Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-ndmmz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-17T15:47:37.466Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Jokes of Nature and Jokes of Knowledge: The Playfulness of Scientific Discourse in Early Modern Europe*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 November 2018

Paula Findlen*
Affiliation:
University of California, Davis

Extract

During The Sixteenth And Seventeenth centuries natural history, and to a certain extent science in general, rediscovered its capacity for playfulness in the form of the scientific joke. By scientific joke, I mean the lusus naturae, or joke of nature, and the lusus scientiae, or joke of knowledge, that populated the museums and scientific texts of the period. The relation between the natural paradox of lusus and the scientific demonstrations and experiments that were also lusus points to the way in which the dynamic between art and nature and between collector and audience unfolded in the spectacle of science.

Type
Studies
Copyright
Copyright © Renaissance Society of America 1990

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

Aspects of this paper were presented at the Northern Californian Renaissance Conference, San Francisco State, 1987, and at the History of Science Society and British Society for the History of Science Anglo-American Conference, Manchester, England, 1988.1 would like to thank Cristelle Baskins, Lorraine Daston, William Eamon, Giuseppe Olmi, Katharine Park, and Randolph Starn for their comments and suggestions, and Anthony Grafton for his careful reading of the initial manuscript I submitted. Unless otherwise noted, all translations are my own.

