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NOSEMATIDAE AND OTHER PROTOZOA AS AGENTS FOR CONTROL OF GRASSHOPPERS AND LOCUSTS: CURRENT STATUS AND PROSPECTS

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

Dan L. Johnson
Dan L. Johnson*
Affiliation:
Research Scientist, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Research Centre, P.O. Box 3000, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1J 4B1, johnsondl@em.agr.ca
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Abstract

Protozoa known to infect Acrididae include certain Amoebida (Phylum Rhizopoda), Eugregarinida, Neogregarinida (Phylum Apicomplexa) and at least one species from the Phylum Ciliophora, but are mainly Microsporida (Phylum Microspora). Among the Microsporida, Nosema locustae Canning has been the most common subject of large-scale field testing as a potential microbial control of grasshoppers and locusts. Although there have been demonstrations of significant impacts of Protozoa such as Nosema spp. on survival, development, reproduction and feeding of grasshoppers and locusts, these candidates have not met the requirements for fast-acting control of Acrididae. However, recently discovered and as yet undiscovered Microspora and other Protozoa may offer reliable non-chemical control of grasshoppers and locusts. Research on candidates such as Nosema locustae has not been wasted effort; at a minimum, research invested toward development of methods of formulation, application, assessment and ecological fate of these potential microbial control agents has provided useful information needed to prepare for the eventuality of discovery of more fast-acting protozoa, and has contributed to development of field methods required for testing of other microbial agents. With improvements in understanding of insect behavioral and physiological responses, satisfactory short-term efficacy (perhaps resulting from combined formulations with behavioral modifiers or stressors) may allow N. locustae, N. cuneatum Henry, N. acridophagus Henry or Johenrea locustae Lange et al. to also serve a role in limiting acridid abundance and activity, either as an agent of biological control in sites requiring special care, or within a rangeland IPM context.

Résumé

Parmie les protozoaires reconnus pour leurs propriétés infectueuses envers les Acrididae, il faut compter certains Amoebida (phylum Rhizopoda), des Eugregarinida, des Neogregarinida (phylum Apicomplexa) et au moins une espèce du phylum des Ciliophora, mais la plupart sont des Microsporida (phylum Microspora). Parmi ceux-ci, Nosema locustae Canning est certainement le plus couramment utilisé comme agent microbien de lutte contre les criquets dans les programmes de recherche à grande échelle sur le terrain. Bien que les protozoaires tels que Nosema spp. se soient avérés assez efficaces contre les criquets en affectant leur survie, leur développement, leur reproduction et leur alimentation, ils ne répondent pas aux normes d'un agent de lutte suffisamment rapide. Cependant, des Microspora et autres protozoaires récemment découverts et encore à découvrir pourront éventuellement offrir une solution alternative fiable et de nature non chimique dans la lutte contre les criquets. La recherche sur des organismes tels que Nosema locustae n'a pas été vaine, puisque la recherche de méthodes de préparation, d'application, d'évaluation et d'analyse des effets écologiques de tels agents potentiels a au moins permis de poser des bases solides dans l'éventualité de la découverte de protozoaires d'efficacité plus immédiate, et a contribué à la mise au point des méthodes d'application requises pour éprouver d'autres agents microbiens. La meilleure compréhension du comportement des insectes et de leurs réactions physiologiques, de même que l'obtention d'une efficacité satisfaisante à court terme (peut-être par combinaison de différentes préparations à des modificateurs du comportement ou à des agents de stress) pourront peut-être permettre à des organismes tels que N. locustae, Henry, N. cuneatum Henry, N. acridophagus ou Johenrea locustae Lange et al. de limiter l'abondance et l'activité des criquets en jouant le rôle d'agent de lutte biologique en des endroits particulièrement fragiles ou dans le contexte de programmes de lutte intégrée (IPM). [Traduit par la Rédaction]

Type
Research Article
Information
The Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada , Volume 129 , Supplement S171 , 1997 , pp. 375 - 389
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1997

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