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Sex differences in the association between maternal depression and child and adolescent cognitive development: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 May 2021

Marilyn N. Ahun Open the ORCID record for Marilyn N. Ahun [Opens in a new window] ,
Claire Gapare ,
Geneviève Gariépy  and
Sylvana M. Côté
Marilyn N. Ahun*
Affiliation:
Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Université de Montréal, 7101 Avenue Parc, Montréal, Canada Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, 3175 chemin de la Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, Canada
Claire Gapare
Affiliation:
Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, 1020 Pine Avenue West, Montréal, Canada
Geneviève Gariépy
Affiliation:
Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Université de Montréal, 7101 Avenue Parc, Montréal, Canada Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, 7401 Hochelaga, Montréal, Canada
Sylvana M. Côté
Affiliation:
Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Université de Montréal, 7101 Avenue Parc, Montréal, Canada Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, 3175 chemin de la Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, Canada INSERM U1219, Université de Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, France
*
Author for correspondence: Marilyn N. Ahun, E-mail: marilyn.ahun@hotmail.com
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Abstract

Background

Maternal depression is negatively associated with cognitive development across childhood and adolescence, with mixed evidence on whether this association differs in boys and girls. Herein, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of sex-specific estimates of the association between maternal depression and offspring cognitive outcomes.

Method

Seven databases (PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO, ERIC, CINAHL, Scopus, ProQuest) were searched for studies examining the longitudinal association between maternal depression and offspring (up to 18 years) cognitive outcomes. Studies were screened and included based on predetermined criteria by two independent reviewers (Cohen's κ = 0.76). We used random-effects models to conduct a meta-analysis and used meta-regression for subgroup analyses. The PROSPERO record for the study is CRD42020161001.

Results

Twelve studies met inclusion criteria. Maternal depression was associated with poorer cognitive outcomes in boys [Hedges’ g = –0.36 (95% CI −0.60 to −0.11)], but not in girls [−0.17 (–0.41 to 0.07)]. The association in boys varied as a function of the measure of depression used (b = –0.70, p = 0.005): when maternal depression was assessed via a diagnostic interview, boys [−0.84 (–1.23 to −0.44)] had poorer cognitive outcomes than when a rating scale was used [−0.16 (–0.36 to 0.04)].

Conclusions

This review and meta-analysis indicates that maternal depression is only significantly associated with cognitive outcomes in boys. Understanding the role of sex differences in the underlying mechanisms of this association can inform the development of targeted interventions to mitigate the negative effects of maternal depression on offspring cognitive outcomes.

Keywords

Cognitive developmentmaternal depressionmeta-analysissex differences
Type
Review Article
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 51 , Issue 9 , July 2021 , pp. 1431 - 1440
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Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

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