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Linguistic Investigation of Old French High Spirituality

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 December 2020

Helmut A. Hatzfeld
Helmut A. Hatzfeld*
Affiliation:
Catholic University, Washington, D.C.
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Extract

The many valuable studies on Old French spirituality which we possess do not consider the higher spirituality par excellence, namely mysticism. The reason for it is evident: We have only a few Old French mystical texts, none of them presenting an adequately recognizable system. Consequently the meaning of the words and metaphors used there remains obscure, if there are no Latin parallel texts whose semantic implications are more evident. But even if Latin parallels help to a certain extent to clear up the meaning, there remains one fact which characterizes not only the Old French medieval mystical texts, but the German, Italian, and English ones as well. The popular mystical texts are vague and not as well organized as the texts of the Schoolmen, whose clear terminology generally contains a more precise expression of the Ineffable. The whole interest of the linguist lies in discovering how a young vernacular language competes in expressivity with the Latin of the theologian, and what it can achieve. The fact that a mystical literature in any vernacular comes into being, always means that experimental mystics tell others of their experiences, or that pious souls yearn for this religious experience of a direct contact with the Divinity after having understood the lore of those experimental or real mystics. For the linguist, of course, it makes no difference—as it does for the theologian or the psychologist—whether the mystical text comes from real or would like to be mystics. The latter in their urge can be poetically and lingusitically more creative than the former who, though religious geniuses, may turn out to be poor language makers.

Type
Research Article
Information
PMLA , Volume 61 , Issue 2 , June 1946 , pp. 331 - 378
Copyright
Copyright © Modern Language Association of America, 1946

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References

1 A similar problem concerning the competition of the Vernacular with Latin in the field of the natural sciences is the topic of Leonardo Olschki, Geschichte der neus prachlichen wissenschaftlichen Literatur, 3 vols. (Heidelberg-Firenze, 1919-27).

2 Paschal P. Parente, Quaestiones de Mystica Terminologia, ad Mentem Pseudo-Areopagitae et Sanctorum Patrum (Washington, D. C., 1941), p. 56.

3 D. H. Carnaham (ed.), The Ad Deum Vadit of Jean Gerson (Urbana, 1917).

4 M. J. Pinet, La montaigne de contemplation. La mendicité spirituelle de Jehan Gerson. Etude de deux opuscules français de Gerson sur la prière (Lyon, 1927).

5 Karl Christ (ed.), Le Livre du Paumier, in “Mittelalterliche Handschriften. Festgabe Degering” (Leipzig, 1926), pp. 57-81.

6 Vital Motte (ed.), Scala Divini Amoris. Mystischer Traktat in provenzalischer Sprache, Diss. (Halle, 1902).

7 E. Bechmann (ed.), “Drei Dits de l'âme,” ZRPh, xiii (1889), 35-84.

8 Alfons Hilka (ed.), “Altfranzösische Mystik und Beginentum,” ZRPh, xlvii (1927), 121-170.

9 Hope Emily Allen, “Mystical Lyrics of the Manuel des Péchiez,” Rom. Review, ix (1918), 154-193.

10 Bechmann, loc. cit., C, 17 g-181, p. 77.

11 Jean de Castel (erroneously attributed to Albertus Magnus), De adhaerendo Deo in Opera omnia, ed. Aug. Borgnet (Paris, 1898), xxxvii, 524, col. 1.

12 Jean Gerson, The Ad Deum Vadit, ed. Carnaham, loc. cit., p. 125.

13 Jean de Castel, loc. cit., p. 525.

14 Ibid., p. 528.

15 Ramón Menéndez Pidal, La Lengua de Cristóbal Colón. El estilo de Santa Teresa y otros estudios (Buenos Aires: Espasa, 1942), p. 150.

