Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-2pzkn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-12T09:04:22.772Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Changelings in Studs Lonigan and One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 July 2009

Get access

Extract

As the media report instances of vanished or violated selves — of bodies that disappear and identities that are stolen; of sex changes and sexually ambiguous bodies (the adulated bodies of rock stars); raped bodies and the promise or threat of replicated bodies — the happy endings of fairy tales, and the tales themselves, seem fanciful and remote, irrelevant to our times. They may enthrall a child who is not yet playing video games, but what attraction, if any, can they have for adults coping with the complexities of a technological world in which identity is linked to an unsecured alterable body? I raise the question not to argue its irrelevance (surely a pointless undertaking), but to evoke the heuristic values attributed generally to fairy tales by folklorists and cultural critics throughout the Western world. I wish to make a specific claim: fairy tales — in particular, the changeling tale — provide unexpected and timely insights into a self increasingly vulnerable to tampering, violation, and theft. These various forms of violence are subsumable under rape in its root meaning: forcible seizure. As an assault upon women, rape raises particular issues about the body and sex, sexual difference, and power. The very meanings of these terms — how they are constituted and denned — have become a matter of contention to contemporary feminists and cultural, literary, and juridical critics. Though this essay does not engage directly in their disputes, it too finds the body, sex, and power contentious terms as they figure in a forcible exchange of identities that fairy tales represent as actual and modern fiction adumbrates as rape.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2005

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Works Cited

Baum, L. Frank. The Marvelous Land of Oz … A Sequel to The Wizard of Oz. 1904; rept. New York: Books of Wonder, 1958.Google Scholar
Baurecht, William C.Separation, Initiation, and Return: Schizophrenic Episode in One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest.” Midwest Quarterly: Journal of Contemporary Thought 23, no. 3 (Spring 1982): 278–93.Google Scholar
Beidler, Peter G.Ken Kesey's Indian Narrator: A Sweeping Stereotype?Lex et Scientia: International Journal of Law and Science 13 (1977): 1821.Google Scholar
Belenky, Mary Field, McVicker Clinchy, Blythe, Goldberger, Nancy Rule, and Tarule, Jill Mattuck. Women's Ways of Knowing: The Development of Self, Voice, and Mind. New York: Basic, 1986.Google Scholar
Benjamin, Walter. Illuminations: Essays and Reflections. Trans. Harry Zohn. Ed. and Intro. Arendt, Hanna. 1955; rept. New York: Schocken, 1969.Google Scholar
Bettelheim, Bruno. The Empty Fortress: Infantile Autism and the Birth of the Self. New York: Free Press, 1967.Google Scholar
Bettelheim, Bruno. Letters to James T. Farrell. Farrell Archives. Annenberg Rare Book and Manuscript Library. Van Pelt-Dietrich Library Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Bettelheim, Bruno. The Uses of Enchantment: The Meaning and Importance of Fairy Tales. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1976.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blessing, Richard. “The Moving Target: Ken Kesey's Evolving Hero.” Journal of Popular Culture 4 (1971): 615–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bottigheimer, Ruth B., ed. Fairy Tales and Society: Illusion, Allusion, and Paradigm. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1986.Google Scholar
Bottigheimer, Ruth B., ed. “Silenced Women in the Grimms' Tales: The ‘Fit’ Between Fairy Tales and Society in Their Historical Context.” Fairy Tales and Society: Illusion, Allusion, and Paradigm. Ed. Ruth B. Bottigheimer. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1986: 115–31.Google Scholar
Brady, Ruth H.Kesey's One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest.” Explicator 31 (1973): 4142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Branch, Edgar M.James T. Farrell. New York: Twayne, 1971.Google Scholar
Branch, Edgar M.Studs Lonigan's Neighborhood and the Making of James T. Farrell. Newton, Mass.: Arts End, 1996.Google Scholar
Brantley, Ben. “Attack of the Killer Moms.” New York Times, 06 1, 2003, sec. 2, pp. 1, 14.Google Scholar
Breggin, Peter Roger. Electroshock: Its Brain-disabling Effects. New York: Springer, 1979.Google Scholar
Briggs, , Katharine, M.A Dictionary of British Folk-tales in the English Language. Vol. 1, Part B: Folk Legends, 1970; rept. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1971.Google Scholar
