Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-wg55d Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-11T13:35:53.279Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

DIPTERA LARVAE ASSOCIATED WITH TREES IN NORTH AMERICA

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

H.J. Teskey
Get access

Abstract

This paper treats of larvae of 45 families of North American Diptera which are associated with dead and living trees. A key and illustrations are provided for identification of 43 families whose larvae are sufficiently well known. Also provided is a description of the larvae of each family, the type of larval–tree association, and wherever possible, notes on the life history and behaviour, and an inventory at generic or specific level of the fauna involved.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada , Volume 108 , Supplement S100 , 1976 , pp. 1 - 53
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1976

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alexander, C.P. 1920. The crane-flies of New york. part II. Biology and phylogeny, pp. 695–1133. Mem. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Stn. 38.Google Scholar
Alexander, C.P. 1931. Deutsche Limnologische Sunda-Expedition. The Crane-flies (Tipulidae, Diptera). Arch. Hydrobiol. 9: 135–191.Google Scholar
Allen, E.J. and Foote, B.A.. 1967. Biology and immature stages of three species of Otitidae (Diptera) which have saprophagous larvae. Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 60(4): 825–836.Google Scholar
Arnell, J. H. and Nielsen, L.T.. 1972. Mosquito studies (Diptera, Culicidae) XXVII. The varipalpis group of Aedes (Ochlerotatus). Contr. Am. ent. Inst. 8(2): l–48.Google Scholar
Barnes, H.F. 1951. Gall midges of economic importance. V. Gall midges of trees. London. 270pp.Google Scholar
Beaver, R.A. 1966. The biology and immature stages of Medetera (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) associated with the bark beetle Scolytus scolytus (F.). Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (A) 41:145–154.Google Scholar
Beaver, R.A. 1967. The regulation of population density in the bark beetle Scolytus scolytus (F.). J. Anim. Ecol. 36: 435–451.Google Scholar
Berg, C.O. 1947. Biology and metamorphosis of some Solomon Islands Diptera. Part. I: Micropezidae and Neriidae. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich. 503. 14 pp.Google Scholar
Blackman, M.W. and Stage, H.H.. 1918. 1. Notes on insects bred from the bark and wood of the American larch. Tech. Publ. N. Y. St. Coll. For. 10. 115 pp.Google Scholar
Blackman, M.W. and Stage, H.H. 1924. On the succession of insects living in the bark and wood of dying, dead and decaying hickory. Tech. Publ. N. Y. St. Coll. For. 17. 269 pp.Google Scholar
Brindle, A. 1969. Tazonomic notes on the larvae of British Diptera. No. 26: The presumed larva of Dioctria oelandica (L.). Entomologist 102: 36.Google Scholar
Brown, H.P. 1913. Pith-ray flecks in Wood. U.S. Dep. Agric. For. Serv., Circ. 215. 15 pp.Google Scholar
Burger, J.F. 1971. The biology and taxonomy of immature Arizona Tabanidae (Diptera). Ph.D. Diss., Univ. Arizona. 158 pp.Google Scholar
Burke, H.E. 1905. Black check in western hemlock. U.S. Dep. Agric., Bur. Ent. Circ. (ser. 2) 61. 10 pp.Google Scholar
Carpenter, S.J. and LaCasse, W.J.. 1955. Mosquitoes of North America. Berkeley and Los Angeles. 360 pp.Google Scholar
Chan, K.L. and LeRoux, E.J.. 1965. Description of Forcipomyia (Neoforcipomyia) ssp. n. and re-description of Forcipomyia (Neoforcipomyia) eques (Johannsen) (Diptera; Ceratopogonidae) with an account of the digestive and reproductive systems. Phytoprotection 46:74–104.Google Scholar
