Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-75dct Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-16T22:38:51.500Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Assessment in rehabilitation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 November 2008

D Barer
D Barer*
Affiliation:
Royal Liverpool University Hospital, UK
*
D Barer, University Department of Geriatric Medicine, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Prescot Street, PO Box 147, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Rehabilitation
Information
Reviews in Clinical Gerontology , Volume 3 , Issue 2 , May 1993 , pp. 169 - 186
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1993

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1Tallis, R.Measurement and the future of rehabilitation: the Marjory Warren lecture 1988. Geriatr Med 1989; 19: 31–40.Google Scholar
2World Health Organization. International classification of impairments, disabilities and handicaps. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1980.Google Scholar
3Isaacs, B.The challenge of geriatric medicine. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.Google Scholar
4Rhealt, W, Beal, JL, Kubik, KR, Nowak, TA, Shepley, JA.Inter-test reliability of a hand-held dynamometer for wrist flexion and extension. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1989; 70: 907–10.Google Scholar
5Fletcher, RH, Fletcher, SW, Wagner, EH. Clinical epidemiology: the essentials. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1982.Google Scholar
6Garland, LH. The problem of observer error. Bull NYAcad Med 1960; 37: 570–84.Google Scholar
7Ebrahim, SB.The clinical epidemiology of stroke. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990.Google Scholar
8Wade, DT.Measurement in neurological rehabilitation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.Google Scholar
9Dombovy, ML, Sandok, BA, Basford, JR.Rehabilitation for stroke: a review. Stroke 1986 17: 363–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10Rubenstein, LV, Calkins, DR, Greenfield, S et al. Health status assessment for elderly patients: report of the Society of General Internal Medicine task force on health assessment. J Am Geriatr Soc 1989 37: 562–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11Reuben, DB, Solomon, DH.Assessment in geriatrics. Of caveats and names. J Am Geriatr Soc 1989; 37: 570–72.Google Scholar
12Royal College of Physicians and British Geriatrics Society Joint Workshops. Standardised assessment scales for elderly people. London: Royal College of Physicians, 1992.Google Scholar
13Mahoney, FJ, Barthel, DW.Functional evaluation: the Barthel Index. Maryland State Med J 1965; 14: 61–65.Google ScholarPubMed
14Collin, C, Wade, DT, Davies, S, Horne, V.The Barthel ADL Index: a reliability study. Int Disabil Stud 1988; 10: 61–63.Google Scholar
15Peach, H, Green, S, Locker, D et al. Evaluation of a postal screening questionnaire to identify the physically disabled. Int Rehabil Med 1980; 2: 189–93.Google Scholar
16Hodkinson, HM.Evaluation of a mental test score for assessment of mental impairment in the elderly. Age Ageing 1972; 1: 233–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
17Jitapunkul, S, Pillay, I, Ebrahim, SB.The Abbreviated Mental Test: its use and validity. Age Ageing 1991; 20: 332–36.Google Scholar
18Yesavage, JA, Brink, TL, Rose, TL et al. Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale – a preliminary report. J Psychiarr Res 1983; 17: 37–49.Google Scholar
19Yesavage, JA.Geriatric Depression Scale. Psychopharmacol Bull 1988; 24: 709–11.Google ScholarPubMed
20Davies, B, Challis, D.Matching resources to needs in community care. Canterbury: Personal Social Services Research Unit, University of Kent, 1986.Google Scholar
