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Selective bibliography of paleontological techniques (1964–1988)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 July 2017

Joseph T. Hannibal*
Affiliation:
Cleveland Museum of Natural History, Wade Oval, University Circle, Cleveland, OH 44106
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This bibliography contains works, published from 1964 through late 1988, on paleontological techniques. It is intended to supplement, in part, the earlier bibliography by Kummel in Kummel and Raup (1965). The techniques are those used for vertebrate and invertebrate paleontology, including techniques for some protistan groups, but publications specifically on palynological or paleobotanical techniques are not included. The works included generally, but not entirely, reflect the areas covered in the other chapters of this book. Citations were obtained from many sources, notably the Bibliography and Index of Geology. Most publications cited were examined.

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Copyright © 1989 Paleontological Society 

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References

Bibliography

General Works

Adam, K. D., Flügge, H.-U., and Rathgeber, T. (comps.). 1983. Fossilien sammeln, bergen, präparieren, konservieren, magazinieren, ausstellen, p. 5105. In Museumsmagazin 1, Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart. [Fossil collecting, recovery, preparing, conserving, storing, displaying.] Google Scholar
** Allman, M., and Lawrence, D. F. 1972. Geological Laboratory Techniques. Arco Publishing, New York; Blandford Press, London, 335 p. [Includes techniques of relevance to paleontology throughout.] Google Scholar
Asselborn, E., and Taverner, J. 1985. Quelques techniques modernes de nettoyage des minéraux et des fossiles. Mineraux et Fossiles, le Guide du Collectionneur, 11(121):1522. [Some modern techniques of cleaning minerals and fossils.] Google Scholar
Benda, L., Cepek, P., Gramann, F., Merkt, J., Mielke, K., Müller, H., Schmid, F., and Wolfart, R. 1981. Paläontologische Untersuchungsmethoden, p. 370434. In Bender, F. (ed.), Angewandte Geowissenschaften. Ferdinand Enke, Stuttgart. [Paleontological methods.] Google Scholar
BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 1965. Instructions for Collectors, No. 11, Fossils, Minerals, and Rocks. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London, 16 p.Google Scholar
Brown, R. C. 1988. Florida's Fossils: Guide to Location, Identification, and Enjoyment. Pineapple Press, Sarasota, 208 p. [Chapter 3, p. 43–61, is on collecting and preserving; Chapter 4, p. 62–68, on equipment.] Google Scholar
** Converse, H. H. Jr. 1984. Handbook of Paleo-preparation Techniques. H. H. Converse, Florida State Museum, 125 p. [Although oriented towards vertebrate paleontology, this inexpensive work contains information of value for invertebrate paleontology as well.] Google Scholar
* Croucher, R., and Woolley, A. R. 1982. Fossils, Minerals, and Rocks: Collection and Preservation. British Museum (Natural History), London and Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 60 p. [Concentrates on vertebrates.] Google Scholar
Fischer, J. C. 1981. Techniques et méthodes de la paléontologie; I, L'extraction des fossiles. Le Monde et les Mineraux, 45:4446. [Techniques and methods of paleontology: I, extraction of fossils.] Google Scholar
Fischer, J. C. 1982. Techniques et méthodes de la paléontologie; II, Etiquetage et échantillonnage des fossiles. Le Monde et les Mineraux, 46:4446. [Techniques and methods of paleontology: II, preparing and sampling fossils.] Google Scholar
Fischer, J. C. 1982. Techniques et méthodes de la paléontologie; III, Dégagement et preparation des fossiles. Le Monde et les Mineraux, 47:6063. [Techniques and methods of paleontology: III, extricating and preparing fossils.] Google Scholar
Fischer, J. C., and Verbeke, R. 1983. Techniques et méthodes de la paléontologie: XI, Polissage/lames minces et sections sériées. Le Monde et les Mineraux, 56:3032. [Techniques and methods of paleontology: XI, polishing, thin sections, and serial sections.] Google Scholar
Keller, T. 1972. Zur Eröffnung des neuen Museums Hauff in Holzmaden. Der Präparator, 18(1/2):3137. [The Opening of the new Hauff Museum in Holzmaden. (Collecting and preparing specimens from Holzmaden.)] Google Scholar
King, B. 1988. Cleaning fossils. Bulletin of the Southern California Paleontological Society, 20(5/6):195198.Google Scholar
Krumbiegel, G., and Walther, H. 1977. Fossilien, Sammeln, Präparieren, Bestimmen, Auswerten. Grundstoffind, Leipzig, 336 p. [Fossils: Collecting, Preparing, Identifying, and Interpreting.] Google Scholar
** Kummel, B., and Raup, D. (EDS.) 1965. Handbook of Paleontological Techniques. Freeman, San Francisco, 852 p. [This classic work contains a wide variety of articles on techniques, as well as an extensive bibliography on techniques by B. Kummel, p. 709–764.] Google Scholar
Macadie, C. I. 1973. A little on technique in palaeontological preparation. Kalori, 45:1114.Google Scholar
Macdonald, J. R. 1983. The Fossil Collector's Handbook: A Paleontology Field Guide. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 193 p. [Chapter 4, p. 49–90, is on “collection, preparation, and curation.”] Google Scholar
Macfall, R. P., and Wollin, J. 1983. Fossils for Amateurs: A Guide to Collecting and Preparing Invertebrate Fossils. Second edition. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 374 p.Google Scholar
** Rixon, A. E. 1976. Fossil Animal Remains: Their Preparation and Conservation. Athlone Press, London, 304 p.Google Scholar
Rudkin, D. M., and Fenton, P. E. 1984. Preserving fossils: an introduction to basic techniques. Rocks and Minerals, 59(5):233236.Google Scholar
Rudner, I. 1970. On how to prepare a fossil – a guide for beginners. SAMAB (South African Museum Association Bulletin), 9(12):402408.Google Scholar
Satyamurti, S. T. 1967. The collection, preparation, and preservation of fossils for the museum. Studies in Museology, 3:1217.Google Scholar
Schmid, F. 1974. Die präparativen Voraussetzungen für paläontologische Arbeiten an Fossilien aus der Schreibkreide. Der Präparator, 20(1/2):922. [Basic preparation methods for paleontological work on fossils from the Chalk.] Google Scholar
Schniepp, H. 1976. Versteinerungen: Suchen, Sammeln, Präparieren. Volume 291, Kosmos-Bibliothek. Kosmos Gesellschaft der Naturfreunde, Frankshche Stuttgart, 70 p. [Finding, collecting, and preparing fossils.] Google Scholar
** Sharpe, T. 1983. Geology In Museums: A Bibliography and Index. National Museum of Wales, Geological Series, No. 6, 128 p.Google Scholar
Wagstaffe, R., and Fidler, J. H. 1968. The Preservation of Natural History Specimens. Vol. 2. Philosophical Library, New York, 404 p. [See especially Part 4, “Geology,” p. 209–360.] Google Scholar
West, R. G. 1968. Pleistocene Geology and Biology With Especial Reference to the British Isles. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 377 p. [Chapter 6, p. 96–109, “Stratigraphical investigations,” covers sampling; Appendix 1, p. 356–365, is titled “Methods of isolating and counting fossils.”] Google Scholar
Whittington, H. B. 1985. The Burgess Shale. Yale University Press, New Haven and London, in association with the Geological Survey of Canada, 151 p. [See methods sections in publications cited in this book for additional information.] Google Scholar
Whybrow, P. J. 1985. A history of fossil collecting and preparation techniques. Curator, 28(1):526.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
* Wilson, J. 1987. Approaches to the preparation and development of calcareous fossils from calcareous matrices. In Crowther, P. R., and Collins, C. J. (eds.), The Conservation of Geological Materials. Geological Curator, 4(7):447450.Google Scholar
Wollin, J. C. 1979. Focus on fossils: cleaning fossils. Rocks & Minerals, 54(5):203206.Google Scholar
Yochelson, E. L. 1969. Fossils: the how and why of collecting and storing. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 82:585601.Google Scholar
Zingula, R. P. 1968. A new breakthrough in sample washing. Journal of Paleontology, 42(4):1092. [Using Quaternary “O.”] Google Scholar