Chan, K.L. and LeRoux, E.J. 1970. New species of Forcipomyia (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) described in all stages. Can. Ent. 102:271–293.Google Scholar
Chillcott, J.G. 1960. A revision of the Nearctic species of Fanniinae (Diptera: Muscidae). Can. Ent. Suppl. 14. 295 pp.Google Scholar
Coe, R.L. 1939. Callicera yerburyi Verrall (Diptera: Syrphidae), a synonym of C. rufa Schummel; further details of its life-history, with a description of the puparium. Entomologist 72: 228–231.Google Scholar
Cole, F.R. 1923. A revision of the North American two-winged flies of the family Therevidae. Proc. U.S. natn. Mus. 62(4): 1–140.Google Scholar
Collin, J.E. 1952. On the European species of the genus Odinia R-D (Diptera: Odiniidae). Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 21: 112.Google Scholar
Cook, E.F. 1953. On the early stages of Neopachygaster maculicornis (Hine) and Berkshiria aldrichi (Malloch) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae). Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 46:293–299.Google Scholar
Cook, E.F. 1956. A contribution toward a monograph of the Scatopsidae (Diptera). Part III. The genus Rhexoza Enderlein. Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 49: 1–12.Google Scholar
De Leon, D. 1934. An annotated list of the parasites, predators and other associated fauna of the mountain pine beetle in western white pine and lodgepole pine. Can. Ent. 66: 51–61.Google Scholar
De Leon, D. 1935. A study of Medetera aldrichii Wh. (Diptera Dolichopididae), a predator of the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus monticolae Hopk., Coleo-Scolytidae). Entomologica am. 15(2): 59–91.Google Scholar
Dixon, T.J. 1960. Key to and descriptions of the third instar larvae of some species of Syrphidae (Diptera) occurring in Britain. Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 112: 345–379.Google Scholar
Donisthorpe, H. 1928. The bionomics of Pocota apiformis Schrank (Diptera, Syrphidae). Entomologist 51: 150–151.Google Scholar
Dow, M.L and Wirth, W.W.. 1972. Studies on the genus Forcipomyia 2. The Nearctic species of the subgenera Thyridomyia and Synthyridomyia (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 65: 177–201.Google Scholar
Downes, J.A. 1953. Notes on the life-cycle of Xylophagus ater Mg. (Dipt., Rhagionidae). Entomologist's mon. Mag. 89: 136–137.Google Scholar
Frick, K.E. 1959. Synopsis of the species of agromyzid leaf miners described from North America (Diptera). Proc. U.S. natn. Mus. 108: 347–465.Google Scholar
Greene, C.T. 1914. The cambium miner in river birch. J. agric. Res. 1(6): 471–474.Google Scholar
Greene, C.T. 1917. Two new cambium miners (Diptera). J. agric. Res. 10(6): 313–318.Google Scholar
Greene, C.T. 1917. A contribution to the biology of North American Diptera. Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 19: 146–161.Google Scholar
Greene, C.T. 1923. A contribution to the biology of North American Diptera. Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 25: 82–89.Google Scholar
Greene, C.T. 1926. Descriptions of larvae and pupae of two winged flies belonging to the family Leptidae. Proc. U.S. natn. Mus. 70: 1–20.Google Scholar
Greene, C.T. 1955. Larvae and pupae of the genera Microdon and Mixogaster (Diptera, Syrphidae). Trans. Am. ent. Soc. 81: 1–20.Google Scholar
Grossenbacher, J.G. 1915. Medullary spots and their cause. Bull. Torrey bot. Club 42(4): 227–239.Google Scholar