16 Bechmann, loc. cit., A, 8 c, p. 74.

17 Ibid., A, 33 k, p. 66.

18 Ibid., C, 12 a, p. 75.

19 Jean de Castel, loc. cit., p. 526.

20 Bechmann, loc. cit., C, 12 b-c, p. 75.

21 Gerson, The Ad Deum Vadit, ed. Carnaham, loc. cit., p. 67.

22 Gerson, ibid., p. 109.

23 Cf. Albert D. Menut, The Semantics of Doublets in Old and Middle French (New York, 1922), passim.

24 A. Hilka, loc. cit., text i, str. 8, v. 75, p. 129.

25 Bechmann, loc. cit., C, 1 d, p. 72.

26 Le Livre du Paumier, ed. Christ, loc. cit., pp. 57-58.

27 Bechmann, loc. cit., C, 10 k-m, p. 75.

28 St. Bernard, In Canticum Canticorum. Sermo LII, Migne, Patrologia Latina, vol. 184, col. 1444.

29 Sister Agnes Cecile Prendergast, The Latinity of De Vita Contemplativa of Julianus Pomerius, Diss., Washington, D. C., Cath. Univ. of America, 1938, p. 76.

30 Jean de Castel, loc. cit., p. 529.

31 Title of the last chapter of St. Bonaventure, Itinerarium mentis ad Deum in Opera omniaSancti Bonaventurae (Paris, 1868), vol. xii.

32 Ibid., Prologus, p. 1 a.

33 Sister M. Magdeleine Mueller, The Vocabulary of Pope St. Leo the Great, Diss., Washington, D. C., Cath. Univ. of America, 1943, p. 212.

34 St. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae, ii, 2, Qu. 182, i, 3.

35 Gerson, Montaigne de Contemplation, ed. Pinet, loc. cit., p. 18.

36 Evrart de Conty in Godefroy, Dictionnaire de l'ancienne langue française et de tous ses dialectes du XIe au Xve siècle (Paris, 1881-1902).

37 Monstrelet, Chron. in Godefroy, loc. cit.

38 Anticlaudianus in Godefroy, loc. cit.

39 Bechmann, loc. cit., C, 191, p. 78.

40 Ibid., C, 18 a, p. 77.

41 Gerson, The Ad Deum Vadit, ed. Carnaham, loc. cit., p. 129.

42 Arrigo Levasti, Mistici del Duecento e del Trecento (Milano-Roma: Rizzoli, 1935), 188.

43 Breviarium Romanum, Dominica Sanctissimi Nominis Jesu. In I Vesperis.

44 Antonie Olmes, Sprache und Stil der englischen Mystik des Mittelalters (Halle: Niemeyer, 1933), 44.

45 Ibid., 45.

46 Scala Divini Amoris, ed. Motte, loc. cit., p. 3.

47 Ibid., p. 5.

48 Ibid., p. 14.

49 Bechmann, loc. cit., B, 7 d-e, p. 69.

50 Ibid., B, 10 a-f, p. 70.

51 Ibid., C, 17 f, p. 77.

52 Ibid., A, 26 m, p. 64.

53 Ibid., A, 27 i, p. 64.

54 Ibid., B, 2 m, p. 68.

55 Ibid., C, 18 g-h, p. 77.

56 L'ornement des noces spirituelles de Ruysbroeck, traduit par Maurice Maeterlinck (Bruxelles: Lacombletz, 1891), p. 130.

57 Bechmann, loc. cit., A, 9 a-c, p. 59, and C, 1 f, p. 72.

58 Ibid., C, 17 d, p. 77.

59 In the poem: “Tras de un amoroso lance” in Obras de San Juan de la Cruz, ed. P. Bernardo y P. Silverio de Santa Teresa (Buenos Aires: Poblet, 1942), ii, 512.