Medical Hazards and Safety Precautions

Bateman, J. A., and Langhelt, P. St. J. (EDS.). 1978. Health and Safety in Museums: Proceedings of a Seminar Held 14 and 18 April 1977. Transactions of the Museums Assistants' Group, no. 3 MAG/National Museum of Wales, 58 p.Google Scholar
Bretherick, L. 1981. Hazards in the Chemical Laboratory. Third edition. Royal Society, Chemistry, London, 567 p.Google Scholar
CENTER FOR OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS. 1985. Solvents in Museum Conservation Labs. New York, 8 p.Google Scholar
CENTER FOR OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS. Ventilation for Conservation Laboratories. New York, 6 p.Google Scholar
Chure, D. 1984. “Vibration syndrome.” Society of Vertebrate Paleontology News Bulletin, No. 132:5556. [Hazard of vibrating handtools.] Google Scholar
Clydesdale, A. 1982. Chemicals in Conservation: a Guide to Possible Hazards and Safe Use. Conservation Bureau, SDA, SSCR, Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Dixon, D. W. 1983. Radiation Hazards to Collections of Geological Specimens Containing Natural Radioactivity. NRPB-R131. HSMO, London, 23 p.Google Scholar
* Hauff, P. L., and Airey, J. 1980. The handling, hazards, and maintenance of heavy liquids in the geologic laboratory. U.S. Geological Survey, Circular 827, 24 p.Google Scholar
Howie, F. M. P. 1975. The use of benzene in laboratories. Newsletter of the Geological Curators Group, 1(5):242243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
* Howie, F. M. P. 1987. Safety considerations for the geological conservator. In Crowther, P. R., and Collins, C. J. (eds.), The conservation of geological materials. Geological Curator, 4(7):379401.Google Scholar
Lassak, E. 1973. Dangerous museum chemicals. Kalori, 45:1518.Google Scholar
Merrill, G. K., and Hansen, M. 1985. Toxicity of bromoform and related heavy liquids. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology News Bulletin, 134:56.Google Scholar
Michael, H. 1986. Ionizing radiation protection for conservation laboratories. Center For Occupational Hazards, New York. 8 p.Google Scholar
Puffer, J. H. 1980. Toxic minerals. The Mineralogical Record, 11(1):511.Google Scholar
* Riedmiller, A., Hauff, P. L., and Mathias, R. W. 1984. The dangers and handling of hazardous chemicals in the geologic laboratory. U.S. Geological Survey Circular 924, 39 p.Google Scholar
* Sax, N. I. 1984. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. Sixth edition. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 3124 p. [A very useful general reference.] Google Scholar
Shaw, S. 1983. Overexposure: Health Hazards in Photography. The Friends of Photography, Carmel, 329 p.Google Scholar
Völkel, H. 1964. Eine bewährte kleine Gesteinssäge für Laboratorien. Der Präparator, 10(2):6163. [A reliable small rock saw for the laboratory. (Reduction of noise, spattering, etc. when using a small saw.)] Google Scholar
Wadington, J., and Fenn, J. 1986. Health and safety in natural history museums: an annotated reading list, p. 117121. In Waddington, J., and Rudkin, D. M., (eds.), Proceedings of the 1985 Workshop on Care and Maintenance of Natural History Collections Life Science Misc. Publications, Royal Ontario Museum.Google Scholar