21Barer, DH.Measurement of disability: what's wrong with the Barthel Index? Current Med Lit: Geriatrics 1989; 2: 95–98.Google Scholar
22Black, SE, Blessed, G, Edwardson, JA, Kay, DW.Prevalence rates of dementia in an ageing population: are low rates due to the use of insensitive instruments? Age Ageing 1990; 19: 84–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23Kafinek, S, Ettinger, WH, Roca, R, Kittner, S, Taylor, N, German, PS.Instruments for screening for depression and dementia in a long term care facility. J Am Geriatr Soc 1989; 37: 39–44.Google Scholar
24Task Forces on Stroke Impairment, Stroke Disability and Stroke Handicap. Recommendations for methodology in stroke outcome research. Stroke 1990; 21 (suppl II): 68–73.Google Scholar
25Wade, DT.Stroke: rehabilitation and long term care. Lancet 1992; 339: 791–93.Google Scholar
26Barer, D, Main, A, Lodwick, R. Outcome of hospital admission for stroke: towards a national stroke database for clinical research and audit. Health Trends 1993 (in press).Google Scholar
27Enderby, PM, Wood, VA, Wade, DT, Hewer, RL.The Frenchay Aphasia Screening Test: a short simple test for aphasia appropriate for non-specialists. Int Rehabil Med 1986; 8: 166–70.Google Scholar
28Folstein, MF, Folstein, SE, McHugh, ER.Mini-Mental State– a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res 1975; 12: 189–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
29Friedman, PJ.Spatial neglect in acute stroke: the line bisection test. Scand J Rehabil Med 1990; 22: 101–106.Google Scholar
30Halligan, PW, Marshall, JC, Wade, DT.Visuospatial neglect: underlying factors and test sensitivity. Lancer 1989; 334: 908–11.Google Scholar
31Friedman, P.Clock drawing in acute stroke. Age Ageing 1991; 20: 140–45.Google Scholar
32Medical Research Council. Aids to examination of the peripheral nervous system. London: HMSO, 1976.Google Scholar
33Collen, FM, Wade, DT, Bradshaw, CM.Mobility after stroke: reliability of measures of impairment and disability. Int Disabil Studies 1990; 12: 6–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
34Holland, A.Communicative abilities in daily living: a test of functional communication for aphasic adults. Baltimore: University Park Press, 1980.Google Scholar
35Collin, C, Wade, DT.Assessing motor impairment after stroke: a pilot reliability study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1990; 53: 576–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
36Holden, MK, Gill, KM, Magliozzi, MR.Gait assessment for neurologically impaired patients. Standards for outcome assessment. Phys Ther 1986; 66: 1530–39.Google Scholar
37Wade, DT, Hewer, RL.Functional abilities after stroke: measurement, natural history and prognosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1987; 50: 177–82.Google Scholar
38Zigmond, AS, Snaith, RP.The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1983; 67: 361–70.Google Scholar
39Robinson, BC.Validation of a caregiver strain index. J Gerontol 1983; 38: 344–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
40Goldberg, DP, Hillier, VF.A scaled version of the General Health Questionnaire. Psychol Med 1979; 9: 139–45.Google Scholar
41Chino, N.Efficacy of Barthel Index in evaluating activities of daily living in Japan, the US and UK. Stroke 1990; 21 (suppl II): 64–65.Google Scholar
42National Center for Health Statistics. Clearing house on health indexes. Maryland: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, 1985.Google Scholar
43Jebsen, RH, Taylor, N, Trieschmann, RB et al. An objective and standardized test of hand function. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1969; 50: 311–19.Google Scholar
44Moskowitz, E, McCann, CB.Classification of disability in the chronically ill and aging. J Chronic Dis 1957; 5: 342–46.Google Scholar