60 The Art of Courtly Love by Andreas Capellanus, ed. John Jay Parry (New York: Columbia U. Press, 1941), p. 31, note 6.

61 Bechmann, loc. cit., B, 9 c, p. 69.

62 Ibid., Brussels Ms 3 d, p. 79.

63 Ed. Bartolomeo Sorio (Verona: Moroni, 1852).

64 S. Aurelii Augustini, Confessionum Libri tredecim, ed. Martinus Scutella (Lipsiae: Teubner, 1934), c. ix, 10, p. 20.

65 Bechmann, loc. cit., Brussels Ms 2, 1-m, p. 79.

66 Ibid., C, 10 h, p. 75.

67 Migne, Patrologia, tertia series, vol. 35, word list no. 172.

68 St. Bernard, In Canlicum Canticorum. Sermo XXXII, loc. cit., col. 1384.

69 Cf. Sister M. Bernard Schieman, The rare and late verbs in St. Augustine's De Civitate Dei, Diss., Washington, D. C., Cath. Univ. of America, 1938, p. 32.

70 Ibid., p. 25.

71 Gerson, Montaigne de Contemplacion, ed. Pinet, loc. cit., p. 32.

72 Scala Divini Amoris, ed. Motte, loc. cit., p. 5.

73 A. Hilka, loc. cit., Text i, str. 25, v. 396, p. 136.

74 Ibid., v. 459, p. 138.

75 Scala Divini Amoris, ed. Motte, loc. cit., 11.

76 Bechmann, loc. cit., B, 4 h-i, p. 68.

77 A. Hilka, loc. cit., Anhang, i, p. 157.

78 Bechmann, loc. cit., A, 26 h-i, p. 64.

79 Ibid., A, 17 g-h, p. 61.

80 Ibid., C, 21 a-d, p. 78.

81 Cf. Etienne Gilson, The Mystical Theology of St. Bernard (New York: Sheed and Ward, 1940), Appendix IV: St. Bernard and Courtly Love, p. 197, and Myrrha Lot-Borodine, Sur les origines et les fin du service d'amour, “Mélanges Jeanroy” (Paris, 1938), pp. 223-242. Reto R. Bezzola, “Guillaume IX et les origines de l'amour courtois,” Romania, 66 (1940), 145-237. J. Schwietering, Der Tristan Gottfrieds von Strassburg und die Bernhardin-ische Mystik, in “Abhandlungen der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften,” Berlin, 1943. Theophil Spoerri, “Wilhelm von Poitiers,” Trivium, 2 (1944), 255-277.

82 William of Waddington, Le Manuel des Peschiés, ed. Furnivall (London, 1862), v. 8330. Details in Brother Leo Charles Yedlicka, The Expressions of the Linguistic Area of Repentance and Remorse in Old French, Dissertation, Washington, D. C., Cath. Univ. of America, 1945, p. 197. It will appear an unnecessary detour to trace back Fin' Amors to Arabic sources, an attempt recently made by A. J. Denomy, “Fin' Amors: The pure love of the Troubadours, its amorality, and possible source,” Medieval Studies (Toronto), 7 (1945), 139-207. Things appear much simpler (secularisation of ecclesiastical concepts) in Pierre Rousselot, Pour l'histoire du problème de l'amour au moyen-âge, Münster, 1907, where there is stressed the amor oboedientialis, and in Hanns Naumann's chapter Der höfische Gott of “Ritterliche Standeskultur um 1200,” in Hanns Naumann und Günther Müller, Höfische Kultur, Halle, 1929, 1-78, where there is stressed the quasi divine will of the Lady as the supreme and unique law and canon of minne (fin' amors).

83 De modo dicendi et meditandi. Migne, Patrologia Latina, vol. 176, col. 879, quoted in R. P. Jean-Fr. Bonnefoy, Une Somme Bonaventurienne de théologie mystique: Le “De triplici via” (Paris: Librairie St. François, 1934), p. 49.

