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The Prevalence of “-In” Jurisdiction
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 20 January 2017
Abstract
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- Type
- Domestic Treatment of Universal Jurisdiction
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © American Society of International Law 2014
References
1 Exec. Office of the President, PSD-10, Presidential Study Directive 10: Directive on Creation of an Interagency Atrocities Prevention Board and Corresponding Interagency Review (2011).
2 Press Release, U.S. Dep’t of Def., Obama Announces Strategy to Counter Atrocities (Apr. 23, 2012), http://www.defense.gov/News/NewsArticle.aspx?ID=116049.
3 Fact Sheet, Exec. Office of the President, A Comprehensive Strategy and New Tools to Prevent and Respond to Atrocities (Apr. 23, 2012), http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2012/04/23/fact-sheet-comprehensive-strategy-and-new-tools-prevent-and-respond-atro.
4 In this regard, codification alone is considered state practice (and an expression of opinio juris) given that enacting legislation often requires the concurrence of two branches of government.
5 Universal Jurisdiction, Track Impunity Always (Trial) (last modified Mar. 20, 2013), http://www.tnal-ch.org/en/resources/international-law/universal-jurisdiction.html.
6 Amnesty Int’l, Universal Jurisdiction: A Preliminary Survey of Legislation Around the World (2011), available at http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/assetflOR53/004/2011/en/d997366e-65bf-4d80-9022-fcb8fe284c9d/ior530042011en.pdf.
7 Redress & Int’l Fed’n of Human Rights, Extraterritorial Jurisdiction in the European Union: A Study of the Laws and Practice in the 27 Member States of the European Union (2010), available at http://www.fidh.org/IMG/pdf/Extraterritorial_Jurisdiction_In_the_27_Member_States_of_the_European_Union_FINAL.pdf.
8 Enacted Legislation, Coal., for the Int’l Criminal Court (last visited May 22,2013), http://www.iccnow.org/?mod=browserdoc&type=10.
9 AU-EU Technical Ad Hoc Expert Group on the Principle of Universal Jurisdiction (Apr. 15, 2009), available at http://ec.europa.eu/development/icenter/repository/troika_ua_ue_rapport_competence_universelle_EN.pdf.
10 National Implementing Law and Regulations on International Humanitarian Law, Int’l Comm. of the Red Cross (last visited May 22, 2013), http://www.icrc.org/ihl-nat.nsf/WebLAW!OpenView.
11 See Agenda Item 84—The Scope and Application of the Principle of Universal Jurisdiction, United Nations Sixth Comm. (last visited May 22, 2013), http://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/66/ScopeAppUniJuri.shtml.
12 Sean Murphy, Lecture Series: Crimes Against Humanity (forthcoming), available at http://untreaty.un.org/cod/avl/facuity/Murphy.html.
13 War Crimes Research Office, Universal Jurisdiction Project, Washington Coll. of Law (last visited May 22, 2013), http://www.wcl.american.edu/warcrimes/uj.cfm.
14 Langer, Máximo, The Diplomacy of Universal Jurisdiction: The Political Branches and the Transnational Prosecution of International Crimes, 105 AJIL 1 (2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15 Booth, Robert, UK Defends Decision to Prosecute Nepalese Colonel Accused of Torture, Guardian (Jan. 6, 2013)Google Scholar, http://www.guardian.co.uk/law/2013/jan/06/uk-defends-prosecute-nepalese-colonel.
16 Post-Election Violence Increases in Zimbabwe, Amnesty Int’l (Apr. 18, 2008), http://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/news/post-election-violence-increases-zimbabwe-20080418.
17 See Henao, Luis Andres, Argentine Judge Asks China Arrests over Falun Gong, Reuters (Dec. 22, 2009)Google Scholar, http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/12/23/us-argentina-china-falungong-idUSTRE5BM02B20091223.
18 Legislative History of the War Crimes Act of 1996, Dep’t of Justice (last visited May 22, 2013), http://www.justice.gov/jmd/ls/legislative_histories/pl104-192/pl104-192.html.
19 United States v. Belfast, 611 F.3d 783 (11th Cir. 2010).
20 United States v. Yunis, 924 F.2d 1086 (D.C. Cir. 1991).
21 See, e.g., U.S. v. Ahmed et al., 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 123182, at *4–5 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 21, 2011) (“Both the material support and the military-type training statutes explicitly grant extraterritorial jurisdiction, as follows: extraterritorial jurisdiction may be exercised when the Offender is brought into … the United States ….’”).
22 Romano involves mostly CIA but one Air Force personnel member being prosecuted in connection with a rendition to torture pursuant to territorial jurisdiction in violation of the operative SOFA. See Jenks, Chris & Jensen, Eric T., All Human Rights Are Equal, But Some Are More Equal than Others: The Extraordinary Rendition of a Terror Suspect in Italy, the NATO SOFA, and Human Rights, 1 Harv. Nat’l Sec. J. 171 (2010).Google Scholar
23 The Couso case in Spain involves five members of the U.S. military accused by a Spanish court of killing a Spanish national in Iraq—an example of passive personality jurisdiction. Goodman, Al, 3 U.S. Soldiers Indicted in Death of Spanish Journalist, CNN (Oct. 5, 2011)Google Scholar, http://www.cnn.com/2011/10/05/world/europe/spain-us-troops.
24 Whitman, Elizabeth, Canada Blocks Torture Case Against Bush, Truth-out (Oct. 26, 2011)Google Scholar, http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/4292:canada-blocks-torture-case-against-bush.