References

Aimi, Antonio, Vincenro de Michele, and Alessandro Morandotti. Musaeum Sep- talianum. Una collezione scientifica nella Milanodel Seicento. Florence, 1984.Google Scholar
Aldrovandi, Ulisse. Musaeum Metallicum. Bologna, 1648.Google Scholar
Baltrusaitis, Jurgis. Anamorphic Art. Translatedby Strachen, W.J.. Cambridge,Eng., 1976.Google Scholar
Barkin, Leonard. The Gods Made Flesh: Metamorphosisand the Pursuit of Paganism. New Haven, 1986.Google Scholar
Barsanti, Giulio. “Le immagini della natura:Scala, mappe, alberi 1700-1800.“Nuncius 3 (1988): 55-125.Google Scholar
Bartholin, Caspar. Opuscula quatuor singularia. Hafniae, 1628.Google Scholar
Bartholin, Thomas, the Younger. De unicornuobservations novae. Padua, 1645.Google Scholar
Bartoli, Danielle La ricreatione del savio. Rome, 1659.Google Scholar
Bianchi, Massimo Luigi. Signatura rerum.Segni, magia e conoscenza da Paracelso a Leibniz. Rome, 1987.Google Scholar
Bianchi, Massimo Luigi. Ricreatione dell'occhio e delta mentenell'osservatione delle chiocciole. Rome, 1681.Google Scholar
Boyle, Robert. A Free Inquiry into the Vulgarly Receiv'd Notion of Nature. London, 1685-86.Google Scholar
Cardano, Girolamo. De rerum varietate. Paris, 1557.Google Scholar
Cardano, Girolamo. Opera Omnia. Lyon, 1663.Google Scholar
Cdard, Jean, et al. La curiosité à la Renaissance. Paris, 1986.Google Scholar
Cdard, Jean. La nature et les prodiges: L'insolite auseiziime siècle. Geneva, 1977.Google Scholar
Cdard, Jean. “La querelle des géants et la jeunessedu monde. “Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies 6 (1978), 3776.Google Scholar
Cesalpino, Andrea. Deplantis libri XVI. Florence, 1583.Google Scholar
Ceruti, Benedetto, and Andrea Chiocco. Musaeum Francisci Calceolarii. Verona, 1622.Google Scholar
Colie, Rosalie. Paradoxia Epidemica: The Renaissance Traditions of Paradox. Princeton, 1966.Google Scholar
Comanini, Gregorio. Il Figino overo dellafmedelta pittura. In Trattati dell'arte del Cinquecento , ed. Barocchi, Paola. Vol. 3,239-379.Ban, 1962.Google Scholar
Costa, Filippo. Discorsi di M. Filippo Costa. Mantua, 1586.Google Scholar
Debus, Allen. The English Paracelsians. New York, 1965.Google Scholar
Debus, Allen. The Chemical Philosophy. 2 vols.New York, 1977.Google Scholar
Diderot, Denis. “Jeu.” In Encyclopedic ou dietionnaireraisonni des sciences, des artes et desmetiers , ed. Denis Diderot and Jean d'Alembert. Paris, 1765. Vol. 8, 532.Google Scholar
Duret, Claude. Histoire admirable desplantes etherbes. Paris, 1605.Google Scholar
Eamon, William. “Science and Popular Culturein Sixteenth-Century Italy.” Sixteenth Century Journal 16 (1985): 471-85.Google Scholar
Eamon, William. Effetto arcimboldo. Milan, 1987.Google Scholar
Evans, R. J. W. The Making of the Habsburg Monarchy: An Interpretation. Oxford, Eng., 1979.Google Scholar
Feyerabend, Paul. Against Method. London, 1978.Google Scholar
Findlen, Paula. “The Museum: Its Classical Etymology and Renaissance Genealogy.“ Journal of the History of Collections I (1989): 5978.Google Scholar
Feyerabend, Paul. “Museums, Collecting and Scientific Culture in Early Modern Italy.” Ph.D.diss. University of California, Berkeley,1989.Franco, Michael Piccanto. “Oratio de lusibusmagnae rerum parentis naturae.“In Caspar Dornavius, Amphitheatrumsapientiae socraticae joco-seriae. Hannover, 1619.Google Scholar
Garzoni, Tommaso. Piazza universale. Venice,1651.Google Scholar
Gesner, Conrad. Historiae Animalium. 2ded.4 vols. Frankfort, 1602-04.Google Scholar
Gimma, Giacinto. Dissertationem academicum. 2 vols. Naples, 1714-32.Google Scholar
Gimma, Giacinto. Delia storia naturale delle gemme, dellepietre e tutti i minerali over delta fisica sotteranea. Naples, 1730.Google Scholar
Ginanni, Francesco. Produzioni natural! che seritrovano net Museo Ginanni in Ravenna. Lucca, 1762.Google Scholar
Goldsmid, Edmund, ed. Un-Natural History,or Myths of Ancient Science. 4 vols. Edinburgh, 1886.Google Scholar
Heilbron, John L. Elements of Early Modern Physics. Berkeley, 1982.Google Scholar
Heninger, S. K., Jr. Touches of Sweet Harmony:Pythagorean Cosmology and Renaissance Poetics (San Marino, CA, 1974).Google Scholar
Hooke, Robert. The Posthumous Works of Robert Hooke. London, 1705.Google Scholar
Huizinga, Johan. Homoludens. Boston, 1955.Google Scholar
Imperato, Francesco. Discorsi intomo a diversecose naturaii. Naples, 1628.Google Scholar
Janson, H. W. “The ‘Image Made By Chance’ in Renaissance Thought.” In Deartibus opuscula XL: Essays in Honor of Erwin Panofsky , ed. Meiss, Millard. New York, 1961.Google Scholar
Jonstone, John. A History of the Wonderful Things of Nature. Translated by Rowland, John. London, 1657.Google Scholar
Joubert, Laurent. Treatise on Laughter. Translated by de Rocher, Gregory David. University, AL, 1980.Google Scholar
Kircher, Athanasius. Arithmologia. Rome, 1665.Google Scholar
Kircher, Athanasius. Ars magna lucis et umbrae. Amsterdam, 1671.Google Scholar
Kircher, Athanasius. Diatribe de prodigiosis crucibus. Rome, 1661.Google Scholar
Kircher, Athanasius. Magneticum naturae regnum sive disceptatiophysiologica. Amsterdam, 1667.Google Scholar
Kircher, Athanasius. Mundus subterraneus. Amsterdam, 1677.Google Scholar
Kircher, Athanasius. Physiologia Kircheriana experimentalis. Amsterdam, 1680.Google Scholar
Kirchmayer, Georg Caspar. Disputationumzoologicarum: Publice ante hac habitarum, debasilisco, unicornu,phoenice, behmoth & leviathan,dracone, ac aranea, hexas. Wittenberg, 1661. Google Scholar
Larson, James. Reason and Experience: The Representation of the Natural Order in the Work of Carl Von Linne'. Berkeley, 1971.Google Scholar