45Duke University Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development. Multidimensionalfunctional assessment: the OARS methodology. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University, 1978.Google Scholar
46Jette, AM.The Functional Status Index: reliability of a chronic disease evaluation instrument. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1980; 61: 395–401.Google Scholar
47Multistate Nursing Home Case-Mix and Quality Demonstration. Description of the Resource Utilization Group, Version III (RUG-Ill) system. Michigan: University of Michigan, The Circle, 1992.Google Scholar
48Ware, JE, Brook, RH, Davies, AR, Lohr, KN.Choosing measures of health status for individuals in general populations. Am J Public Health 1981; 71: 620–25.Google Scholar
49Applegate, WB, Blass, JP, Williams, TF.Instrwnents for the functional assessment of older patients. N Engll Med 1990; 322: 1207–14.Google Scholar
50Kane, RA, Kane, RL.Assessing the elderly: a pra ctical guide to measurement. Lexington: DC Heath, 1981.Google Scholar
51Granger, CV, Gresham, GE.Functional assessment in rehabilitation medicine. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1984.Google Scholar
52Israel, L, Kazarevic, D, Sartorius, N. Source book of geriatric assessment, volume 1 and 2. Basel: Karger/WHO, 1986.Google Scholar
53United States Congress. Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act. Washington: United States Congress, 1987.Google Scholar
54Leeds School of Public Health, Stroke rehabilitation. Leeds: University of Leeds, 1992.Google Scholar
55Rozzini, R, Zanetti, O, Trabucchi, M.Delirium induced by neuropsychological tests. J Am Geriatr Soc 1989; 37: 666.Google Scholar
56Buchsbaum, DG, Buchanan, RG, Welsh, J, Centor, RM, Schnoll, SH.Screening for drinking disorders in the elderly using the CAGE questionnaire. I Am Geri air Soc 1992; 40: 662–65.Google Scholar
57Garraway, WM, Akhtar, AJ, Gore, SM, Prescott, RI, Smith, RG.Observer variation in the clinical assessment of stroke. Age Ageing 1976; 5: 233–34.Google Scholar
58Shinar, D, Gross, CR, Mohr, JP et al. Inter-observer variability in the assessment of neurologic history and examination in the Stroke Data Bank. Arch Neurol 1985; 42: 557–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
59Mulley, GP.Avoidable complications of stroke. J R Colt Phys 1982; 16: 94–97.Google ScholarPubMed
60Norton, D, Exton-Smith, AN, McLaren, R.An index of geriatric nursing problems in hospital. London: Churchill Lovingstone, 1975.Google Scholar
61Welton, JB.Pressure sores, prevention and treatment. Gerontologia Clinica 1973; 15: 234–46.Google Scholar
62Bergstrom, N, Braden, B.A prospective study of pressure sore risk among institutionalised elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc 1992; 40: 747–58CrossRefGoogle Scholar
63Gosnell, DJ.Assessment and evaluation of pressure sores. Nurs Clin North Am 1987; 22: 399–416.Google Scholar
64Pitt, B.Mental tests on elderly patients. Lancet 1989; 1: 618.Google Scholar
65Gustafson, Y, Brannstrom, B, Norberg, A, Bucht, G, Winblad, B.Underdiagnosis and poor documentation of acute confusional states in elderly hip fracture patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1991; 39: 760–65.Google Scholar
66Isaacs, B, Akhtar, AJ.The Set Test: a rapid test of mental function in old people. Age Ageing 1972; 1: 222–26.Google Scholar
67Benbow, S, Watkins, C, Sangster, G, Ellul, J, Barer, D. Availability and reliability of information on the pre-morbid functional status of stroke patients in hospital [Abstract]. Newcastle: 4th European Congress on Research in Rehabilitation, 1992.Google Scholar
68Chisolm, J.The Read clinical classification. Br Med J 1990; 300: 1092.Google Scholar
69Burvill, PW, Mowry, B, Hall, W.Quantification of physical illness in psychiatric research in the elderly. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1990; 5: 161–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