Hardy, D.E. 1940. Studies in New World Plecia (Bibionidae, Diptera). Part I. J. Kans. ent. Soc. 13: 15–27.Google Scholar
Harmon, D.M. and Wallace, J.B.. 1971. Description of the immature stages of Lonchaea corticis, with notes on its role as a predator of the white pine weevil, Pissodes strobi. Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 64(6): 1221–1226.Google Scholar
Harris, K.M. 1966. Gall midge genera of economic importance (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Part. I: Introduction and subfamily Cecidomyiinae; supertribe Cecidomyiidi. Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 118: 313–358.Google Scholar
Hartley, J.C. 1961. A taxonomic account of the larvae of some British Syrphidae. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 136: 505–573.Google Scholar
Hedlin, A.F. 1973. Spruce cone insects in British Columbia and their control. Can. Ent. 105: 113–122.Google Scholar
Heiss, E.M. 1936. A short-tailed larva of the genus Drosophila. Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 29: 617–619.Google Scholar
Heiss, E.M. 1938 A classification of the larvae and puparia of the Syrphidae of Illinois exclusive of aquatic forms. Ill. biol. Monog. 16(4): 1–142.Google Scholar
Hennig, W. 1936. Revision der Tyliden (Dipt., Acalypt.) II Teil. Die ausser-amerikanischen Taeniapterinae, die Trepidariinae und Tylinae. Allgemeines erber die Tyliden. Konowia 15: 201–239.Google Scholar
Hennig, W. 1941. 41. Psilidae. In E., Lindner (Ed.). Die Fliegen der palaearktischen Region Vol.5. 38 pp.Google Scholar
Hennig, W. 1948. Die Larvenformen der Dipteren. Teil 1. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin. 184 pp.Google Scholar
Hennig, W. 1950. Die Larvenformen der Dipteren. Teil 2. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin. 458 pp.Google Scholar
Hennig, W. 1952. Die Larvenformen der Dipteren. Teil 3. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin. 628 pp.Google Scholar
Hildebrand, C.W. 1953. Morphological and ecological observations on the larvae of Therevidae (Diptera). Wasmann J. Biol. 10(1952): 355–357.Google Scholar
Hopping, G.R. 1947. Notes on the seasonal development of Medetera aldrichii Wheeler (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) as a predator of the Douglas fir bark-beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins. Can. Ent. 79: 150–153.Google Scholar
Hynes, C.D. 1965. The immature stages of the genus Lipsothrix in the western United States (Tipulidae: Diptera). Pan-Pacif. Ent. 41: 165–172.Google Scholar
Jenkins, D.W. and Carpenter, S.J.. 1946. Ecology of tree hole breeding mosquitoes of Nearctic North America. Ecol. Monogr. 16: 33–47.Google Scholar
Johannsen, O.A. 1910. The fungus gnats of North America. Bull. Me agric. Exp. Stn 172: 209–276.Google Scholar
Johannsen, O.A. 1935. Aquatic Diptera. Part II. Orthorrhapha-Brachycera and Cyclorrhapha. Mem. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Stn 177. 62 pp.Google Scholar
Johnsey, R.L., Nagel, W.P., and Rudinsky, J.A.. 1965. The Diptera Medetera aldrichii Wheeler (Dolichopodidae) and Lonchaea furnissi McAlpine (Lonchaeidae) associated with the Douglas-fir beetle in western Oregon and Washington. Can. Ent. 97: 521–527.Google Scholar
Johnson, C.W. 1903. Some notes and descriptions of three new Leptidae. Ent. News 14: 22–26.Google Scholar
Jones, C.R. 1922. A contribution to our knowledge of the Syrphidae of Colorado. Bull. Colorado agric. Exp. stn 269. 72 pp.Google Scholar