Briggs, , Katharine, M.The Fairies in Tradition and Literature. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1967.Google Scholar
Briggs, , Katharine, M.The Vanishing People: Fairy Lore and Legends. New York: Pantheon, 1978.Google Scholar
Brownmiller, Susan. Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1975.Google Scholar
Broyles, William Jr, Brothers in Arms: A Journey from War to Peace. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1986.Google Scholar
Burdekin, Katharine [Murray Constantine]. Swastika Night. 1937; rept. New York: Feminist, 1985.Google Scholar
Bush, George W.Remarks Following Discussions with President Jacques Chirac of France and an Exchange with Reporters.” Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents 37, no. 45 (11 12, 2001): 1605–7.Google Scholar
Butler, Judith. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York: Routledge, 1990.Google Scholar
Calhoun, Craig. Critical Social Theory: Culture, History, and the Challenge of Difference. Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1995.Google Scholar
Chase, Richard. “The Brontës, or, Myth Domesticated.” Forms of Modern Fiction: Essays Collected in Honor of Joseph Warren Beach. Ed. Van O'Connor, William. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1948: 102–19.Google Scholar
The Complete Fairy Tales of the Brothers Grimm. 1987; rept. trans, and intro. Zipes, Jack. New York: Bantam, 1992.Google Scholar
Condon, Richard. The Manchurian Candidate. Intro. Richard Condon. 1959; rept. New York: Armchair Detective Library, 1991.Google Scholar
Connerton, Paul. How Societies Remember. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Douglas, Mary. Risk and Blame: Essays in cultural theory. London: Routledge, 1992.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dundes, Alan. “Bruno Bettelheim's Uses of Enchantment and Abuses of Scholarship.” Journal of the American Folklore Society 104 (1991): 7483.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dworkin, Andrea. Woman Hating. New York: Dutton, 1974.Google Scholar
Eberly, Susan Schoon. “Fairies and the Folklore of Disability: Changelings, Hybrids, and the Solitary Fairy.” The Good People: New Fairylore Essays. Ed. Narváez, Peter. New York: Garland, 1991: 227–50.Google Scholar
Ehrenreich, Barbara. Blood Rites: Origins and History of the Passions of War. New York: Henry Holt, 1997.Google Scholar
Faggen, Robert. Introduction to One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest: 40th Anniversary Edition. Sketches by Ken Kesey. New York: Viking, 2002: xixxiv.Google Scholar
Falk, Marcia L. “Letter to the Editor of The New York Times” (1971). Reprinted in Ken Kesey: One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest: Text and Criticism. Ed. Pratt, John C.. New York: Viking, 1973: 451–53.Google Scholar
Fanning, Charles. The Irish Voice in America: Irish-American Fiction from the 1760s to the 1980s. Kentucky: University of Kentucky Press, 1990.Google Scholar
Farrell, James T.A World I Never Made: A Novel. Intro. James T. Farrell. New York: World, 1947.Google Scholar
Farrell, James T.My Days of Anger: A Novel. Intro. James T. Farrell. New York: World, 1947.Google Scholar
Farrell, James T.New Year's Eve / 1929. New York: Smith, with Horizon Press, 1967.Google Scholar
Farrell, James T.No Star Is Lost: A Novel. Intro. James T. Farrell. New York: World, 1947.Google Scholar
Farrell, James T.Reflections at Fifty. New York: Vanguard, 1954.Google Scholar
Farrell, James T. “Robot Minds or Free Minds?” Unpublished manuscript. Farrell Archives, box 563, Special Collections, Van Pelt Library, University of Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
Farrell, James T. “The Story of Stude [sic] Lonigan.” unpublished manuscript. Farrell Archives, Special Collections, Van Pelt Library, University of Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
Farrell, James T.Studs Lonigan: A Trilogy. 1932, 1934, 1935. Intro. James T. Farrell. New York: Modern Library, 1938.Google Scholar
Farrell, James T. “What is a Good Novel?” (1950). Hearing Out James J. Farrell: Selected Lectures. Ed. Phelps, Donald. New York: Smith, 1985: 8894.Google Scholar
Ferrell, William K. “A Search for Laughter: One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest by Ken Kesey.” Literature and Film as Modern Mythology. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2000: 7584.Google Scholar
Fiedler, Leslie A.The Return of the Vanishing American. New York: Stein and Day, 1968.Google Scholar
Forrey, Robert. “Ken Kesey's Psychopathic Savior: A Rejoinder.” Modern Fiction Studies 21 (1972): 222–30.Google Scholar