70de Waal, HE, Evans, M, Wilson, K, Barer, D. Score systems for physical illness in psychogeriatric research [Abstract] Dublin: Royal College of Psychiatrists Conference, 1992.Google Scholar
71Philp, I, Goddard, A, Connell, NA, Bray, J, Metcalfe, A, Turner, G.Introducing structured assessment into acute hospital geriatric care. Age Ageing 1993; 22 (suppl 2): 8–9.Google Scholar
72Blower, P.The advantages of the early use of wheelchairs in the treatment of hemiplegia. Clin Rehabil 1988; 2: 323–25.Google Scholar
73Ashbourne, A.Disadvantages of the early use of wheelchairs in the treatment of hemiplegia. Clin Rehabil 1988; 2: 327–31.Google Scholar
74Mulley, G.More everyday aids and appliances. London: British Medical Journal, 1991.Google Scholar
75Giacino, JT, Kezmarsky, MA, de, Luca J, Cicerone, KD. Monitoring rate of recovery to predict outcome in minimally responsive patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1991; 72: 897–901.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
76Lindsay, JA, Rehabilitation of amputees. Br Med 1992; 304: 842.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
77Garraway, WM, Akhtar, AJ, Prescott, RJ, Hockey, L.Management of acute stroke in the elderly: preliminary results of a controlled trial. Br Med J 1980; 280: 1040–43.Google Scholar
78Strand, T, Asplund, K, Eriksson, S, Hagg, E, Lithner, F, Wester, PO. A non-intensive stroke unit reduces functional disability and the need for long term hospitalisation. Stroke 1985; 16: 29–34.Google Scholar
79Indredavik, B, Bakke, F, Solberg, R, Rokseth, R, Haaheim, LL, Holme, I.Benefit of a stroke unit: a randomised controlled trial. Stroke 1991; 22: 1026–31.Google Scholar
80Smith, ME, Garraway, WM, Smith, DL, Akhtar, AJ. Therapy impact on functional outcome in a controlled trial of stroke rehabilitation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1982; 63: 21–24.Google Scholar
81Lincoln, NB, Jones, AC, Mcguirke, E, Mulley, GP, Lendrem, W, Mitchell, JR. Effectiveness of speech therapy for aphasic stroke patients: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 1984; ii: 197–200.Google Scholar
82Jones, L.The standardised test. Clin Rehabil 1991; 5: 177–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
83Carr, EK. Observational methods in rehabilitation research. Clin Rehabil 1991; 5: 89–94.Google Scholar
84Lincoln, NB. Discrepancies between capabilities and performance of activities of daily living in multiple sclerosis patients. In: Rehabil Med 1981; 3:84–88.Google Scholar
85Rubenstein, LZ, Schairer, C, Wieland, GD, Cane, R. Systematic biases in functional status assessment of elderly adults: effect of different data sources. J Gerontol 1984; 39: 686–91.Google Scholar
86Elam, JT, Beaver, T, el, Derwi D, Applegate, WB, Graney, MJ, MIller, ST. Comparison of sources of functional report with observed functional ability of frail older persons. Gerontologist 1989; 29 (suppl): 308A.Google Scholar
87Shinar, D, Gross, CR, Bronstein, KS et al. Reliability of the activities of daily living scale and its use in telephone interview. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1987; 68: 723–28.Google Scholar
88Candelise, L, Pimardi, G, Aritzu, E.Stroke disability assessed by telephone interview: reliability and reproducibility. J Neurol 1990; 237: 143.Google Scholar
89Roccaforte, WH, Burke, WJ, Bayer, BL, Wengel, SP.Validation of a telephone version of the Mini-Mental State Examination. J Am Geriatr Soc 1992; 40: 697–702.Google Scholar
90Ebrahim, SB, Barer, D, Nouri, F.An audit of follow-up services for stroke patients after discharge from hospital. Int Disabil Studies 1987; 9: 103–105.Google Scholar
91Martin, J; Meltzer, H, Elliot, D.The prevalence of disability among adults. London: HMSO, 1988.Google Scholar
