Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-nr4z6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-16T08:09:08.282Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Ethnonational Identity, Security and the Implosion of Yugoslavia: The Case of Montenegro and the Relationship with Serbia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 November 2018

Sharyl Cross  and
Pauline Komnenich
Sharyl Cross
Affiliation:
Department of Political Science, San Jose State University, USA, sncross@email.sjsu.edu
Pauline Komnenich
Affiliation:
Arizona State University, USA, paulina@asu.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

While traditional ethnic/religious rivals had been incorporated to form the modern multiethnic communist nation-state of Yugoslavia under the forceful presence of Marshall Broz Tito, the collapse of the communist bloc and ensuing revolutionary/democratization wave engulfing East-Central Europe created tremendous uncertainty and the perception of a power vacuum throughout the former communist bloc. Conflicts would erupt based on distinctions along traditional cultural/ethnic lines. The struggle for control and territory among Yugoslavia's political elite ultimately resulted in a series of secessionist conflicts in Croatia (1991–1992), Bosnia-Herzegovina (1992–1995) and most recently Kosovo (1999).

Type
Articles
Information
Nationalities Papers , Volume 33 , Issue 1 , March 2005 , pp. 1 - 27
Copyright
Copyright © 2005 Association for the Study of Nationalities of Eastern Europe 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Notes

1. Volkov, Vladimir K., “The Balkan Quagmire: Clash of Civilizations,” in Sharyl Cross, Igor A. Zevelev, Victor A. Kremenyuk and Vagan Gevorgian, Global Security beyond the Millennium: American and Russian Perspectives (London: Macmillan Press, 1999), p. 201.Google Scholar

2. Huntington, Samuel P., “The Clash of Civilizations,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 72, No. 3, pp 22–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

3. RFE/RL Report , 16 April 1999.Google Scholar

4. Taras, Raymond C. and Ganguly, Rajat, Understanding Ethnic Conflict: The International Dimension (New York: Longman, 1998), pp. 32–33.Google Scholar

5. Ibid.Google Scholar

6. MN News, Montenegrin Information Internet Service, 3 February 2001, <wysiwyg://24/http://mnnews.net/index.php3>..>Google Scholar

7. Darmanovic, Srdjan, “Montenegro: Dilemmas of a Small Republic,” Journal of Democracy, Vol. 14, No. 1, 2003, p. 135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

8. “Nostalgia for Old Name Lingers in Uneasy Union, New Title Vexes Yugoslavia's Remnants,” New York Times , 9 March 2003.Google Scholar

9. Darmanovic, , “Montenegro,” p. 146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

10. Weiner, Myron, “Peoples and States in a New Ethnic Order,” Third World Quarterly, Vol. 13, No. 2, 1992, p. 317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

11. Taras, and Ganguly, , Understanding Ethnic Conflict , pp. 31.Google Scholar

12. Katzenstein, Peter J., “Introduction: Alternative Perspectives on National Security,” in Katzenstein, Peter J., ed., The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), p. 9, cited in Constantine Danopoulos, P., “Church–State Relations, National Identity, and Security in Post-Cold War Greece,” paper prepared for the 4th International Symposium on Ethnic Identities. Globalization and Human Security: Identity Expressions in the Post-Cold War World, Xanthi, Greece, July 6–9 2002, p. 3.Google Scholar

13. Fukuyama, Francis, “Against the New Pessimism,” Commentary, Vol. 97, No. 2 (February 1994), p. 25; Huntington, , “The Clash of Civilizations.”Google Scholar

14. See Todorova, Maria, “The Balkans: From Discovery to Invention,” Slavic Review, Vol. 35, No. 2, 1994, pp. 453–482; Volkov, , “The Balkan Quagmire”; Victor Roudometof, “Nationalism, Globalization, Eastern Orthodoxy: Unthinking the ‘Clash of Civilizations in Southeastern Europe,’ European Journal of Social Theory, Vol. 2, No. 2, 1999, pp. 223–247; and Hatzopoulos, Pavlos, “All that Is, Is Nationalist: Imagining the Balkans in the 1990s,” paper presented to the 43rd Annual International Studies Association Convention, New Orleans, March 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

15. Todorova, , “The Balkans”; Volkov, , The Balkan Quagmire, pp. 188–190; Kennan, George F., The Other Balkan Wars: A 1913 Carnegie Endowment Inquiry in Retrospect with a New Introduction and Reflections on the Present Conflict (Washington: Carnegie Endowment, 1993).Google Scholar

16. Hatzopoulos, , “All that Is,” p. 7.Google Scholar

17. Roudometof, , “Nationalism, Globalization, Eastern Orthodoxy,” p. 234.Google Scholar

18. Hatzopoulos, , “All that Is,” p. 7.Google Scholar

19. Volkov, , “The Balkan Quagmire,” pp. 195–196.Google Scholar

20. Roudometof, , “Nationalism, Globalization, Eastern Orthodoxy,” p. 242.Google Scholar

21. Ibid.Google Scholar

22. Horowitz, David, “Structure and Strategy in Ethnic Conflict,” paper prepared for the Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics, Washington, 20–21 April 1998.Google Scholar