Collecting Techniques and Ethics (See also Mechanical extraction of fossils)

Baird, D. 1978. The burnt dope technique and other intertidal ploys. The Chiseler, 1(2):1617. Reprinted as: The burnt dope technique and other intertidal ploys from America, in The Geological Curator (1980), 2(8):519–520. [Collecting wet specimens in the intertidal zone.] Google Scholar
Chaney, D. S. 1988. Techniques used in collecting fossil vertebrates on the Antarctic Peninsula, p. 2124. In Feldmann, R. M., and Woodburne, M. O. (eds.), Geology and Paleontology of Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula. Geological Society of America Memoir 169.Google Scholar
Ekdale, A. A., and Warme, J. E. 1973. A diver-operated dredge for collecting quantitative benthic samples in soft sediments. Journal of Paleontology, 47(6):11191121.Google Scholar
Fischer, J. C. 1982. Techniques et méthodes de la paleontologie: 4, la prospection des gisements fossilifères. Le Monde et les Mineraux, 48:3641. [Techniques and methods of paleontology: 4, searching for fossiliferous deposits.] Google Scholar
GEOLOGISTS' ASSOCIATION. 1983. A code for geological field work. Geotimes, 29(11):67. [A modified version of a 1975 report.] Google Scholar
Homann, W. 1979. Erfahrungen beim Grabungseinsatz neuer technischer Hilfsmittel in der Ölschiefergrube Messel bei Darmstadt. Der Präparator, 25(2):5764. [Experience with new techniques for digging trenches in the Messel oil-shale pits at Darmstadt.] Google Scholar
Jensen, A. 1972. Impregnation and cast of fossils under Arctic conditions. Museumsnytt, 21(1):2930. [In Norwegian.] Google Scholar
Shearman, H. L. 1965. A field season in the Arctic. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology News Bulletin, 754:4950.Google Scholar
U. S. NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL, COMMITTEE ON GUIDELINES FOR PALEONTOLOGICAL COLLECTING. 1987. Paleontological Collecting. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 243 p. [Discusses regulation of field collecting in the U.S.] Google Scholar

General Techniques for Microfossils

Bignot, G. 1985. Elements of Micropalaeontology: Microfossils – Their Geological and Palaeobiological Applications. International Human Resources Development Corporation, Boston, 217 p. [Translation of French edition, Les Microfossiles: Les Différents Groupes, Exploitation Paléobiologique et Geologique, published in 1982 by Bordas, Paris. Chapter 2, p. 5–18, is on the collection, preparation, observation, and identification of microfossils.] Google Scholar
Duffield, S. L., and Warshauer, S. M. 1979. Two step process for extraction of microfossils from indurated organic shales. Journal of Paleontology, 53(3):746747. [Suggests use of sodium hypochlorite and other chemicals.] Google Scholar
Herman, Y., and Metz, M. C. 1972. Staining technique for recent and fossil calcareous invertebrates. Journal of Paleontology, 46(1):152156.Google Scholar
Jackson, T. A., Germs, A., and Moorman, M. 1974. An improved method for the chemical maceration of sedimentary grains. Journal of Paleontology, 48(4):844859. [For freeing microfossils.] Google Scholar
Kasig, W. 1978. Das Auslesen von Mikrofossilien. Der Präparator, 24(2):223230. [Sorting microfossils.] Google Scholar
Kietzke, K. K., Lucas, S. G., and Oakes, W. 1985. Water column for concentrating microinvertebrate fossils. New Mexico Journal of Science, 25(2):3235.Google Scholar
Knitter, H. 1980. Die Verwendung von Chloroform als Schutzflüssigkeit beim Ätzen von Klaken. Der Präparator, 26(2):225227. [The use of chloroform as a protective fluid when etching limestone.] Google Scholar
Lanooy, R. 1977. Mikropälaontologischer Präparationskurs an der Berufsfachschule für Präparatoren. Der Präparator, 23(3):90104. [Micropaleontology preparation methods at the preparators' school.] Google Scholar
Laws, R. A. 1983. Preparing strewn slides for quantitative microscopical analysis: a test using calibrated microspheres. Micropaleontology, 29(1):6065.Google Scholar
Macleod, N., and Carter, J. L. 1984. A method for obtaining consistent specimen orientations for use in microfossil biometric studies. Micropaleontology, 30(3):306310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mapes, R. H., and Mapes, G. 1982. Removal of gypsum from microfossiliferous shales. Micropaleontology, 28(2):218219.Google Scholar
Merrill, G. K. 1980. Removal of pyrite from microfossil samples by means of sodium hypochlorite. Journal of Paleontology, 54(3):633634.Google Scholar
Peterson, S., Maples, C. G., and Lane, N. G. 1983. Use of surfactants in disaggregation of argillaceous rocks. Micropaleontology, 29(4):467469.Google Scholar
Ralph, I. 1978. The manufacture of cheap single-hole slides and picking board for micropalaeontology. Newsletter of the Geological Curators Group, 2(2):8587.Google Scholar
Riedel, W. R., Lau, K. Y., Somerville, R. S., and Tway, L. E. 1987. Measuring the surface topography of microfossils. Micropaleontology, 33(2):189192.Google Scholar
Rossner, R. 1979. Stand und Methodik von Lösungstechniken an Karbonatgesteinen zur Gewinnung von Mikrofossilien. Der Präparator, 25(1):1521. [A method of dissolving carbonate rocks for extracting microfossils.] Google Scholar
Smith, R. K. 1967. Ignition and filter methods of concentrating shelled organisms. Journal of Paleontology, 41(5):12881291. [Comparisons of methods used to prepare plankton samples for study of shelled organisms.] Google Scholar
Tway, L. E. 1981. Use of anti-static liquid for micropaleontological slides. Journal of Paleontology, 55(3):678.Google Scholar
Von Hofe Grady, F. 1979. Some new approaches to microinvertebrate collecting and processing. Newsletter of the Geological Curators Group, 2(7):439442.Google Scholar

