Vertebraria is one of the commonest and most characteristic fossils in those Upper Carboniferous and Permian strata in which Glossopteris is the dominant fossil plant. It has been found in the form of coaly incrustations, impressions, and casts, and accounts of these various forms have been given by Arber and Seward. In view of our very inadequate knowledge of Vertebraria and Glossopteris any information about them is of importance. The genus Vertebraria Royle was founded on impressions of plant axes, some of which, from the evidence of the attachment of roots, must be judged to be roots or rhizomes. Vertebraria axes are usually found lying in the plane of the bedding of the matrix (Pl. I, fig. 2) and less frequently at right angles to the plane of bedding (PL I, fig. 3).