Jones, C.M. and Anthony, D.W.. 1964. The Tabanidae (Diptera) of Florida. Tech. Bull. U.S. Dep. Agric. 1295. 85 pp.Google Scholar
Kalugina, N.S. 1958. On the habitats and feeding of larvae of Glyptotendipes glaucus Mg. (Diptera, Chironomidae) from Ocha water reservoir (In Russian). Zool. Zh. 37: 1045–1057.Google Scholar
Keen, F.P. 1958. Cone and seed insects of western forest trees. Tech. Bull. U.S. Dep. Agric. 1169. 168 pp.Google Scholar
Keilin, D. and Tate, P.. 1937. A comparative account of the larvae of Trichomyia urbica Curtis, Psychodes albipennis Zett., and Phlebotomus argentipes Ann. and Brun. (Diptera: Psychodidae). Parasitology 29: 247–258.Google Scholar
Kelsey, L.P. 1969. A revision of the Scenopinidae (Diptera) of the world. Bull. U.S. natn. Mus. 217. 336 pp.Google Scholar
Kelsey, L.P. 1971. New Scenopinidae (Diptera) from North America. Oct. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci. 88. 65 pp.Google Scholar
Kessel, E.L. 1961. The immature stages of Callomyia, with the description of a new species of this genus (Diptera: Platypezidae). Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci. 30. 10 pp.Google Scholar
Kishi, Y. 1969. A study of the ability of Medetera sp. (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) to prey upon bark and wood boring Coleoptera. Appl. Ent. Zool. Tokyo 1(4): 177–184.Google Scholar
Kline, L.N. and Rudinsky, J.A.. 1964. Predators and parasites of the Douglas-fir beetle: Description and identification of the immature stages. Tech. Bull. oregon agric. Erp. Stn 7679. 52 pp.Google Scholar
Kraft, K.J. and Cook, E.F.. 1961. A revision of the Pachygastrinae of America north of Mexico. Misc. Publs ent. Soc. Am. 3(1): 1–24.Google Scholar
Krivosheina, N.P. 1972. New information on the systematics and biology of the dipterous family Xylomyidae in the U.S.S.R. (In Russian). Zool. Zh. 51(1): 69–78.Google Scholar
Krivosheina, N.P. and Mamaev, B.M.. 1962. Larvae of the European species of the Genus Temnostoma (Diptera, Syrphidae). Ent. Rev., Wash. 41(4): 570–575.Google Scholar
Krivosheina, N.P. 1966. Die larven der europaischen Arten der Gattung Xylophagus Meigen (Diptera: Xylophagidae). Beitr. Ent. 16: 275–283.Google Scholar
Krivosheina, N.P. 1967. Key to the larvae of wood inhabiting dipteran insects (In Russian). Nauka, Moscow. 367 pp.Google Scholar
Krogstad, B.O. 1959. Some aspects of the ecology of Axymia furcata McAtee (Diptera, Sylvicolidae). Proc. Minn. Acad. Sci. 27: 175–177.Google Scholar
Lafoon, J.L. 1965. Mycetophilidae, pp. 196–229. In Stone, et al. (Eds.), A catalog of the Diptera of America north of Mexico. Agric. Handb. Agric. Res. Serv. 276. 1696 pp.Google Scholar
Lavallee, A.G. and Wallace, J.B.. 1974. Immature stages of Milesiinae (Syrphidae) II Sphegina keeniana and Chrysogaster nitida. J. Georgia ent. Soc. 9: 8–15.Google Scholar
Lewis, L.F. and Jones, C.M.. 1955. The biology of tabanids in the Yazoo-Mississippi delta. J. econ. Ent. 48: 609–610.Google Scholar
Lundbeck, W. 1916. Diptera Danica. Genera and species of flies hitherto found in Denmark. Vol. 5 Lonchopteridae, Syrphidae. Copenhagen. 603 pp.Google Scholar
Lundbeck, W. 1927. Diptera Danica. Genera and species of flies hitherto found in Denmark. Vol. 7: Platypezidae, Tachinidae. Copenhagen. 571 pp.Google Scholar
Madwar, S. 1937. Biology and morphology of the immature stages of Mycetophilidae (Diptera, Nematocera). Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 227. 110 pp.Google Scholar
Malloch, J.R. 1915. Some additional records of Chironomidae for Illinois and notes on other Illinois Diptera. Bull. Ill. St. Lab. nat. Hist. 11(4): 305–363.Google Scholar