Foster, Thomas. “Meat Puppets or Robopaths? Cyberpunk and the Question of Embodiment.” Cybersexualities: A Reader on Feminist Theory, Cyborgs and Cyberspace. Ed. and Intro. Wolmark, Jenny. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1999: 208–29.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel. Discipline and Punish. Trans. Sheridan, Alan. 1975; rept. New York: Random House, Vintage Books, 1991.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel. “The History of Sexuality.” Interview with Lucette Finas. Power / Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972–1977. Ed. Gordon, Colin. Trans. Colin Gordon, Leo Marshall, John Mepham, and Kate Soper. 1977; rept. New York: Pantheon, 1980: 183–93.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel. The History of Sexuality: Vol. 1: An Introduction. Trans. Hurley, Robert. 1976; rept. New York: Random House, Vintage, 1980.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel. Madness & Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason. Trans. Howard, Richard. 1961; rept. New York: Random House, Vintage, 1973.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foucault, Michel. “Truth and Power.” Interview with Alessandro Fontana and Pasquale Pasquino. Power / Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972–1977. Ed. Gordon, Colin. Trans. Colin Gordon, Leo Marshall, John Mepham, and Kate Soper. 1977; rept. New York: Pantheon, 1980: 109–33.Google Scholar
Francis, William A.Of Madness and Machines: Names in Ken Kesey's One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest.” Literary Onomastics Studies 16 (1989): 5558.Google Scholar
Freud, Sigmund. “Humour” (1927). The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud: The Future of an Illusion, Civilization and its Discontents and Other Works. Vol. 21 (19271931). Ed. Strachey, James. 1961; rept. London: Hogarth, and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1973.Google Scholar
Freud, Sigmund. Jokes and their Relation to the Unconscious: The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. Ed. Strachey, James. Vol. 8. 1960; rept. London: Hogarth, and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1973.Google Scholar
Freud, Sigmund. “Leonardo da Vinci and a Memory of His Childhood.” The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. Ed. Strachey, James. Vol. 11 (1910). London: Hogarth, and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1973: 63137.Google Scholar
Gelfant, Blanche H.The American City Novel. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1954: 175227.Google Scholar
Gelfant, Blanche H.Studs Lonigan and Pop Art.” Raritan 7 (1989): 111–20.Google Scholar
Gibson, William. Neuromancer. New York: Ace, 1984.Google Scholar
Gilbert, Sandra M., and Gubar, Susan. The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979.Google Scholar
Gilmore, David D.Misogyny: The Male Malady. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goffman, Erving. Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates. New York: Doubleday Anchor, 1961.Google Scholar
Goffman, Erving. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. New York: Doubleday Anchor, 1959.Google Scholar
Goldman, Robert Alan. Enemies Within: The Culture of Conspiracy in Modern America. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001.Google Scholar
Gordon, Lyndall. Charlotte Brontë: A Passionate Life. New York: Norton, 1994.Google Scholar
Grolnick, Simon A. “Fairy Tales and Psychotherapy.” Fairy Tales and Society: Illusion, Allusion, and Paradigm. Ed. Bottigheimer, Ruth B.. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1986: 203–15.Google Scholar
Haraway, Donna J.Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature. New York: Routledge, 1991.Google Scholar
Hardwick, Elizabeth. Sleepless Nights. New York: Random House, 1979.Google Scholar
Hayles, Katherine N.How We Became Posthuman: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature, and Informatics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heard, Gerald. “Science Fiction, Morals, and Religion.” Science Fiction: The Future. Ed. Allen, Dick. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1971: 291305.Google Scholar
Hersh, Seymour M. “Missed Messages.” New Yorker, 06 3, 2002, 4048.Google Scholar
Hunt, John W.Flying the Cuckoo's Nest: Kesey's Narrator as Norm.” Lex et Scientia: International Journal of Law and Science 13 (1977): 2732.Google Scholar
Huxley, Aldous. Brave New World. 1932. Reprint, New York: HarperCollins, Perennial Library, 1989.Google Scholar
Johnstone, Barbara. The Linguistic Individual: Self-expression in Language and Linguistics. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kesey, Ken. “Letter to Ken Babbs [People on the Ward].” Ken Kesey: One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, Text and Criticism. Ed. Pratt, John C.. New York: Viking, 1973: 340–45.Google Scholar
Kesey, Ken. One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest. 1962; rept. New York: Penguin, 1980.Google Scholar
