstroom, Daniel. 2000. Deportation, Social Control, and Punishment: Some Thoughts About Why Hard Laws Make Bad Cases. Harvard Law Review 113:1890–1935.Google Scholar
Kononenko, Vadim, and Moshes, Arkady. 2011. Russia as a Network State. What Works in Russia When State Institutions Do Not? Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Kubal, Agnieszka. 2009. Why Semi‐Legal? Polish Post‐2004 EU Enlargement Migrants in the United Kingdom. Journal of Immigration, Asylum and Nationality Law 23 (2): 148–64.Google Scholar
Kubal, Agnieszka. 2013. Conceptualizing Semi‐Legality in Migration Research. Law and Society Review 47:555–87.Google Scholar
Kubal, Agnieszka. 2016. Struggles against Subjection. Implications of Criminalization of Migration for Migrants' Everyday Lives in Europe. Crime, Law, and Social Change 62 (2): 91–111.Google Scholar
Kubal, Agnieszka. 2016. Spiral Effect of the Law: Migrants Experiences of State Law in Russia from a Comparative Perspective. International Journal of Law in Context 12 (4): in press.Google Scholar
Kurkchiyan, Marina. 2003. The Illegitimacy of Law in Post‐Soviet Societies. In Law and Informal Practices: The Post‐Communist Experience, ed. Galligan, D. J. and Kurkchiyan, M., 25–46. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kurkchiyan, Marina. 2005. Researching Legal Culture in Russia. In Theory and Method in Socio‐Legal Research, ed. Banakar, R. and Travers, M., 259–78. Oxford: Hart.Google Scholar
Ledeneva, Alena. 2006a. Behind the Facade: “Telephone Justice” in Putin's Russia. In Dictatorship or Reform? The Rule of Law in Russia, ed. McAulley, M., Ledeneva, A., and Barnes, H., 24–36. London: Foreign Policy Centre.Google Scholar
Ledeneva, Alena. 2006b. How Russia Really Works: Informal Practices in the 1990s. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Ledeneva, Alena. 2013. Can Russia Modernize? Sistema, Power Networks and Informal Governance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Legomsky, Stephen H. 1984. Immigration Law and the Principle of Plenary Congressional Power. Supreme Court Review 1984:255–307. doi:10.2307/3536942Google Scholar
Legomsky, Stephen H. 2007. The New Path of Immigration Law: Asymmetric Incorporation of Criminal Justice Norms. Washington & Lee Law Review 64:469–528.Google Scholar
Lowe, Christian. 2009. Russia's Neighbors Feel Pain of Slowdown. Reuters – US Edition. Moscow, 13 January. http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/01/14/us-financial-russia-migrants-idUSTRE50D09A20090114 Google Scholar
Malakhov, Vladimir S. 2014. Russia as a New Immigration Country: Policy Response and Public Debate. Europe–Asia Studies 66: 1062–79. doi:10.1080/09668136.2014.934140Google Scholar
McAulley, Mary, Ledeneva, Alena, and Barnes, H. 2006. Dictatorship or Reform? The Rule of Law in Russia. London: Foreign Policy Centre.Google Scholar
Menjívar, C. 2014a. Immigration Law Beyond Borders: Externalizing and Internalizing Border Controls in an Era of Securitization. Annual Review of Law and Social Science 10:353–69.Google Scholar
Menjívar, C. 2014b. The “Poli‐Migra”: Multilayered Legislation, Enforcement Practices, and What We Can Learn about and from Today's Approaches. American Behavioral Scientist 58:1805–19. doi:10.1177/0002764214537268Google Scholar
Moore, Andrew. 2008. Criminal Deportation, Post‐Conviction Relief and the Lost Cause of Uniformity. Georgetown Immigration Law Journal 22:665–714.Google Scholar
Morawetz, Nancy. 1998. Rethinking Retroactive Deportation Laws and the Due Process Clause. New York University Law Review 73:97–161.Google Scholar
Motomura, Hiroshi. 1990. Immigration Law after a Century of Plenary Power: Phantom Constitutional Norms and Statutory Interpretation. Yale Law Journal 100:545–613. doi:10.2307/796662Google Scholar
Nelken, David. 2004. Using the Concept of Legal Culture. Australian Journal of Legal Philosophy 29 (1): 1–26.Google Scholar
Open Society Institute. 2006. Ethnic Profiling in the Moscow Metro. New York: Open Society Institute.Google Scholar
Ortiz Maddali, Anita. 2011. Padilla v. Kentucky: A New Chapter in Supreme Court Jurisprudence on Whether Deportation Constitutes Punishment for Lawful Permanent Residents? American University Law Review 61 (1): 1–58.Google Scholar
Pomorski, Stanislav. 1998. Reflections on the First Criminal Code of Post‐Communist Russia. American Journal of Comparative Law 46:375–93.Google Scholar
Reeves, Madeleine. 2013. Clean Fake: Authenticating Documents and Persons in Migrant Moscow. American Ethnologist 40: 508–24. doi:10.1111/amet.12036Google Scholar
Romero, Victor. 2010. Decriminalizing Border Crossings. Fordham Urban Law Review 38:273–302.Google Scholar
Sarat, Austin, Douglas, Lawrence, and Umphrey, Martha Merrill, eds. 2011. Law as Punishment/Law as Regulation. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Sayeed, Sadat 2014. Appeals Provisions of the Immigration Act 2014. Garden Court Chambers. Free Movement. Updates and commentary on immigration and asylum law. http://www.freemovement.org.uk/appeals-provisions-of-the-immigration-act-2014/ (accessed August 19, 2014).Google Scholar