92General household survey, 1985. London: HMSO, 1985.Google Scholar
93Williamson, J, Stokoe, JH, Gray, S et al. Old people at home: their unreported needs. Lancet 1964; i: 1117–20.Google Scholar
94Bamford, J.Incidence and natural history of stroke. Geriatr Med 1990; 20(3): 52–59.Google Scholar
95Chiou, IL, Burnett, CN. Values of activities of daily living. A survey of stroke patients and their home therapists. Phys Ther 1985; 65: 901–906.Google Scholar
96Davis, A, Davis, S, Moss, N et al. First steps towards an interdisciplinary approach to rehabilitation. Clin Rehabil 1992; 6: 237–44.Google Scholar
97Mcgrath, JR, Davis, AM. Rehabilitation: where are we going and how do we get there? Clin Rehabil 1992; 6: 225–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
98Barer, D, Mitchell, JRA. Predicting the outcome of acute stroke: do multivariate models help? Q J Med 1989; 70: 27–39.Google Scholar
99Jongbloed, L.Prediction of function after stroke: a critical review. Stroke 1986; 17: 76576.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
100Fullerton, Kr, Mackenzie, G, Stout, RW. Prognostic indices in stroke. QI Med 1988; 66: 147–62.Google Scholar
101Keene, JS, Anderson, CA. Hip fractures in the elderly: discharge predictions with a functional rating scale. JAMA 1982; 248: 564–67.Google Scholar
102Jette, AM, Harris, BA, Cleary, PD, Campion, PW. Functional recovery after hip fracture. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1987; 68: 735–40.Google Scholar
103Wainer, H.Estimating coefficients in linear models: it don't make no never mind. Psychol Bull 1976; 83: 213–17.Google Scholar
104Gladman, JR, Harwood, DM, Barer, D.Predicting the outcome of acute stroke: prospective evaluation of five multivariate models and comparison with simple methods. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1992; 55: 347–51.Google Scholar
105Sloan, RL, Sinclair, E, Thompson, J, Taylor, S, Pontland, B.Inter-rater reliability of the modified Ashworth Scale for spasticity in hemiplegic patients. Int J Rehabil Res 1992; 15: 158–68.Google Scholar
106Lehmann, JF, Price, R, de Lateur, BJ, Hinderer, S, Traynor, C.Spasticity: quantatitive measurements as a basis for assessing effectiveness of therapeutic intervention. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1989; 70: 6–15.Google Scholar
107Katz, RT, Rymer, WZ. Spastic hypertonia: mechanisms and measurement. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1989; 70: 145–55.Google Scholar
108Gehisen, GM, Whaley, MH.Falls in the elderly: part I, gait. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1990; 71: 735–38.Google Scholar
109Gehlsen, GM, Whaley, MH.Falls in the elderly: part II, balance, strength, and flexibility. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1990; 71: 739–41.Google Scholar
110Wright, BM, A simple mechanical ataxia meter. J Physiol (Lond) 1971; 218: 27–28.Google Scholar
111Ring, C, Nayak, S, Isaacs, B.The effect of visual deprivation and proprioceptive change on postural sway in healthy adults. J Am Gerzatr Soc 1989; 37: 745–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
112Dobbs, RJ, Lubel, DD, Charlett, A et al. Hypothesis: age-associated changes in gait represent, in part, a tendency towards parkinsomsm. Age Ageing 1992; 21: 221–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
113Sandin, KJ, Smith, BS. The measure of balance in sitting in stroke rehabilitation prognosis. Stroke 1990; 21: 82–86.Google Scholar
114Gordon, C, Hewer, RL, Wade, DT.Dysphagia in acute stroke. Br Med J 1987; 295: 411–14.Google Scholar
115Wade, DT, Hewer, RL.Motor loss and swallowing difficulty after stroke: frequency, recovery and prognosis. Acta Neural Scand 1987; 76: 50–54.Google Scholar
116Barer, D.The natural history of functional consequences of dysphagia after hemispheric stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1989; 52: 236–41.Google Scholar