84 A. Hilka, loc. cit., p. 160.

85 St. Bernard, In canticum canticorum. Serm. XXXII, loc. cit., col. 1384.

86 Ibid., Serm. LXXIV, loc. cit., §7.

87 Angela di Foligno, Book of Divine Consolations (London: New Medieval Library, 1908), passim.

88 Levasti, loc. cit., p. 189.

89 Gerson, The Ad Deum Vadit, ed. Carnahan, loc. cit., p. 119.

90 Livre du paumier, ed. Christ, loc. cit., p. 75.

91 Beckmann, loc. cit., C, 9 d, p. 74.

92 Ibid., C, 8 e, p. 74.

93 Pierre Quercy, L'Hallucination (Paris, Alcan, 1930), pp. 204 ff.

94 Marcel Lenglart, La théorie de la contemplation mystique dans l'oeuvre de Richard de St. Victor (Paris: Alcan, 1935), p. 81.

95 T. W. Coleman, English Mystics of the Fourteenth Century (London: Barton, 1938), p. 124.

96 Levasti, loc. cit., pp. 295-305.

97 Miguel Asín Palacios, El Islam cristianizado (Madrid, 1931), 11, and Abenamarra y su escuela (Madrid, 1914), pp. 123-126; 155-164.

98 Jean Henri Probst, La Mystique de R. Lull et l'art de contempladó (Münster: Aschendorff, 1914), 17; Quote from sentence 300 of Amic e Amat.

99 Santa Caterina of Siena, Dialogues (London, 1896), ch. 78.

100 Bechmann, loc. cit., B, 1 a-b; 2 a-b, p. 67; 3 a, b, c, e, f, i, m; 4 b-f, p. 68.

101 Ibid., A, 33 c, p. 66.

102 Paul Claudel, Coronal (New York: Pantheon Books, 1943), p. 55.

103 Bechmann, loc. cit., C, 5 g-m, p. 73.

104 Ibid., A, 21 k-m, p. 63.

105 Internationale Monatsschrift, xiii (1918-19), col. 786.

106 Tobler-Lommatzsch, Altfranzösisches Wörterbuch (Berlin: Weidmann, 1925 ff.).

107 Summa Theol., Ia Iae, qu. 63, art. 2.

108 Ibid., IIa IIae, qu. 20, art. 4.

109 W. Meyer-Lübke, Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (Heidelberg: Winter, 1935), no. 8852.

110 Gerson, La mendicité spirituelle, ed. Pinet, loc. cit., ch. xxvii, 20.

111 Summa Theol., ia iiae, qu. 36, art. 2. In “un poème religieux à tendances mystiques” which was published by F. J. Tanquerey as “Exhortation à l'amour divin,” Ro, 66 (1940), 322-354, the idea involved is very clearly expressed:

Doux Jhesus, trop demores, trop tardes à venir, …
Trop est longue t'atente et grief a sostenir
Tars viens et tost me laisses, trop mez à revenir:
Languissant et morant, no set que devenir. (107-111)