Techniques for Conodonts

* Barnes, C. R. ET AL. 1987. Recent developments in rock disintegration techniques for the extraction of conodonts, p. 3553. (Chapter 2) In Austin, R. L. (ed.), Conodonts: Investigative Techniques and Applications. Ellis Horwood, Chichester. (British Micropalaeontological Society Series) Google Scholar
Hayashi, S. 1969. Extraction of conodonts through HF method. Kaseki Kenkyukai Kaishi (Fossil Club Bulletin), 2:19. [In Japanese, translation available from the Geological Survey of Canada Library, Ottawa.] Google Scholar
Lanooy, R. 1971. Conodontentrennung mittels eines Magnetscheiders. Der Präparator, 17(1/2):6365. [Method for extracting conodonts using magnetic separators. (Uses bromoform along with magnetic separators.)] Google Scholar
* Merrill, G. K. ET AL. 1987. Recent developments in conodont concentration techniques, p. 5476 (Chapter 3). In Austin, R. L. (ed.), Conodonts: Investigative Techniques and Applications. Ellis Horwood, Chichester. (British Micropalaeontological Society Series) [Consists of several individual contributions.] Google Scholar
Schopf, T. J., and Simpson, D. R. 1970. A method for finding conodonts in large, nearly barren samples. Journal of Paleontology, 44(1):164–5. [A color detection method.] Google Scholar
* Stone, J. 1987. Review of investigative techniques used in the study of conodonts, (Chapter 1) p. 1734. In Austin, R. L. (ed.), Conodonts: Investigative Techniques and Applications. Ellis Horwood, Chichester (British Micropalaeontological Society Series) Google Scholar
Youqui, Z. 1986. The tower method: an improved method for conodont recovery from calcareous rocks. Acta Micropalaeontologia Sinica, 3(4):441444. [In Chinese.] Google Scholar

Techniques for Foraminiferans

Finger, K. L., and Armstrong, G. L. 1984. A technique to obtain multiple orientations of foraminifers in thin section. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 14(4):309313.Google Scholar
* Haynes, J. R. 1981. Foraminifera. Macmillan, London; Halsted, New York, 433 p. [Chapter 2, p. 10–28, covers collection, preparation and examination of forams, and contains an annotated bibliography on techniques.] Google Scholar
Nodine-Zeller, D. E. 1975. New technique for recovery and orientation of small individual foraminifers without disturbing thin section. Journal of Paleontology, 49(2):424–5.Google Scholar
Steinker, D., and Butcher, W. A. 1978. Evaluation of methods for illustrating foraminifera. In Home, R. W. (ed.), Fourth Annual Symposium, Electron Microscopy Society of Northwestern Ohio, Micron, 9(1):910.Google Scholar

Techniques for Ostracodes

Kesling, R. V., and Chilman, R. B. 1978. Ostracods of the Middle Devonian Silica Formation. University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology 18, vol. 1, 169 p. [Methods chapter, p. 8–11.] Google Scholar
* Shallreuter, R. 1982. Extraction of ostracods from siliceous rocks, p. 169176. In Bate, R. H. (ed.), Fossil and Recent Ostracods, Ellis Horwood, Chichester. (British Micropalaeontological Society Series) Google Scholar

Techniques for Radiolarians

Ashby, J. N. 1983. Improvements in the technique for the extraction and statistical faunal analysis of radiolarians from Neogene mudstones. Micropaleontology, 29(2):146149.Google Scholar
Boltovskoy, D., Kotzian, S. B., Bender, S., and Pedrozo, F. L. 1983. Some new techniques for the preparation and illustration of Polycystina (Radiolaria). Micropaleontology, 29(4):382390. [SEM and light microscopy.] Google Scholar
Casey, R. E. 1987. Radiolaria, p. 213247. In Lipps, J. H. (ed.), Fossil Prokaryotes and Protists: Notes for a Short Course. University of Tennessee Department of Geological Sciences, Knoxville. [Methods described p. 239–241.] Google Scholar
De Wever, P., and Riedel, W. 1979. Eurorad 1978, Recherches actuelles sur les Radiolaires en Europe, p. 205. In Extrait des Annales de la Society Geologique du Nord., T. XCVIII, Seance due 20 Avril, 1978.Google Scholar
Nazarov, B. B., and Vitukhin, D. I. 1981. Metody vydeleniya iskopayemykh radiolariy. Izvestiya Akademiy Nauk SSSR, Seriya Geologicheskaya, 1981(2):95102. [Methods of separating fossil radiolarians.] Google Scholar
Nelson, C. O., and Casey, R. E. 1986. Siliceous microfossil extraction from altered Monterey rocks, p. 9196. In Casey, R. E., and Barron, J. A. (eds.), Siliceous Microfossil and Microplankton Studies of the Monterey Formation and Modern Analogs. Pacific Section, Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists.Google Scholar
Pessagno, E. A. Jr., and Newport, R. L. 1972. A technique for extracting Radiolaria from radiolarian cherts. Micropaleontology, 18(2):231234.Google Scholar

Techniques for Arthropods (Except for Ostracodes)