Schuck, Peter. 1984. The Transformation of American Immigration Law. Columbia Law Review 84:25–27.Google Scholar
Shevel, Oxana. 2012. The Politics of Citizenship Policy in Post‐Soviet Russia. Post‐Soviet Affairs 28 (1): 111–47. doi:10.2747/1060-586x.28.1.111Google Scholar
Smith, Gordon B. 1996. Reforming the Russian Legal System. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Solomon, Peter, H. Jr. 2004. Judicial Power in Russia: Through the Prism of Administrative Justice. Law & Society Review 38:549–82.Google Scholar
Steiker, Carol. 1997. Punishment and Procedure: Punishment Theory and the Criminal–Civil Procedural Divide. Georgetown Law Journal 85: 775–819.Google Scholar
Stumpf, Juliet. 2006. The Crimmigration Crisis: Immigrants, Crime, and Sovereign Power. American University Law Review 56:367–419.Google Scholar
TASS (Russian Information Agency). 2015. FMS: Entry Bar for 1 Million 309 Thousand Foreigners. http://tass.ru/obschestvo/1904523 (accessed March 30, 2016).Google Scholar
United Nations. 2009. Trends in International Migrant Stock: The 2008 Revision. United Nations database, POP/DB/MIG/Stock/Rev.2008.Google Scholar
United Nations Human Rights Council. 2008. Promotion and Protection of All Human Rights, Civil, Political, Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Including the Right to Development: Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights of Migrants. Addendum Mission to the United States of America. New York: United Nations.Google Scholar
United Nations Population Division. 2015. International Migration Stock 2015. http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/estimates15.shtml (accessed 4 April 2016).Google Scholar
World Bank. 2011. Migration and Remittances Factbook 2011. Washington, DC: World Bank Google Scholar
Yeo, Colin. 2014. Serious and Irreversible Harm and Deportation Appeals. Garden Court Chambers. Free Movement. Updates and Commentary on Immigration and Asylum Law. https://www.freemovement.org.uk/serious-and-irreversible-harm-and-deportation-appeals/ (accessed August 18, 2014).Google Scholar
Padilla v. Kentucky, 130 S.Ct. 1473 (2010).Google Scholar
Reno v. American‐Arab Anti‐Discrimination Commission, 525 U.S. 471 (1999).Google Scholar
European Convention on Human Rights (signed 1950, ratified 1953).Google Scholar
Russian Citizenship Law [Закон об упрощении гражданства РФ] (2014)Google Scholar
Russian Criminal Code (1997).Google Scholar
Russian Federal Law N 109‐FZ (2006).Google Scholar
Russian Federal Law N 110‐FZ (2006).Google Scholar
Russian Law on the Rules of Entry and Exit from the Territory of the Russian Federation [О порядке выезда из Российской Федерации и въезда в РФ], with amendments, N 114‐ФЗ (1996).Google Scholar
Russian Law on the Rules of Entry and Exit from the Territory of the Russian Federation [О порядке выезда из Российской Федерации и въезда в РФ], with amendments, Federal Law N 321‐ФЗ (2012).Google Scholar
Russian Law on the Rules of Entry and Exit from the Territory of the Russian Federation [О порядке выезда из Российской Федерации и въезда в РФ], with amendments, Federal Law N 224‐ФЗ (2013).Google Scholar
Russian Presidential Decree N 1545 (2004).Google Scholar
UK Borders Act (2007).Google Scholar
UK Immigration Act (1999).Google Scholar
UK Immigration Act (2014).Google Scholar
US Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act, Pub.L. 104–208 (1996).Google Scholar
US Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act, Pub. L. 104–132 (1996).Google Scholar
Padilla v. Kentucky, 130 S.Ct. 1473 (2010).Google Scholar
Reno v. American‐Arab Anti‐Discrimination Commission, 525 U.S. 471 (1999).Google Scholar
European Convention on Human Rights (signed 1950, ratified 1953).Google Scholar
Russian Citizenship Law [Закон об упрощении гражданства РФ] (2014)Google Scholar
Russian Criminal Code (1997).Google Scholar
Russian Federal Law N 109‐FZ (2006).Google Scholar
Russian Federal Law N 110‐FZ (2006).Google Scholar
Russian Law on the Rules of Entry and Exit from the Territory of the Russian Federation [О порядке выезда из Российской Федерации и въезда в РФ], with amendments, N 114‐ФЗ (1996).Google Scholar
Russian Law on the Rules of Entry and Exit from the Territory of the Russian Federation [О порядке выезда из Российской Федерации и въезда в РФ], with amendments, Federal Law N 321‐ФЗ (2012).Google Scholar
Russian Law on the Rules of Entry and Exit from the Territory of the Russian Federation [О порядке выезда из Российской Федерации и въезда в РФ], with amendments, Federal Law N 224‐ФЗ (2013).Google Scholar
Russian Presidential Decree N 1545 (2004).Google Scholar
UK Borders Act (2007).Google Scholar
UK Immigration Act (1999).Google Scholar
UK Immigration Act (2014).Google Scholar
US Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act, Pub.L. 104–208 (1996).Google Scholar
US Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act, Pub. L. 104–132 (1996).Google Scholar