Malloch, J.R. 1917. A preliminary classification of Diptera, exclusive of pupipara based upon larval and pupal characters, with keys to imagines in certain families. Part 1. Bull. Ill. St. Lab. nat. Hist. 12: 161–409.Google Scholar
Malloch, J.R. 1918. A revision ofthe dipterous family Clusiodidae (Heteroneuridae). Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 20: 2–8.Google Scholar
Malloch, J.R. 1923. Flies of the anthomyiid genus Phaonia Robineau-Desvoidy and related genera, known to occur in North America. Trans. Am. ent Soc. 48: 227–282.Google Scholar
Malloch, J.R. and McAtee, W.L.. 1924. Flies of the family Drosophilidae of the District of Columbia region, with keys to genera, and other notes, of broader application. Proc. biol. Soc. Wash. 37: 25–41.Google Scholar
Mamaev, B.M. and Kivosheina, N.P.. 1966. New data on the taxonomy and biology of the family Axymyidae (Diptera). Ent. Rev., Wash. 45: 168–180.Google Scholar
Mansbridge, G.H. 1933. On the biology of some Ceroplatinae and Macrocerinae (Diptera, Mycetophilidae). Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 81: 75–92.Google Scholar
Massey, C.L. and Wygant, N.D.. 1954. Biology and control of the Engelmann spruce beetle in Colorado. U.S. Dep. Agric., Circ. 944. 35 pp.Google Scholar
McAlpine, J.F. 1956. Cone-infesting lonchaeids of the genus Earomyia Zett., with descriptions of five new species from western North America (Diptera: Lonchaeidae). Can. Ent. 88: 178–196.Google Scholar
McAlpine, J.F. 1964a. Descriptions of new Lonchaeidae (Diprera). I. Can Ent. 96: 661–700.Google Scholar
McAlpine, J.F. 1964b. Descriptions of new Lonchaeidae (Diptera). II. Can. Ent. 96: 701–757.Google Scholar
McAlpine, J.F. 1965. Chamaemyiidae, pp. 706–709. In Stone, et al. (Eds.), A catalog of the Diptera of America north of Mexico. Agric. Handb. Agric. Res. Serv. 276.Google Scholar
McAlpine, J.F. 1968. An annotated key to drosophilid genera with bare or micropubescent aristae and a revision of Paracacoxenus (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Can. Ent. 100: 514–532.Google Scholar
McFadden, M.W. 1967. Soldier fly larvae in America north of Mexico. Proc. U.S. natn. Mus. 121(3569): 1–72.Google Scholar
Melander, A.L. and Argo, N.G.. 1924. Revision of the two-winged flies of the family Clusiidae. Proc. U.S. natn. Mus. 64(11): 1–54.Google Scholar
Melin, D. 1923. Contributions to the knowledge of the biology, metamorphosis and distribution of the Swedish asilids in relation to the whole family of asilids. Zool. Bidr. Upps. 8. 317 pp.Google Scholar
Metcalf, C.L. 1913. The Syrphidae of Ohio. Bull. Ohio Biol. Surv. 1. 122 pp.Google Scholar
Metcalf, C.L. 1916. Syrphidae of Maine. Bull. Me agrit. Exp. Stn 253, pp. 193–264.Google Scholar
Miller, R.A. and Foote, B.A.. 1975. Biology and immature stages of eight species of Laucaniidae (Diptera) 1. Biological observations. Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 77(3): 308–328.Google Scholar
Morge, G. 1956 Uber Morphologie und Lebenweise der bisher unbekannten Larven von Palloptera usta Meigen, P. ustulata Fallen und Stegana coleoptrata Scopoli. Beitr. Ent. 6: 124–137.Google Scholar
Morge, G. 1967. Eine Beobachtung zur Grundfage der Abhänigheit von Wirkungsgrad und Wert natürlicher Funde gegenüber Schädlingen. Beitr. Ent. 17: 225–233.Google Scholar
Munroe, D.D. 1974. The systematics, phylogeny, and zoogeography of symmerus walker and Australosymmerus Freeman (Diptera: Mycetophilidae: Ditomyiinae). Mem. ent. Soc. Can. 92. 183 pp.Google Scholar