Erickson, J. M. 1988. Fossil oribatid mites as tools for Quaternary paleoecologists: preservation quality, quantities, and taphonomy, p. 207226. In Laub, R. S., Miller, N. G., and Steadman, D. W. (eds.), Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene Paleoecology and Archeology of the Eastern Great Lakes Region. Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, 33. [Section on extraction technique, p. 211–212.] Google Scholar
Morgan, A. V. 1988. Late Pleistocene and early Holocene Coleoptera in the lower Great Lakes region, p. 195206. In Laub, R. S., Miller, N. G., and Steadman, D. W. (eds.), Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene Paleoecology and Archeology of the Eastern Great Lakes Region. Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, 33. [Methods and extraction technique described, p. 196–201.] Google Scholar
Whittington, H. B. 1985. Tegopelte gigas, a second soft-bodied trilobite from the Burgess Shale, Middle Cambrian, British Columbia. Journal of Paleontology, 59(5):12511274. [Techniques section, p. 1252.] Google Scholar

Techniques for Bivalves

* Clark, G. R. II. 1980. Appendix 1: preparation and examination of skeletal materials for growth studies/ part A, Molluscs; 2, Study of molluscan shell structure and growth lines using thin sections, p. 603606. In Rhoads, D. C. et al. (eds.), Skeletal Growth of Aquatic Organisms: Biological Records of Environmental Change, Plenum Press New York.Google Scholar
* Clark, G. R. II. 1980. Appendix 1: preparation and examination of skeletal materials for growth studies/ part A, Molluscs; 3, Techniques for observing the organic matrix of molluscan shells, p. 607612. In Rhoads, D. C. et al. (eds.), Skeletal Growth of Aquatic Organisms: Biological Records of Environmental Change, Plenum Press, New York.Google Scholar
* Kennish, M. J., Lutz, R. A. and Rhoads, D. C. 1980. Appendix 1: preparation and examination of skeletal materials for growth studies/part A, Molluscs; 1, Preparation of acetate peels and fractured sections for observation of growth patterns within the bivalve shell, p. 597601. In Rhoads, D. C. et al. (eds.), Skeletal Growth of Aquatic Organisms: Biological Records of Environmental Change, Plenum Press, New York.Google Scholar

Techniques for Bryozoans and Brachiopods

Boardman, R. S., and Utgaard, J. 1964. Modifications of study methods for paleozoic bryozoa. Journal of Paleontology, 38(4):768785.Google Scholar
* Cooper, G. A., and Grant, R. E. 1972. Permian brachiopods of West Texas, Part I. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, 14, 230 p. [Techniques are discussed on p. 13–21.] Google Scholar
Katsf, Y. I., Popov, A. M., and Tkhorzhevskiy, E. S. 1973. Novoye v methodike izucheniya vnutrennego stroyeniya i mikrostruktury rakovin brakhiopod. Paleontologicheskiy Zhurnal, 4:108116. [New methods for the study of the internal structure and microstructure of brachiopod shells.] Google Scholar
Merida, J. E., and Boardman, R. S. 1967. The use of Paleozoic bryozoa from well cuttings. Journal of Paleontology, 41(3):763765.Google Scholar
* Williams, A. 1965. Techniques for preparation of fossil and living brachiopods, p. H251–H256. In Moore, R. C., (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Pt. H (1), Brachiopoda. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence.Google Scholar

Techniques for Corals

Gill, G. 1972. Staining in the study of fossil corals. Fossil Cnidaria, 1972(2):45.Google Scholar
SandO, W. J. 1967. A technique for studying early ontogeny in solitary rugose corals. Journal of Paleontology, 41(5):12911293. [Serial sectioning, acetate peels.] Google Scholar
Scrutton, C. T. 1981. The measurement of corallite size in corals. Journal of Paleontology, 55(3):687688. [Describes the use of a planimeter.] Google Scholar

Techniques for Echinoderms

Lapham, K. E., Ausich, W. I., and Lane, N. G. 1976. A technique for developing the stereom of fossil crinoid ossicles. Journal of Paleontology, 50(2):245248.Google Scholar
Vadet, A. 1986. Les différentes méthodes de préparation des oursins fossiles et notamment celle á la potasse. Mineraux et Fossiles, le Guide du Collectionneur, 11(131):2631. [Different methods of preparation for fossil sea urchins notably those in potash.] Google Scholar
Sevastopulo, G. D., and Keegan, J. B. 1980. A technique for revealing the stereom microstructure of fossil crinoids. Palaeontology, 23(4):749756.Google Scholar

Techniques for Graptolites

* Bulman, O. M. B. 1970. Techniques, p. V18–V20. In Teichert, C. (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Pt. V, Graptolithina. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence.Google Scholar
Goodarzi, F., and Stasiuk, L. D. 1987. Graptolite preparation for reflected light microscopy; a technical note. Current Research, Part A, Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 87-1A:317322.Google Scholar
Hutt, J., and Rickards, R. B. 1967. An improved transfer technique for the preparation and preservation of pyritized graptolites. Geological Magazine, 104(2):180181.Google Scholar

Techniques for Trace Fossils

* Ekdale, A. A., Bromley, R. G., and Pemberton, S. G. 1984. Ichnology: The Use of Trace Fossils in Sedimentology and Stratigraphy. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Tulsa, 317 p. [Chapter 4, p. 46–57, covers techniques.] Google Scholar
* Farrow, G. E. 1975. Techniques for the study of fossil and recent traces, p. 537554. In Frey, R. W. (ed.), The Study of Trace Fossils, Springer-Verlag, New York. [See also the index in Frey for other, shorter, remarks on techniques for trace fossils.] Google Scholar
Golubic, S., Perkins, R. D., and Lucas, K. J. 1975. Boring microorganisms and microborings in carbonate substrates, p. 229259. In Frey, R. W. (ed.), The Study of Trace Fossils, Springer-Verlag, New York. [Method section, p. 231–234.] Google Scholar
Pervesler, P. 1983. Gelände- und Labor-Methoden zur Rekonstruktion von Lebensspuren (Gangsystemen) nach der Serienschnitt-Folienmethode. Der Präparator, 29(3):109112. [Field and laboratory methods for the reconstruction of traces (tunnel systems) using the serial-cut foil method.] Google Scholar
Risk, M. J., and Szczucko, R. B. 1977. A method for staining trace fossils. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 47(2):855859.Google Scholar