23. Barth, Fredrik, ed., Ethnic Groups and Boundaries (Boston: Little, Brown, 1969); and Spicer, Edward H., “Persistent Cultural Systems,” Science, Vol. 174, No. 4011, 1971, pp. 795–800.Google Scholar

24. Barth, , Ethnic Groups and Boundaries , p. 14.Google Scholar

25. Ibid., p. 17.Google Scholar

26. Ibid.Google Scholar

27. Ibid.Google Scholar

28. Spicer, Edward H., “Persistent Cultural Systems,” p. 796.Google Scholar

29. Ibid.Google Scholar

30. Ibid.Google Scholar

31. Ibid.Google Scholar

32. Connor, Walker, Ethnonationalism: The Quest for Understanding (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), pp. 195–209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

33. Huntington, , “The Clash of Civilizations,” pp. 96.Google Scholar

34. See Conversi, Daniele, “Nationalism, Boundaries, and Violence,” Millennium Journal of International Studies, Vol. 28, No. 3, 1999, pp. 553–584; and Conversi, Daniele, “Reassessing Current Theories of Nationalism: Nationalism as Boundary Maintenance and Creation,” Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1995, pp. 73–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

35. Conversi, , “Reassessing Current Theories of Nationalism,” p. 82.Google Scholar

36. Ibid.Google Scholar

37. Ibid., p. 80.Google Scholar

38. Ibid.Google Scholar

39. Gaguly, and Taras, , Ethnic Conflict , p. 9.Google Scholar

40. Smith, Anthony D., “The Ethnic Sources of Nationalism,” Survival, Vol. 35, No. 1, 1993, pp. 50–51, cited in Ganguly and Taras, Ethnic Conflict …CrossRefGoogle Scholar

41. Ibid. and for additional illustrations of the primordialist and instrumentalist perspectives see Taras and Ganguly, Understanding Ethnic Conflict, pp. 6–7.Google Scholar

42. Horowitz, , “Structure and Strategy in Ethnic Conflict.”Google Scholar

43. Conversi, , “Reassessing Current Theories of Nationalism,” pp. 74.Google Scholar

44. Smith, , “The Ethnic Sources of Nationalism.”Google Scholar

45. Conversi, , “Reassessing Current Theories of Nationalism,” p. 74.Google Scholar

46. Takei, Milton, “Collective Memory as the Key to National and Ethnic Identity: The Case of Cambodia,” Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, Vol. 4, No. 3, 1998, pp. 59–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

47. Ibid., pp. 59–60.Google Scholar

48. Mazuri, Ali A., “African Archives and the Oral Tradition,” Courier (UNESCO), February 1985, p. 14, cited in Takei, “Collective Memory as the Key,” p. 64.Google Scholar

49. Spicer, , “Persistent Cultural Systems,” p. 796.Google Scholar

50. Takei, , “Collective Memory as the Key,” p. 65.Google Scholar

51. Takei, , pp. 67–69.Google Scholar

52. See “Montenegro, Another Kosovo in the Making?” Seattle Times , 12 July 2000, < http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/news/nation-world/htm198/mont12_20000712.html >..>Google Scholar

53. Simic, Andrei, “Montenegro: Beyond the Myth,” in Danopoulos, Constantine P. and Messas, Kostas, eds, Crisis in the Balkans: Views from the Participants (Boulder: Westview Press, 1997), pp. 114–115.Google Scholar

54. See Simic, , “Montenegro”; and Boehm, Christopher, Blood Revenge: The Anthropology of Feuding in Montenegro and Other Tribal Societies (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1984).Google Scholar

55. Guslar refers to the man who plays the traditional single string instrument requiring the use of a bow. Adorned in the traditional cap and costume, the guslar entertains with the primitive instrument by singing epic stories or poems reflecting Montenegrin History and battles especially with the Turks.Google Scholar

56. Njegoš, Petar, The Mountain Wreath , trans. James W. Wiles (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1930); and Djilas, Milovan, Njegoš, Poet, Prince, Bishop (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1962).Google Scholar

57. Djilas, , Njegoš, Poet, Prince, Bishop , p. 442.Google Scholar

58. Ibid.Google Scholar

59. See MacKenzie, David, The Serbs and Russian Panslavism 1875–1878 (New York: Cornell University Press, 1967), pp. 5–6; and Djilas, , Njegoš, Poet, Prince, Bishop , p. 143.Google Scholar

60. Djilas, , Njegoš, Poet, Prince, Bishop , p. 443.Google Scholar

61. Ehrlich, Vera Stein, Family in Transition: A Study of 300 Yugoslav Villages (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1966), pp. 381Google Scholar

62. Ibid., pp. 381–382.Google Scholar

63. Boehm, , Blood Revenge , pp. 3–5.Google Scholar

64. Simic, , “Montenegro,” pp. 119.Google Scholar

65. Videmsek, Bostjan, “Mihaijlo: Civil War Possible in Montenegro,” Ljubljana Delo , 15 January 2000, cited in Calhoun, Steven C., “Montenegro's Tribal Legacy,” Military Review, July–August 2000, p. 32.Google Scholar