Klemperer, Victor. The Language of the Third Reich, LTI — Linguag Tertii Imperii: A Philologist's Notebook. Trans. Brady, Martin. 1957; rept. New Brunswick, N.J.: Althone, 2000.Google Scholar
Klinkowitz, Jerome. “McMurphy and Yossarian as Politicians.” A Casebook on Ken Kesey's One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest. Ed. Searles, George J.. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1992: 111–25.Google Scholar
Kunz, Don. “Mechanistic and Totemistic Symbolization in Kesey's One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest.” A Casebook on Ken Kesey's One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest Ed. Searles, George J.. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1992: 81101.Google Scholar
Laing, R. D.The Divided Self: An Existential Study in Sanity and Madness. 1960; rept. New York: Penguin, 1990.Google Scholar
Laing, R. D.The Politics of Experience and The Bird of Paradise. New York: Penguin, 1967.Google Scholar
Lerner, Gerda. The Creation of Patriarchy. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.Google Scholar
Lieberman, Marcia I. “‘Some Day My Prince Will Come’: Female Acculturation through the Fairy Tale.” Don't Bet on the Prince: Contemporary Feminist Fairy Tales in North America and England. Ed. Zipes, Jack. New York: Methuen, 1986: 185200.Google Scholar
Lurie, Alison. Introduction to The Oxford Book of Modern Fairy Tales. Ed. Lurie, Alison. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993: xixiii.Google Scholar
Lüthi, Max. Once Upon a Time: On the Nature of Fairy Tales. Trans. Chadeayne, Lee and Gottwald, Paul. Intro. Francis Lee Utley. 1962; rept. New York: Frederick Ungar, 1970.Google Scholar
Madden, Deanna. “Women in Dystopia: Misogyny in Brave New World, 1984, and A Clockwork Orange.” Misogyny in Literature: An Essay Collection. Ed. Ackley, Katherine Anne. New York: Garland, 1992: 289311.Google Scholar
McCaffery, Larry, and McMenamin, Jim. “An Interview with William S. Burroughs” (1987). Across the Wounded Galaxies: Interviews with Contemporary American Science Fiction Writers. Ed. McCaffery, Larry. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990: 3153.Google Scholar
McMahan, Elizabeth. “The Big Nurse as Ratched: Sexism in Kesey's Cuckoo's Nest.” College English Association (CEA) Critic 37 (1975): 2527.Google Scholar
Middleton, Thomas, and Rowley, William. 1622. The Changeling. Ed. Williams, George Walton. Reprint, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1966.Google Scholar
Miller, Mark Crispin. “Deride and Conquer.” Watching Television. Ed. Gitlin, Todd. New York: Pantheon, 1987: 183228.Google Scholar
Mills, Nicholaus. “Ken Kesey and the Politics of Laughter.” Centennial Review 16 (1972): 8290.Google Scholar
Munro, Joyce Underwood. “The Invisible Made Visible: The Fairy Changeling as a Folk Articulation of Failure to Thrive in Infants and Children.” The Good People: New Fairylore Essays. Ed. Narváez, Peter. New York: Garland, 1991: 251–83.Google Scholar
Narváez, Peter, ed. The Good People: New Fairylore Essays. New York: Garland, 1991.Google Scholar
O'Connell, Barry. “The Lost World of James T. Farrell's Stories.” Irish-American Fiction: Essays in Criticism. Ed. Casey, Daniel J. and Rhodes, Robert E.. New York: AMS, 1979: 5371.Google Scholar
Orwell, George. 1984: A Novel. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1949.Google Scholar
Pollak, Richard. The Creation of Dr. B: A Biography of Bruno Bettelheim. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997.Google Scholar
Porter, Roy. A Social History of Madness: The World Through the Eyes of the Insane. New York: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1987.Google Scholar
Pratt, John, ed. Ken Kesey: One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest: Text and Criticism. New York: Viking, 1973.Google Scholar
Purkiss, Diane. At the Bottom of the Garden: A Dark History of Fairies, Hobgoblins, and Other Troublesome Things. New York: New York University Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Rhode, Deborah L.Speaking of Sex: The Denial of Gender Inequality. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Rich, Adrienne. On Lies, Secrets and Silence: Selected Prose 1966–1978. New York: Norton, 1979.Google Scholar
Röhrich, Lutz. Introduction to Fairy Tales and Society: Illusion, Allusion, and Paradigm. Ed. Bottigheimer, Ruth B.. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1986: 19.Google Scholar
Ronson, Jon. Them: Adventures with Extremists. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2002.Google Scholar
Russell, Bertrand. Power: A New Social Analysis. 1938; rept. London: Unwin, 1967.Google Scholar
Sattel, Jack W. “Men, Inexpressiveness, and Power.” Language, Gender and Society. Ed. Thome, Barrie, Kramarae, Cheris, and Henley, Nancy. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House, 1983: 118–24.Google Scholar