General Techniques for Vertebrates

Auffenberg, W. 1967. What is a plaster jacket? The Plaster Jacket, 6:17.Google Scholar
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Converse, H. H. Jr. 1984. An evaluation of Friendly Plastic™ compound. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology News Bulletin, 132:55. [Especially for restoration of fossil skulls.] Google Scholar
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Lippman, H. G., and Wiemer, G. 1979. Bergung und Präparation von Fossilien aus der Grube Messel unter Berücksichtigung eines Primatenfundes. Der Präparator, 25(1):313. [Excavation and preparation of fossils from the Messel pit with respect to a primate find.] Google Scholar
Lörcher, F., and Keller, T. 1976. Präparationstechniken des Lias-epsilon-Schiefers. Der Präparator, 22(3):213220. [Preparation techniques for the Lias Epsilon shales].Google Scholar
Lörcher, F., and Keller, T. 1985. Preparation techniques for material from the Posidonienschiefer (Lias Epsilon, upper Liassic). The Geological Curator, 4(3):164168.Google Scholar
McDonald, H. G., and McCrady, A. D. 1978. A method of reinforcing while preparing. The Chiseler, 1(1):68.Google Scholar
Nicholson, T. D., Schaeffer, B., Galusha, T., McKenna, M. C., Skinner, M. F., Taylor, B. E., and Tedford, R. H. 1975. The fossil mammal collection of The American Museum of Natural History. Curator, 18(1):1638.Google Scholar
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Snider, J. 1986. Form fitting stands and cradles. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology News Bulletin, 133:5960. [Especially for restoration of fossil skulls.] Google Scholar
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Whetstone, K. N. 1983. Braincase of Mesozoic birds: I, new preparation of the “London” Archaeopteryx . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 2(4):439452.Google Scholar
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Wilson, R. L. 1965. Technique and materials used in preparation of vertebrate fossils. Curator, 8(2):135143. [Disaggregation, consolidants.] Google Scholar
Wooldridge, B. A. 1978. Recovery of fossil fish scales using plastics. Curator, 21(1):5154. [Explains use of liquid plastic and acetate strips.] Google Scholar
Wuttke, M., and Keller, M. 1981. Bergung und Präparation von Vertebraten des saarpfälzischen Rotliegenden (Unter-Perm). Der Präparator, 27(2):6567. [Recovery and preparation of vertebrates from the Rotliegende (Lower Permian) of the Saar Palatinate.] Google Scholar

Techniques for Pleistocene Vertebrates

Baumgartner, H., and Lanooy, R. 1982. Eine Methode zur Wassersättigung trockener, fossiler Knochen, Zähne und Hölzer, für die Konservierung mit PEG 6′000–12′000. Der Präparator, 28(2):269274. [A method for saturating dry, fossil bones, teeth and wood so as to conserve them with PEG 6′000–12′000. (polyethylene glycol)] Google Scholar
Bronewski, J. Von. 1980. Restaurierung und Montage eines Höhlenbärskelettes. Der Präparator, 26(2):233234. [Restoring and mounting of the skeleton of a cave bear.] Google Scholar
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Converse, H. H. Jr. 1982. Peccary skull restoration. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology News Bulletin, 124:63.Google Scholar
Doyle, A. M. 1983. The conservation of sub-fossil bird bone. Geological Curator, 3:447451.Google Scholar
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McCarty, R. 1985. Preserving and preparing teeth and tusks. Newsletter, Florida Paleontological Society, 2(4):15.Google Scholar
Miller, G. 1971. Some new and improved methods for recovering and preparing fossils as developed on the Rancho La Brea Project. Curator, 14(4):293307.Google Scholar
Schmieja, E. 1979. Der Urelefant aus dem Inn Von der Fossilbergung bis zur Montage. Der Präparator, 25(3):113120. [The primitive elephant from the (River) Inn: from fossil salvage to assemblage.] Google Scholar
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Walders, M. 1983. Bergen, Konservieren und Restaurieren pleistozäner Wirbeltierreste. Der Präparator, 29(1):118. [Salvage, conservation, and restoration of Pleistocene vertebrates.] Google Scholar
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Thin Sections and Acetate Peels