66. For an excellent description of Montenegro's tribal configuration see Calhoun, “Montenegro's Tribal Legacy.” Also see Boehm, , Blood Revenge , p. 42.Google Scholar

67. For further discussion of the traditional tribe divisions in contemporary politics, see Calhoun, , “Montenegro's Tribal Legacy,” pp. 37–38 and Simic, , “Montenegro,” pp. 124–131.Google Scholar

68. Durham, Mary Edith, “Some Montenegrin Manners and Customs,” Journal of Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 39, 1909, pp. 85–96; Mary Edith Durham, “Some South Slav as Shown in Serbian Ballads by Serbian Authors,” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 47, 1917; Stevenson, Francis S., A History of Montenegro (London: Jarrold, 1912); Djilas, Njegoš, Poet, Prince, Bishop; Erlich, Family in Transition; and Boehm, Blood Revenge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

69. Boehm, , Blood Revenge .Google Scholar

70. Ibid., p. 46.Google Scholar

71. Ibid., pp. 54–63.Google Scholar

72. Ibid., p. 47.Google Scholar

73. Cited in Calhoun, , “Montenegro's Tribal Legacy,” p. 38.Google Scholar

74. Boehm, , Blood Revenge , p. 54.Google Scholar

75. Erlich, , Family in Transition .Google Scholar

76. Ibid.Google Scholar

77. Stevenson, , History of Montenegro , p. 11.Google Scholar

78. MacKenzie, , The Serbs and Russian Panslavism , pp. 10–11.Google Scholar

79. Durham, , “Some Montenegrin Manners and Customs,” p. 85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

80. For additional background on the history of the Montenegrin Orthodox Church see Simic, “Montenegro,” pp. 123–124; For discussion concerning recent perspectives of the “Montenegrin Orthodox Church leadership see Montenegrin Church and Religion in Montenegro,” September 2001 <http://www.montenegro.org/religion.html>; and “Church Rifts Echo Montenegro's Political Divisions,” Podgorica, 29 September 2000, <http://www.mediaclub.cg.yu/eng/articles/2000/september/30.htm>.;+and+“Church+Rifts+Echo+Montenegro's+Political+Divisions,”+Podgorica,+29+September+2000,+.>Google Scholar

81. Ibid.Google Scholar

82. Koprivica, Veseljko, “Brotherly Love,” Podgorica Weekly Monitor , 10 November 1999, <http://archive.tol.cz/nov99/somuch.html>..>Google Scholar

83. “Church Rifts Echo Montenegro's Political Divisions.”Google Scholar

84. Ibid.Google Scholar

85. For an excellent discussion of the relationship between language and ethnicity in contemporary Yugoslavia, see Jaksic, Bozidar, “Nationalism and Language: A Balkan Experience,” 1997, <wysiwyg://16/http://users.volja.net/romag/pub/Nationalism-and-Language.html>..>Google Scholar

86. Simic, , “Montenegro,” p. 121.Google Scholar

87. Ibid.Google Scholar

88. Cited in Danopoulos, , “Church–State Relations,” pp. 5.Google Scholar

89. See discussion of Weber's perspective in Stone, John, “Race, Ethnicity, and the Weberian Legacy,” American Behavioral Scientist, Vol. 38, No. 3, 1995, p. 396.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

90. Taras, and Ganguly, , Understanding Ethnic Conflict , p. 10.Google Scholar

91. Conversi, , “Nationalism, Boundaries, and Violence,” pp. 555–556.Google Scholar

92. Ibid.Google Scholar

93. Ibid.Google Scholar

94. Danopoulos, , “Church–State Relations.”Google Scholar

95. Geller, Ernest, Nationalism (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1997), pp. 9–22.Google Scholar

96. Fearon, James D., “Ethnic War as a Commitment Problem,” paper presented to the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, September 1994.Google Scholar

97. Horowitz, , “Structure and Strategy in Ethnic Conflict.”Google Scholar

98. Ibid.Google Scholar

99. Danopoulos, , “Church–State Relations,” p. 5.Google Scholar

100. Conversi, , “Nationalism, Boundaries, Violence,” p. 582.Google Scholar

101. Hedges, C., “Montenegro Election Upset Threatens Milosevic's Hold,” New York Times , 21 October 1997.Google Scholar

102. Darmanovic, , “Montenegro Dilemmas of a Small Republic,” p. 149.Google Scholar

103. “The Herald Tribune: Powell, Sending Balkans as Message, Shuns Montenegrin Leader,” MN News Online, 4 February 2001; and “The New York Times: In Test of Troubles Waters, Powell Rebuffs Montenegrin,” MN News Online, 4 February 2001.Google Scholar

104. “Serbia, Montenegro Sign Accord,” Associated Press, 14 March 2002.Google Scholar

105. U.S. State Department, 1 April 2003.Google Scholar

106. “Serbia-Montenegro Set up Council for European Integration,” Serbian Government, 4 August 2003, <http://www.serbia.sr.gov.yu/news/2003-08/04/330372.html>..>Google Scholar