117Smithard, DG, O'Neill, PA, Martin, DF. Swallowing abnormalities following acute stroke.Cerebrovascular Diseases 1992. Second European Stroke Conference, 1992: 199.Google Scholar
118Barer, D.Continence after stroke: useful predictor or goal of therapy? AgeAgeing 1989; 18: 183–91.Google Scholar
119Garrett, VE, Scott, JA, Costich, J, Aubrey, DR, Gross, J.Bladder emptying assessment in stroke patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1989; 70: 41–43.Google Scholar
120Smith, NK, Albazzaz, MK. Portable ultrasound to measure urinary residual volume in older women. Age Ageing 1992; 21 (suppl 1): P13–14.Google Scholar
121Smith, NK, Morrant, JD.Post-operative urinary retention in women: management by intermittent catheterisation. Age Ageing 1990; 19: 337–40.Google Scholar
122Lindmark, B.The improvement of different motor functions after stroke. Clin Rehabil 1988; 2: 275–83.Google Scholar
123Gray, CS, French, JM, Bates, D, Cartlidge, MEF, James, OFW, Venables, G.Motor recovery following acute stroke. Age Ageing 1990; 19: 179–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
124Twitchell, T.Restoration of motor function following hemiplegia in man. Brain 1951; 74: 443–80.Google Scholar
125Olsen, TS.Arm and leg paresis as outcome predictors in stroke rehabilitation. Stroke 1990; 21: 247–51.Google Scholar
126Thomson, FJ, Masson, EA, Boulton, AJ.Quantitative vibration perception testing in elderly people: an assessment of variability. Age Ageing 1992; 21: 171–74.Google Scholar
127Prescott, RJ, Garraway, WM, Akhtar, AL.Predicting functional outcome following stroke using a standard clinical examination. Stroke 1982; 13: 641–47.Google Scholar
128Bess, FH, Lichtenstein, MJ, Logan, SA, Burger, MC, Nelson, E.Hearing impairment as a determinant of function in the elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc 1989; 37: 123–28.Google Scholar
129Appollonio, I, Frattola, L, Carabellese, C, Trabucchi, M.The eyes and ears of the world of function. J Am Geriatr Soc 1989; 37: 1099.Google Scholar
130Wainapel, SF, Kwon, YS, Fazzari, PJ.Severe visual impairment on a rehabilitation unit: incidence and implications. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1989; 70: 439–41.Google Scholar
131Long, CA, Holden, R, Mulkerrin, E, Sykes, D.Opportunistic screening of visual acuity of elderly patients attending outpatient clinics, Age Ageing 1991; 20: 392–95.Google Scholar
132Barer, D, Edmans, JA, Lincoln, NB. Screening for perceptual problems in acute stroke patients. Clin Rehabil 1990; 4: 1–11.Google Scholar
133Barer, D.The influence of visual and tactile inattention on predictions for recovery from acute stroke. Q J Med 1990; 74: 21–32.Google Scholar
134Schulman, KI, Shedletsky, R, Silver, IL.The challenge of time: clock drawing and cognitive function in the elderly. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1986; 1: 135–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
135Wolf-Klein, GP, Silverstone, FA, Levy, AP, Brod, MS, Breuer, J.Screening for Alzheimer's disease by clock drawing. J Am Geriatr Soc 1989; 37: 730–34.Google Scholar
136Hajek, VE, Rutman, DL, Sher, H.Brief assessment of cognitive impairment in patients with stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1989; 70: 114–17.Google Scholar
137Collin, C, Wade, DT, Davis, S, Home, V.The Barthel ADL Index: a reliability study. Int Disabil Studies 1991; 13:50–54.Google Scholar
138Carr, EK, Hawthorn, PJ.Observation of eating skills after stroke: juggling food and chewing. Clin Rehabil 1988; 2: 183–89.Google Scholar
139Lincoln, NB, Leadbitter, D.Assessment of motor function in stroke patients. Physiotherapy 1979; 65: 48–51.Google Scholar
140Ashburn, A.Assessment of motor function in stroke patients. Physiotherapy 1982; 68: 109–13.Google Scholar