Anstey, R. L., and Bartley, J. W. 1984. Quantitative stereology: an improved thin section biometry for bryozoans and other colonial organisms. Journal of Paleontology, 58(3):612625.Google Scholar
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Chiang, K. 1970. The use of acetate peels in graptolite studies. Journal of Paleontology, 44(5):988.Google Scholar
Cocke, J. M., Ballard, D. L., and Burney, D. W. 1981. New method for orienting fusulinids for axial sectioning. Journal of Paleontology, 55(3):679.Google Scholar
Cocke, J. M., Berkland, T. R., and Ward, H. E. 1987. Orientation of small macrofossils for thin sections. Journal of Geological Education, 35(2):86–8.Google Scholar
Coleman, A. R. 1979. Sectioning microfossils–an old method revisited. Journal of Paleontology, 53(2):508. [Sectioning for SEM.] Google Scholar
Gunther, A. J. 1984. Acetatfolienabzüge “Peels.” Der Präparator, 30(2):283284. [Acetate “peels.”] Google Scholar
Jeanson, C., and Verbeke, R. 1975. Nouvelles bases de consolidation des materiaux friables et dos sols: repercussion sur la fabrication des lames minces. Lithoclastia, 2:3959. [New research on the consolidation of friable material and soils: repercussions on the making of thin sections.] Google Scholar
Kampa, E. 1967. Ein neues Nitrocellulosefilm-Verfahren in der Paläontologie. Der Präparator, 13(3):205207. [A new nitrocellulose-film process in paleontology.] Google Scholar
Kennedy, C., and Zeidler, W. 1976. The preparation of oriented thin sections in micropaleontology: an improved method for revealing the internal morphology of foraminifera and other microfossils. Micropaleontology, 22(1):104107.Google Scholar
Lafuste, J. 1980. Sections ultra-minces de figures de corrosion a l'eau oxygenee. Procede et application aux lamelles et micro-lamelles des Tabulata. Geobios, 13(6):929933. [Ultrathin sections of corrosion figures from hydrogen peroxide: procedure and application on walls and micro laminae of Tabulata.] Google Scholar
Lenhart, S. W. 1974. An adjustable grinding apparatus for oriented sections of fusulines. Journal of Paleontology, 48(6):1293–4.Google Scholar
MandAdo, J. A., and Tena, J. M. 1986. A peel technique for sulfate (and carbonate) rocks. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 56(4):548549.Google Scholar
Martin, E. 1976. Dunnschliffphotographie ohne Mikroskop und Kamera. Der Präparator, 22(1):140146. [Thin-section photographs without a photo-microscope.] Google Scholar
Nye, O., Dean, D. A., and Hinds, R. W. 1972. Improved thin section techniques for fossil and recent organisms. Journal of Paleontology, 46(2):271275.Google Scholar
Pohle, E. R., and Browne, R. G. 1973. A thin section method for ultrasmall paleontologic specimens. Journal of Paleontology, 47(2):221225.Google Scholar
Poplin, C. 1977. Ameliorations de la technique des sections séries au microtome appliquée aux fossiles. Societe Géologique de France, Bulletin, 19(6, supplement):342343. [Improvements of the technique for serial sectioning with a microtome and applications to fossils.] Google Scholar
Sorauf, J. E., and Tuttle, D. W. 1988. Dark-field illumination in photography of acetate peels. Journal of Paleontology, 62(1):153156.Google Scholar
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Serial Sections

Akpati, B. N. 1969. New technique for serial sectioning of foraminifera. Journal of Paleontology, 43(4):10461048.Google Scholar
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Joysey, K. A., and Cutbill, J. L. 1971. Serial sections of fossils prepared by the annular sawing technique. Data Processing in Biology and Geology, Systematics Association Special Volume, 3:8995.Google Scholar
Kermack, D. M. 1970. True serial-sectioning of fossil material. Biological Journal of the Linnaean Society, 2(1):4753.Google Scholar
Maisey, J. G. 1975. A serial sectioning technique for fossils and hard tissues. Curator, 18(2):140147.Google Scholar
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Westbroek, P. 1969. The interpretation of growth and form in serial sections through brachiopods, exemplified by the trigonirhynchiid septalium. Palaeontology, 12(2):321332.Google Scholar
Westbroek, P.P., Hesper, B., and Neijndorff, F. 1976. Three-dimensional stereographic representation of serial sections. Journal of Geology, 84(6):725730.Google Scholar

Polishing Specimens

Aspen, P. 1977. Removal of polyester resin. Newsletter of the Geological Curators Group, 2(11):46.Google Scholar
Lierl, H-J. 1967. Polyester-Beschichtung als Politur-Ersatz für geologisch-paläontologische Anschliffe. Der Präparator, 13(4):217224. [Polyester as a substitute varnish for geological and paleontological gluing.] Google Scholar
Lierl, H-J. 1969. Kunstharzbeschichtung als Politurersatz fur geologische und paläontologische Anschliffe. Der Präparator, 15(3/4):8590. [Synthetic material as a polishing agent for geological and paleontological material.] Google Scholar
Lierl, H-J. 1971. Layers of synthetic resin as a substitute for polishing geological and paleontological specimens. Curator, 14(3):205–21.Google Scholar

Microscopy and Related Techniques

Blake, D. B., and Towe, K. M. 1971. Acanthopore ultrastructure in the paleozoic bryozoan Idioclema insigne Girty. Journal of Paleontology, 45(5):913917. [Use of electron microscopy in conjunction with light microscopy.] Google Scholar
Blau, J. 1986. Optische Entzerrung tektonisch deformierter Fossilien mit dem Bausch & Lomb “Zoom-Transfer-Stereoscope ZT 4-H. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, 1986(3):149156. [Optical restoration of tectonically deformed fossils by use of the Bausch & Lomb Zoom Tranfer Stereoscope ZT 4-H.] Google Scholar
Dalquest, W. W. 1965. A turntable for examining small fossils under the microscope. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology News Bulletin, 75:51.Google Scholar
Elliott, S. B., and Morris, W. J. 1987. Holographic contouring of fossil teeth. Journal of Paleontology, 61(6):12361241.Google Scholar
Kampa, E. 1974. Einbettungstechnik von Fossilien zum Zwecke ihrer Untersuchung mit Hilfe des Stereoscan in der Palaontologie. Der Präparator, 20(3/4):137140. [Embedding technique for fossils for examination with the assistance of the stereoscan microscope in paleontology.] Google Scholar
Kraus, W. 1988. Das Universalsichtgerät nach KRAUS/LANOOY. Der Präparator, 34(1):219232. [The universal viewing instrument by KRAUS/LANOOY. For viewing thin sections in large format.] Google Scholar
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Shafik, S. 1983. A procedure for both optical and scanning electron microscopy study of individual calcareous nannofossils. Journal of Paleontology, 57(5):11351140.Google Scholar
Whybrow, P. J. 1974. Fibre optics and foot operated microscope control equipment to assist in the preparation of fossils. Newsletter of the Geological Curators Group, 2(3):141143.Google Scholar

Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy

Brown, R. J. 1986. SEM examination of carbonate microfacies using acetate peels. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 56(4):538568.Google Scholar
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De Wever, P. 1980. A new technique for picking and mounting radiolarians for scanning electron microscopy. Micropaleontology, 26(1):8183.Google Scholar
Finch, E. M. 1974. An improved method of mounting palaeontological specimens for SEM examination. Palaeontology, 17(2):431434.Google Scholar
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Hansen, H. J. 1968. A technique for removing gold from plated calcareous microfossils. Micropaleontology, 14(4):499500.Google Scholar
Hay, W. W., and SandBerg, P. A. 1967. The scanning-electron microscope, a major break-through for micropaleontology. Micropaleontology, 13(4):407418.Google Scholar
Kennedy, C. M. A. 1978. An improved technique for revealing the internal structure of microfossils by scanning electron microscopy. Journal of Paleontology, 52(2):506508. [See also Coleman, 1979, under Thin sections and acetate peels.] Google Scholar
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Nomura, R. 1983. An embedding technique for observation of internal microfossil structure by scanning electron microscopy. Micropaleontology, 29(1):15.Google Scholar
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Schneider, H. L., and Ritt, E. 1987. Zur Entgoldung rasterelektrionenmikroskopisch untersuchter calzitischer Mikrofossilien (Crinoidea). Der Präparator, 33(4):171173. [Removing gold to investigate calcitic microfossils (Crinoidea).] Google Scholar
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Taylor, P.D. 1986. Scanning electron microscopy of uncoated fossils. Palaeontology, 29(4):685690.Google Scholar
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X-Radiographic Techniques

* Conroy, G. C., and Vannier, M. W. 1984. Noninvasive three-dimensional computer imaging of matrix-filled fossil skulls by high-resolution computed tomography. Science, 226(4673):456458.Google Scholar
Engelen, F. H. G. 1973. Televisiebeelden uit het devoon; onderzoek van fossielen met mobiel rontgenstation. Gronboor + Hamer, 27(1):2527. [Television pictures of the Devonian: examination of fossils with a mobile X-ray station.] Google Scholar
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Lanooy, V. R., and Völkel, H. 1970. Röntgenaufnahmen als zerstörungsfreie Werkstoffprüfung in der Präparation. Der Präparator, 16(1/2):3846. [X-radiographs for destruction-free material in preparation. (Describes use of Faxitron machines.)] Google Scholar
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Ultraviolet and Infrared Techniques, Electrography

Krueger, K. K. 1974. The use of ultraviolet light in the study of fossil shells. Curator, 17(1):3649.Google Scholar
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Mechanical Extraction of Fossils (See also Collecting Techniques and Ethics)

Archer, M., and Beutel, E. 1974. Techniques in quarrying large blocks of unconsolidated fossil-bearing matrix. Kalori, 49:5763.Google Scholar
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Lewis, A. D., and McCrady, A. D. 1978. Modifications to the Air-scribe. The Chiseler, 1(1): 910.Google Scholar
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Ultrasonic and Heating and Cooling Techniques

Bauch, J. 1979. Ein neues Ultraschall-Gerät für die Fossilienprapäration. Der Präparator, 25(3):127128. [A new ultrasonic apparatus for fossil preparation.] Google Scholar
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Air-Abrasive and Sandblasting Techniques

Aichinger, J. 1969. Erfahrungen bei der Präparation von Fossilien mit einem verbesserten Sandstrahlgerät. Der Präparator, 15(1/2):710. [Experiences with the preparation of fossils with an improved sandblasting machine.] Google Scholar
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Orth, B. 1973. The acid-column process: an improvement in the concentration of carbonated fossiliferous sediments. Curator, 30(3):227239.Google Scholar
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Use of Heavy Liquids (See also Chemical Techniques and Medical Hazards and Safety Precautions)

Chaney, D. 1986. Sodium polytungstate, a safe heavy liquid. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology News Bulletin, 137:5253.Google Scholar
Charlton, D. S. 1969. An improved technique for heavy liquid separation of conodonts. Journal of Paleontology, 43(2):590592.Google Scholar
Davis, L., and Webster, G. D. 1985. A modified funnel for heavy mineral separations. Journal of Paleontology, 59(6):15051506.Google Scholar
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Stabilizing Pyritized Material

Birker, I., and Kaylor, J. 1986. Pyrite disease: case studies from the Redpath Museum, p. 2127. In Waddington, J., and Rudkin, D. M. (eds.), Proceedings of the 1985 Workshop on Care and Maintenance of Natural History Collections. Life Sciences Miscellaneous Publications, Royal Ontario Museum.Google Scholar
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Adhesives and Consolidants

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Screen Washing of Material

Arnold, Z. M. 1985. A washing device for small samples. Micropaleontology, 31(3):285288.Google Scholar
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Molding and Casting

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Drawings and Models

Beurlen, K. 1982. Nostalgie statt Fotografie? Fossilien zeichnen. Mineralien Magazine, 6(4):160165. [Nostalgia instead of photography? Drawing fossils.] Google Scholar
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Photography

Behr, H.-J., and Weber, W. 1970. Phototechnische Verfahren zur Erhoehung des Informationsinhalts gefuegestatistischer, petrographischer und palaeontologischer Untersuchungen. Geologie, 19(4):377389. [Photographic methods to increase the information content of statistical, petrographic, and paleontological inquiry.] Google Scholar
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Curation

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Conservation and Exhibition

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Mounting Large Vertebrates

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