Legati, Lorenzo. Museo Cospiano annesso aquello del fantoso Ulisse Aldrovandi. Bologna, 1667.Google Scholar
Lemnius, Levinus. The Secret Miracle of Nature. London, 1658.Google Scholar
Lloyd, G. E. R. Polarity and Analogy: Two Types of Argumentation in Early Greek Thought. Cambridge, Eng., 1966.Google Scholar
Lugli, Adalgisa. Naturalia et mirablia. II collezionsimoenciclopedico nelle Wunderkammernd'Europa. Milan, 1983.Google Scholar
Maravall, Jose’ Antonio. Culture of the Baroque. Translated by Terry Cochran. Theoryand History of Literature, 25. Minneapolis, 1986.Google Scholar
Mencke, Johann Burkhard. The Charlatanryof the Learned. Translated by Litz, Francis E.. New York, 1937.Google Scholar
Mercad, Michele. Metallotheca. Rome, 1717.Google Scholar
Merchant, Carolyn. The Death of Nature:Women, Ecology and the Scientific Revolution. San Francisco, 1980.Google Scholar
Molyneux, Thomas. “An Essay Concerning Giants.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 22/261 (1700): 487508.Google Scholar
Mcvcllo, Nicoletta. La nascita delta paleontologianet Seicento. Milan, 1979.Google Scholar
Mora, Anton-Lazzaro. De’ crustacei e degli altricorpi marini che si truovono su'monti. Venice, 1740.Google Scholar
Moscardo, Lodovico. Note overo memorie delmuseo di Lodovico Moscardo. Padua, 1651.Google Scholar
Nauert, Charles. “Humanists, Scientists and Pliny: Changing Approaches to a Classical Author.” American Historical Review 84(1979): 7285.Google Scholar
Niceron, Jean-Franfois. La perspective curieuseou magie artificielle des effetsmerveilleux. Paris, 1738.Google Scholar
Ovid, , Metamorphoses. Edited and translatedby Ferruccio Bernini. Bologna, 1968.Google Scholar
Ovid, . Metamorphoses. Translated by Innes, Mary. London, 1955.Google Scholar
Pagel, Walter. Paracelsus. Basel, 1958.Google Scholar
Paré, Ambroise. On Monsters and Marvels. Translated by Pallister, Janis. Chicago, 1982.Google Scholar
Park, Katharine, and Daston, Lorraine J..“Unnatural Conceptions: The Study of Monsters in Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century France and England.” Past and Present 92 (1981): 2054.Google Scholar
Perry, Ben Edwin, ed. and trans. Babrius and Phaedrus. Cambridge, MA, 1965.Google Scholar
Petrucci, Gioseffo. Prodromo apologetico aliistudi Chircheriani. Amsterdam, 1677.Google Scholar
Pliny, . Natural History. Translated by Bostock, John and Riley, H. T.. 4 vols. London, 1855.Google Scholar
Plot, Robert. The Natural History of Oxfordshire. Oxford, 1677.Google Scholar
Pluche, Noel Antoine. Spectacle de la nature. Translated by Humphreys, Samuel. 3d ed.London, 1736.Google Scholar
Pomian, Krzysztof. “Collection-microcosmeet la culture de la curiosity.” In Setenze,credenzeocculte, livellidicultura , 535-57, Florence, 1982.Google Scholar
Pomian, Krzysztof. Collectionneurs, amateurs et curieux. Paris, 1987.Google Scholar
Porta, Giovan Battista Delia. Natural Magick. Edited by Price, Derek J.. New York, 1957.Google Scholar
Porter, Roy. The Making of Geology. Cambridge,Eng., 1977.Google Scholar
Quondam, Amadeo. La parola nel labirinto. Rome and Ban, 1975.Google Scholar
Reilly, P. Conor. Athanasius Kircher S. J.Master of a Hundred Arts 1602-1680. Wiesbaden, 1974.Google Scholar
Riolan, Jean, the Younger. Gigantomachiepour respondre i la Gigantostologie. Paris, 1613.Google Scholar
Rondelet, Guillaume. L'Histoire entiire despoissons. Lyon, 1558.Google Scholar
Rossi, Paolo. The Dark Abyss of Time. Translated by Cochrane, Lydia G.. Chicago, 1984.Google Scholar
Rudwick, Martin. The Meaning of Fossils. 2d ed. Chicago, 1985.Google Scholar
Saraina, Torellio. Dell'origine et ampiezzadella citta ii Verona. Translated by Pescetti, Orlando. Verona, 1649.Google Scholar
Schiebinger, Londa. “Feminine Icons: The Face of Early Modern Science.” Critical Inquiry 14 (1988): 661-91.Google Scholar
Schnapper, Antoine. “Persistance des geants.” Annates ESC 41 (1986): 177200.Google Scholar
Schott, Gaspar. Ioco-seriorum naturae et artis,sive tnagiae naturalis centuriae tres. Wurzburg, 1677.Google Scholar
Schott, Gaspar. Physica curiosa. Herbipoli, 1697.Google Scholar
Seba, Albert. Locupletissimi rerum naturaliumthesauri accurata descriptio. 4 vols. Amsterdam, 1734-65.Google Scholar
Skippon, Philip. “A Journey through part of the Low Countries, Germany, Italy and France.” In A Collection of Voyages and Travels , ed. A. and Churchill, S.. Vol. 6, London, 1732.Google Scholar
Slaughter, M. M. Universal Languages and Scientific Taxonomy in the Seventeenth Century. Cambridge, Eng., 1982.Google Scholar
Terzago, Paolo. Museo O galleria adunata dalsapere, e dallo studio del sig. Canonico Manfredo Settala nobile milanese. Translated by Scarabelli, Pietro. Tortona, 1666.Google Scholar
Terzago, Paolo. Musaeum Septalianum. Tortona, 1664.Google Scholar
Thorndike, Lynn. A History of Magic and Experimental Science. 8 vols. New York, 1923-58.Google Scholar
Vegetti, Mario. Il coltello e lo stilo: Animalischiavi barbari e donne alle origini della razionalitascientifica. Milan, 1979.Google Scholar
Vickers, Brian, ed. Occult and Scientifictd'entalitiesin the Renaissance. Cambridge, Eng., 1984.Google Scholar
Vickers, Brian. “On the Function of Analogy in the Occult.” In Hermeticism and the Renaissance:Intellectual History and the Occult in Early Modern Europe , ed. Merkel, Ingrid and Debus, Allen G., 265-92. Washington, D.C., 1988.Google Scholar
Worm, Olaf. Museum Wormianum (Louvain, 1655).Google Scholar
Wurffbaino, Giovanni Paolo. “Osservazione fatta da Giovanni Paolo Wurffbaino di una Brassica.” Ga Heria di Minerva. 1, pt. 4 (1697): 143.Google Scholar
Yates, Frances. Giordano Bruno and the Hermetic Tradition. Chicago, 1964.Google Scholar