112 Bechmann, loc. cit., B, 13 a, i-m, p. 71.

113 Ibid., C, 2 k-m, p. 72.

114 Bechmann, loc. cit., C, 10 a, p. 74.

115 Bechmann, loc. cit., C, 9 g-k, p. 74.

116 Libre du Paumier, ed. Christ, loc. cit., p. 75.

117 Ibid., 76.

118 Ibid., 76.

119 Bechmann, loc. cit., C, 10 b-c, p. 74.

120 Paul de Jaegher, Anthologie mystique (Paris: Desclée de Brouwer, 1933), p. 52.

121 Santa Teresa, Vida, c. 20 in Obras completas, ed. Luis Santullano (Madrid: Aguilar, 1940), p. 76 a.

122 Fr. Joannis Peckham, Canticum Pauperis (Biblioteca Franciscana Ascetica, iv) (Quaracchi, 1905), p. 169.

123 J. H. Probst, loc. cit., Vocabulary.

124 Ramon Lull, Poesies (in Els Nostres Classics) (Barcelona, 1925), 115.

125 Amic e Amat, loc. cit., sentence 28, p. 31.

126 Le Livre du Paumier, ed. Christ, loc. cit., 74; and REW, 2695.

127 Bechmann, loc. cit., A, 28 a-c, p. 64; k-1 and 29 b, p. 65.

128 Ibid., B, 12 g-h, p. 70; k-m, p. 71.

129 De anima by Tertullian, quoted in P. Pourrat, La Spiritualité Chrétienne (Paris: Lecoffre, 1921), i, 97.

130 St. Bernard, In Cant. Contic., Serm. lxxxv, loc. cit., col. 1566.

131 P. Quercy, loc. cit., 178-179.

132 P. Parente, loc.cit., passim.

133 A. J. Kinnirey, The Late Latin Vocabulary of the Dialogues of St. Gregory, Diss., Washington, D. C., Cath. Univ., 1935, p. 100.

134 St. Bonaventura, Itinerarium, loc. cit., ii, 4a.

135 De adhaerendo Deo, loc. cit., 536.

136 Summa Theol., iia iiae, qu. 142, art. 2.

137 Ibid., qu. 184, art. 7.

138 A. Olmes, loc. cit., p. 208.

139 Itinerarium, loc. cit., iv, 18 a.

140 Gerson, Montaigne de Contemplacion, ed. Pinet, loc. cit., ch. xxx, p. 96.

141 Ibid., 94.

142 Ibid., 90.

143 Bechmann, loc. cit., A, 8 k-l, p. 59.

144 Bechmann, loc. cit., B, 1 k-m, p. 67.

145 Ibid., A, 16 k, p. 61.

146 Ibid., C, 18 k-m, p. 77.

147 Ibid., A, 33 g-i, p. 66.

148 Ibid., C, 11 k-m, p. 75.

149 Gerson, Mendicité spirituelle, ed. Pinet, loc. cit., ch. xvii, p. 80.

150 Ruysbroeck l'Admirable, L'Ornement des Noces Spirituelles, trad. du flamand par Maurice Maeterlinck (Bruxelles, 1891), ch. ii, pp. 18-19.

151 R. J. Kinnavey, The Vocabulary of St. Hilary of Poitiers, Diss., Washington, D. C., Cath. Univ. of America, 1935, pp. 214-215.

152 De adhaerendo Deo, loc. cit., p. 524, col. 2.

153 Sister M. Inez Bogan, The Vocabulary of the Soliloquies and Dialogues of St. Augustine, Diss., Washington, D. C., Cath. Univ. of America, 1935, p. 67.