Scally, Thomas. “Origin and Authority: An Analysis of the Relation Between Anonymity and Authorship in Ken Kesey's One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest.” Dalhousie Review 63, no. 3 (Autumn 1982): 355–73.Google Scholar
Scheibe, Karl E.Self-studies: The Psychology of Self and Identity. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1995.Google Scholar
Searles, George J.A Casebook on Ken Kesey's One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1992.Google Scholar
Seltzer, Mark. Bodies and Machines. New York: Routledge, 1992.Google Scholar
Sexton, Anne. Transformations. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1971.Google Scholar
Sinclair, Jo. The Changelings. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1955.Google Scholar
Stanko, Elizabeth A.Intimate Intrusions: Women's Experience of Male Violence. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1985.Google Scholar
Stanzel, Franz. Narrative Situations in the Novel: Tom Jones, Moby-Dick, The Ambassadors, Ulysses. Trans. Pusack, James P.. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1971.Google Scholar
Sullivan, Ruth. “Big Mama, Big Papa, and Little Sons in Ken Kesey's One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest.” Literature and Psychology 25 (1975): 3444.Google Scholar
Swing, Raymond. Forerunners of American Fascism. New York: Julien Messner, 1935.Google Scholar
Szasz, Thomas S.Ideology and Insanity: Essays on the Psychiatric Dehumanization of Man. New York: Doubleday, Anchor, 1970.Google Scholar
Szasz, Thomas S.The Myth of Mental Illness: Foundations of a Theory of Personal Conduct. 1961; rept. New York: Harper and Row, 1964.Google Scholar
Tatar, Maria. The Hard Facts of the Grimms' Fairy Tales. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987.Google Scholar
Tatar, Maria. “Telling Differences Parents vs. Children in ‘The Juniper Tree.’” Neverending Stories: Toward a Critical Narratology. Ed. Fehn, Ann, Hoesterey, Ingeborg, and Tatar, Maria. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992: 199215.Google Scholar
Tolkien, J. R. R.Tree and Leaf. London: Unwin, 1964.Google Scholar
Valenstein, Elliot S.Great and Desperate Cures: The Rise and Decline of Psychosurgery and Other Radical Treatments of Mental Illness. New York: Basic, 1986.Google Scholar
Valentine, Virginia. “Kesey's One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest.” Explicator 41 (1982): 5859.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Varley, John. “Press Enter.” Blue Champagne. Niles, Ill.: Dark Harvest, 1986: 319400.Google Scholar
Wallis, Bruce E.Christ in the Cuckoo's Nest: or, the Gospel According to Ken Kesey.” Cithara 12 (1972): 5258.Google Scholar
Waxler, Robert. “The Trap of Chief Bromden's Truth in Kesey's One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest.” NAML, Notes on Modern American Literature 4 (1980): item 20.Google Scholar
Who's Who of Nobel Prize Winners 1901–1955. Ed. Schlessinger, Bernard and Schlessinger, June. Phoenix, Ariz.: Oryg, 1996.Google Scholar
Widmer, Kingsley. “The Perplexities of Protest: Mailer, Kesey and the American Sixties.” The Sphinx: Magazine of Literature and Society 3 (1981): 2838.Google Scholar
Widmer, Kingsley. “The Post-Modernist Art of Protest: Kesey and Mailer as American Expressions of Rebellion.” Centennial Review 19, no. 3 (Summer 1975): 121–35.Google Scholar
Winchester, Simon. The Professor and the Madman: A Tale of Murder, Insanity, and the Making of the Oxford English Dictionary. New York: HarperCollins, 1998.Google Scholar
Wolfe, Bernard. Limbo. New York: Random House, 1952.Google Scholar
Wolfe, Tom. The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test. 1968. New York: Bantam, 1969.Google Scholar
Wood, Gaby. Edison's Eve: A Magical History of the Quest for Mechanical Life. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2002.Google Scholar
Yeats, W. B., ed. Fairy and Folk Tales of Ireland. Foreword by Benedict Kiely. New York: Macmillan, 1973.Google Scholar
Zamyatin, Yevgeny. We. 1952. Trans. Ginsburg, Mirra. New York: Avon, 1987.Google Scholar
Zipes, Jack. Breaking the Magic Spell: Radical Theories of Folk and Fairy Tales, 1979; rept. rev. ed. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2002.Google Scholar
Zipes, Jack. The Brothers Grimm: From Enchanted Forests to the Modern World. New York: Routledge, 1988.Google Scholar
Zipes, Jack. “A Second Gaze at Little Red Riding Hood's Trials and Tribulations” (1984). Don't Bet on the Prince: Contemporary Feminist Fairy Tales in North America and England. Ed. Zipes, Jack. New York: Methuen, 1986. 227–60.Google Scholar
Zipes, Jack. The Trials and Tribulations of Little Red Riding Hood: Versions of the Tale in Sociocultural Context. South Hadley, Mass.: Bergin and Garvey, 1983.Google Scholar