Negrobov, O.P. and Srackelberg, A.A.. 1971. Dolichopodidae, pp. 225–256. In Lindner, E. (Ed.), Die Fliegen der Palaearktischen Region. No. 284, Stuttgart.Google Scholar
Nuorteva, M. 1956. Uber den Fichtenstam-Bastkäfer Hylurgops palliatus Gyll., und seine Insektenfeinde. Acta ent. fenn. 13. 118 pp.Google Scholar
Nuorteva, M. 1959. Untersuchungen uber einige in den Frassbildern der Borkenkäfer lebende Medetera-Arten (Dipt., Dolichopodidae). Suom. hyönt. Aikak. 25: 192–210.Google Scholar
Okada, T. 1968. Systematic study of the early stages of Drosophilidae. Bunga Zugeisha Co., Tokyo. 188 pp.Google Scholar
Oldroyd, H. 1939. A note on the pupa of Andrenosoma albopilosum Villn. (Diptera: Asilidae). Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (A) 14: 7–8.Google Scholar
Pechuman, L.L. 1937. An annotated list of insects lound in the bark and wood of Ulmus americana L. in New York State. Bull. Brooklyn ent. Soc. 32: 8–21.Google Scholar
Pechuman, L.L. 1943. Notes on the biology of Chyliza notata (Diptera, Psilidae). Bull. Brooklyn ent. Soc. 38: 97.Google Scholar
Perris, E. 1870. Histoire des insectes du Pin Maritime Diptères. Annls Soc. ent. Fr. (ser. 4) 10: 135–232, 320–366.Google Scholar
Peterson, A. 1960. Larvae of insects, an introduction to Nearctic species Part II. Edwards Brothers, Michigan. 416 pp.Google Scholar
Pritchard, A.E. and Felt, E.P.. 1958. Itonididae, in Guide to the insects of Connecticut. Bull. Conn. St. geol. nat. Hist. Surv. 87: 47–206.Google Scholar
Quate, L.W. 1955. A revision of the Psychodidae (Diptera) in America north of Mexico. Univ. Calif. Publs Ent. 10(3): 103–273.Google Scholar
Reid, R.W. 1957. The bark beetle complex associated with lodgepole pine slash in Alberta. Part III — Notes on the biologies of several predators with special reference to Enoclerus sphegeus Fab. (Coleoptera: Cleridae) and two species of mites. Can. Ent. 89: 111–120.Google Scholar
Robinson, J. 1953. The postembryonic stages in the life cycle of Aulacigaster leucopeza (Meigen) (Diptera, Cyclorrhapha: Aulacigasteridae). Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 28: 77–84.Google Scholar
Rogers, J.S. and Byers, G.W.. 1956. The ecological distribution, life-history, and immature stages of Lipsothrix sylvia (Diptera: Tipulidae). Occ. Pep. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich. 572. 14 pp.Google Scholar
Sabrosky, C.W. 1942. An unusual rearing of Raineria brunneipes (Cresson) (Diptera: Micropezidae). Ent. News 53: 283–285.Google Scholar
Sabrosky, C.W. 1951. A revision of the Nearctic species of the genus Gaurax (Diptera: Chloropiilae). Am. Midl. Nat. 45: 407–431.Google Scholar
Sabrosky, C.W. 1958. New species and notes on North American Acalyptrate Diptera. Ent. News 69(7): 169–176.Google Scholar
Sabrosky, C.W. 1959. Flies of the genus Odinia in the Western Hemisphere (Diptera: Onidiidae). Proc. U.S. natn. Mus. 109: 223–236.Google Scholar
Saunders, L.G. 1925. On the life history, morphology and systematic position of Apelma Kieffer and Thyridomyia n.g. Parasitology 17: 252–271.Google Scholar
Shewell, G.E. 1960. Notes on the family Odiniidae with a key to the genera and descriptions of new species (Diptera). Can. Ent. 92: 625–633.Google Scholar
Skidmore, P. 1973. Notes on the biology of Palaearctic muscids (2). Entomologist 106:(1318): 49–59.Google Scholar
Sluss, T.P. and Foote, B.A.. 1971. Biology and immature stages of Leucopis verticalis (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae). Can. Ent. 103: 1427–1434.Google Scholar