154 Emilia Fogelklou, Die heilige Brigitta von Schweden (München: Reinhardt, 1929), p. 192.

155 Berger, loc. cit., pp. 127-130.

156 Imitatio Christi, ed. F. Philips (Philadelphia, 1901), iii, ch. 5.

157 Brother Leo Charles Yedlicka, loc. cit., p. 206.

158 Bechmann, loc. cit., A, 6 l-m, p. 58.

159 A. Hilka, loc. cit., Anhang i, B 9, p. 157.

160 Livre du Paumier, ed. Christ, loc. cit., 71.

161 Bechmann, loc. cit., A, 30 h, p. 65.

162 Livre du Paumier, loc. cit., 76-77.

163 Bechmann, loc. cit., C, 17 b-c, p. 77.

164 Bechmann, loc. cit., A, 9 e, p. 59.

165 Ibid., C, 13 k, p. 76.

166 Gerson, Ad Deum Vadit, éd. Carnaham, loc. cit., p. 127.

167 Ibid., 127.

168 Ibid., 128.

169 Ibid., 129.

170 Quercy, loc. cit., 194.

171 A. Hilka, loc. cit., Text i, 547, p. 139.

172 Ibid., 474, p. 138.

173 Ibid., 323, p. 134.

174 Eximenes, Livre des Saints Anges, Ms. apud Godefroy, loc. cit.

175 Scala Divini Amoris, ed. Motte, loc. cit., p. 617.

176 Ibid., p. 15.

177 John of Peckham, Canticum pauperis, loc. cit., p. 194.

178 Godefroy, Example from Sermon Poitevin 86.

179 St. Bernard, In Cant. Cant., Serm. 87, loc. cit., col. 1827.

180 Ibid., 62, col. 1480.

181 St. Bernard, De Diligendo Deo, ch. x, Migne, PL, col. 595.

182 Adolphe Tanquerey, The Spiritual Life (Tournai: Desclée, 1930), p. 684.

183 A. Hilka, loc. cit., Text I, 638-639, p. 141.

184 Gerson, Montaigne de Contemplacion, ed. Pinet, loc. cit., ch. 35, p. 65.

185 Ibid., ch. 42, p. 97.

186 Job Paraphrase in Leroux de Lincy's edition, p. 487, apud Godefroy, loc. cit.

187 Juan de la Cruz, Canciones entre el alma y el Esposo, in Obras, ed. Padres Bernardo y Silyerio (Buenos Aires: Poblet, 1942), ii, str. 11. p. 29.

188 Ramon Lull, Amic et Amat, loc. cit., sentence 17, p. 29.

189 Berger, loc. cit., p. 95.

190 In Cant. Cantic, Serm. 74, loc. cit.

191 Bechmann, loc. cit., C, 18 b-f, p. 77.

192 Waddington, Manuel des pechiez, v. 12 000-02, quoted by Allen, loc. cit., 155.

193 Bechmann, loc. cit., A, 24 a-c; f-h, p. 63.

194 Livre du Paumier, ed. Christ, loc. cit., 77-78.

195 Bechmann, loc. cit., A, 10 k-l, p. 59.

196 Ibid., A, 13 l-m, p. 60; 15 e-f, p. 61.

197 Ibid., A, 14 a-f, p. 60.

198 Jean Chuzeville, Les Mystiques Allemands (Paris: Grasset, 1935), p. 209.

199 A. Olmes, loc. cit., p. 34.

200 Berger, loc. cit., p. 96.

201 A. Olmes, loc. cit., p. 33.

202 A. Hilka, loc. cit., Text i, 639-639, p. 141.

203 Sister A. J. Kinnirey, loc. cit., 98 and 70.

204 Ruysbroeck, Noces spirituelles, loc. cit., ii, 10.

205 Itinerarium, loc. cit., vi, p. 20a.

206 Chuzeville, loc. cit., 210-211.

207 H. D. Noble, O. P., L'Amitié avec Dieu. Essai sur la vie spirituelle d'après Saint Thomas d'Aquin (Paris: Desclée de Brouwer, 1932), p. 527.

208 De adhaerendo Deo, loc. cit., ch. xii, p. 535.

209 Summa Theologica, iia iiae, qu. 183, art. 2.

210 Ernesto Monaci, Crestomazia italiana dei primi secoli (Cittá di Castello, 1912), p. 190.

211 Giulio Bertoni, Il linguaggio mistico di Santa Caterina da Siena, in Lingua e Pensiero (Firenze, 1932), pp. 85-109.

212 Vittoria Colonna, Geistliche Sonette, ed. Arndts (Schaffhausen, 1858), p. 94.

213 Imitatio Christi, ed. F. Philips, loco. cit., Libr. i, ch. 25, §6, p. 79.

214 Bechmann, loc. cit., A, 14 d-g, p. 60.

215 Ibid., A, 31 k-l, p. 65.

216 Scala Divini Amoris, ed. Motte, loc. cit., p. 14.

217 Bienheureux Aelred de Rievaulx, Traité de l'Amitié spirituelle, traduit par Frans Ingham (Bruxelles: Cité Chrétienne, 1937). (The book was translated by Jean de Meung, author of the second part of the Roman de la Rose.)

218 Bechmann, loc. cit., C, 13 d-e, p. 76.

219 Ibid., C, 15 l-m, p. 76; 16 g-i, p. 77.

220 A. Hilka, loc. cit., Text i, 531-532, p. 139.

221 Bechmann, loc. cit., Brussels Ms, 1 a-b, p. 78.

222 A. Hilka, loc. cit., Text i, 559-60, p. 140.

223 Bechmann, loc. cit., A, 15 m, g, p. 61.

224 Ibid., C, 15 k, p. 76.

225 A. Olmes, loc. cit., p. 32.

226 A. Levasti, loc. cit., p. 261, quoted from La Vita della Salute.

227 Scala Divini Amoris, loc. cit., p. 9.

228 Bechmann, loc. cit., B, 15 a; e-f, p. 71.

229 W. Förster, “Altfranzösische Übersetzung der Predigten des Bernhard von Clairvaux” in Romanische Forschungen, ii (1886), p. 210.

230 Poetry from Ms Rawlinson 241,“ published by Paul Meyer in Romania xxix (1900), p. 9.

231 The Romanic Review, xxxv (1944), pp. 167-168.

232 Laude, ed. Ferri (Bari, 1913), no. lxxv.

233 Scala Divini Amoris, loc. cit., p. 9.

234 A. Olmes, loc. cit., p. 39.

235 Saint Caterine of Siena, Dialogues (London, 1896), ch. 27.

236 St. Gertrud, Opera (Solesmes, 1875), p. 656.

237 P. Quercy, loc. cit., p. 231.

238 Levasti, loc. cit., p. 305.

239 Grete Lüers, Die Sprache der deutschen Mystik des Mittelalters im Werke der Mechtild von Madgeburg (München, 1926), p. 178.

240 Cántico Espiritual, loc. cit., estr. 18, p. 505.

241 Bechmann, loc. cit., C, 16 a-c, p. 76.

242 Scala Divini Amoris, loc. cit., p. 9.

243 A. Hilka, loc. cit., Text i, str. 25, v. 214, p. 132.

244 Ibid., v. 307-308, p. 134.

245 Ibid., v. 253-254, and 259-260, p. 133.

246 Bechmann, loc. cit., A, 10, a-f, p. 59.

247 Bechmann, loc. cit., A, 18 k-m; 19 a-c, p. 62.

248 Ibid., B, 12 a-d, p. 70.

249 Cf. ibid., A, 15 K, p. 61.

250 Scala Divini Amoris, loc. cit., p. 15.

251 Bechmann, loc. cit., B, 91, p. 70.

252 Jan van Ruysbroeck, Werken, vol. i: Hel Rijke der Ghelieven, bewerkt door J. B. Poukens en L. Reypens (Mechelen: Het Kompas, 1932), 83.

253 Le Livre du Paumier, ed. Christ, loc. cit., p. 79.

254 Berger, loc. cit., p. 121.

255 De adhaerendo Deo, loc. cit., ch. xii, p. 535.

256 Jacobus Mediolanus, Stimulus Amoris, ch. 19, in Biblioteca Franciscana Ascetica, iv (Quaracchi, 1905), p. 116.

257 R. J. Kinnavey, loc. cit., p. 225.

258 Laudi, ed. Ferri, loc. cit., no. 90.

259 Prendergast, loc. cit., p. 98.

260 Summa Theol., ia iiae, qu. 108, art. 6.

261 Camino de perfección, ch. 38 in Obras completas, ed. Luis Santullano (Madrid, 1940), p. 289a.

262 H. A. Reinhold, The Soul Afire. Revelations of the Mystics (New York: Pantheon Books, 1944), p. 283.

263 A. Levasti, loc. cit., p. 992.

264 Bechmann, loc. cit., B, 14 g-i, p. 71.

265 Ibid., A 36 g-i, p. 67.

266 A. Hilka, loc. cit., Anhang i, no. 16, 17, 18, 28, pp. 157-158.

267 Karl Reuning, Joy and Freude, Diss., Swarthmore College, 1941, passim.

268 Bechmann, loc. cit., C, 14 b, c, k, p. 76.

269 Ibid., C, 12 l-m, p. 75.

270 Ibid., C, 11 a-b, p. 75.

271 Ibid., C, 15 l-m, p. 76.

272 A. Hilka, loc. cit., Text i, str. 25, v. 642-646, p. 141.