Smith, K.G.V. 1950. The puparium of Clusia flava Mg. (Dipt., Clusiidae). Entomologist's mon. Mag. 86: 53.Google Scholar
Smith, K.G.V. 1965. The immature stages of Gaurax (- Botanobia) dubius (Macquart) (Dipt. Chloropidae) with notes on the specific status of G. fascipes Becker. Entomologist's mon. Mag. 100: 237–239.Google Scholar
Snow, W.E. 1949 (unpub.). The Arthropoda of wet tree holes. Ph.D. Diss., University of lllinois. 235 pp.Google Scholar
Snow, W.E. 1958. Stratification of arthropods in a wet stump cavity. Ecology 39: 83–88.Google Scholar
Spencer, K.A. 1969. The Agromyzidae of canada and Alaska. Mem. ent. soc. Can. 64. 311 pp.Google Scholar
Spencer, K.A. 1973. Agromyzidae (Diptera) of economic importance. Ser. Entomologica Vol. 9. Junk, The Hague. 418 pp.Google Scholar
Steyskal, G.C. 1964. Larvae of Micropezidae (Diptera), including two species that bore in ginger roots. Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 57: 292–296.Google Scholar
Stone, A. et al. 1965. A catalog of the Diptera of America north of Mexico. Agric. Handb. Agric. Res. Serv. 276. 1696 pp.Google Scholar
Sturtevant, A.H. 1954. Nearctic flies of the family Periscelidae (Diptera) and certain Anthomyzidae referred to the family. Proc. U.S. natn. Mus. 103(3332): 551–556.Google Scholar
Thomsen, L.C. 1937. Aquatic Diptera, Pt. V. Ceratopogonidae. Mem. Cornell Univ. agric. Exp. Stn 210, pp. 57–80.Google Scholar
Tidwell, M.A. 1973. The Tabanidae of Louisiana. Tulane Stud. Zool. Bot. 18: 1–95.Google Scholar
Vockeroth, J.R. 1974. Notes on the biology of Cramptonomyia spenceri Alexander (Diptera: Cramptonomyiidae). J. ent. Soc. Br. Columb. 71: 38–42.Google Scholar
Wallace, J.B. 1969. The mature larva and pupa of Calobatina geometroides (Cresson) (Diptera: Micropezidae). Ent. News 80: 317–321.Google Scholar
Walsh, B.D. 1864. On certain remarkable or exceptional larvae, coleopterous, lepidopterous and dipterous, with descriptions of several new genera and species and of several species injurious to vegetation which have been already published in agricultural journals. Proc. boston Soc. nat. Hist. 9: 286–308.Google Scholar
Wehrle, L.P. 1930. A note on the food habits of Chyliza erudita Mel. (Diptera). J. econ. Ent. 23: 286.Google Scholar
Wheeler, M.R. and Throckmorton, L.H.. 1960. Notes on Alaskan Drosophilidae (Diptera) with the description of a new species. Bull. Brooklyn ent. Soc. 55(5): 134–143.Google Scholar
Williams, D.D. and Miller, D.D.. 1952. A report on Drosophila collections in Nebraska. Bull. Univ. Nebraska St. Mus. 3(7): 1–19.Google Scholar
Wirth, W.W. 1952a. Three new Nearctic species of Systenus with description of the immature stages from tree cavities (Diptera, Dolichopodidae). Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 54: 236–244.Google Scholar
Wirth, W.W. 1952b. The Heleidae of California. Univ. Calif. Publs Ent. 9(2): 95–266.Google Scholar
Wirth, W.W. 1970. The biting midges of Forcipomyia pallida group. Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 72(3): 333–339.Google Scholar
Wirth, W.W. and Messersmith, D.H.. 1971. Studies on the genus Forcipomyia 1. The North American parasitic midges of the subgenus Trichohelea (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 64: 15–26.Google Scholar
Zavortink, T.J. 1972. Mosquito studies (Diptera, Culicidae) XXVIII. The new world species formerly placed in Aedes (Finlaya). Contr. Am. ent. Inst. 8(3): 1–206.Google Scholar
Zinovjev, G.A. 1957. A contribution to the study of significance of biotic factors in the natural control of bark and wood borers (In Russian). Ent. Obozr. 36: 322–354.Google Scholar