141Davies, AD, Smith, C, Gargaro, P, Dodd, A, Newton, JT.A method for assessing dressing skills in elderly patients. Br J Occup Ther 1990; 53: 272–74.Google Scholar
142Walker, MF, Lincoln, NB.Factors influencing dressing performance after stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1991; 54: 699–701.Google Scholar
143Partridge, CJ, Johnston, M, Edwards, S.Recovery from physical disability after stroke: normal patterns as a basis for evaluation. Lancet 1987; 1: 373–75.Google Scholar
144Jebsen, RH, Tieschmann, RB, Mikulic, MA et al. Measurement of time in a standardized test of patient mobility. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1970; 51: 170–75.Google Scholar
145Lawton, MP, Brodie, EM.Assessment of older people. Gerontologist 1969; 9: 179–86.Google Scholar
146Sarno, JE, Sarno, MT, Levita, E.The functional life scale. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1973; 54: 214–20.Google Scholar
147Nouri, FM, Lincoln, NB. An extended activities of daily living scale for stroke patients. Clin Rehabil 1987; 1: 301–305.Google Scholar
148Holbrook, M, Skilbeck, CE.An activities index for use with stroke patients. Age Ageing 1983; 12: 166–70.Google Scholar
149Bergner, M, Bobbitt, R, Carter, WB, Gilson, BS.The Sickness Impact Profile: development and final revision of a health status measure. Med Care 1981; 19: 787–805.Google Scholar
150Deyo, RA.Measuring functional outcomes in therapeutic trials for chronic disease. Controlled Clin Trials 1984; 5: 223–40.Google Scholar
151Wilson, B, Cockburn, J, Halligan, PW.Behavioural Inattention Test. Titchfield: Thames Valley Test, 1987.Google Scholar
152Towle, D, Lincoln, NB.Development of a questionnaire for detecting everyday problems in stroke patients with unilateral visual neglect. Clin Rehabil 1991; 5: 135–40.Google Scholar
153Lincoln, NB, Tinson, D.The relationship between subjective and objective memory impairment after stroke. Br J Clin Psychol 1989; 28: 61–65.Google Scholar
154Cole, MG.Inter-rater reliability of the Crichton Royal Geriatric Behavioural Rating Scale. Age Ageing 1989; 18: 57–60.Google Scholar
155Vardon, VM, Blessed, G.Confusion ratings and abbreviated mental test performance: a comparison. Age Ageing 1986; 15: 10–15.Google Scholar
156Harwood, RH, Brittis, S, Jitapunkal, S, Ebrahim, SB.Preliminary work on the development of a handicap measurement scale. Clin Rehabil 1992; 6: 169.Google Scholar
157Herbert, R, Carrier, R, Bilodeau, A.The Functional Autonomy Measurement System (SMAF): description and validation of an instrument for the measurement of handicaps. Age Ageing 1988; 17: 293–302.Google Scholar
158Van Swieten, JC, Koudstaal, PJ, Visser, MC, Schouten, HJ, van, Gijn J.Interobserver agreement for the assessment of handicap in stroke patients. Stroke 1988; 19: 604–607.Google Scholar
159Jette, AM, Cleary, PD.Functional disability assessment. Phys Ther 1987; 67: 1854–59.Google Scholar
160Affleck, JW, Aitken, RC, Hunter, JA, Mcguire, RJ, Roy, CW.Rehabilitation status: a measure of medicosocial dysfunction. Lancet 1988; i: 230–33.Google Scholar
161Isaacs, B, Neville, Y.The needs of old people. The ‘interval’ as a method of measurement. Br J Prey Soc Med 1976; 30: 79–85.Google Scholar
162Rosser, R, Kind, P.A scale of valuations of states of illness: is there a social consensus? Int J Epidemiol 1978; 7: 347–58.Google Scholar
163Donaldson, C, Atkinson, A, Bond, J. QALYs and long-term care for elderly people in the UK: scales for assessment of quality of life. Age Ageing 1988;17: 379–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
164Fletcher, AE, Dickinson, EJ, Philp, I.Review: audit measures: quality of life instruments for every day use with elderly patients. Age Ageing 1992; 21: 142–50.Google Scholar
165Hunt, SM, Mcewan, J, Mckenna, SP.Measuring health status. London: Croom Helm, 1986.Google Scholar
166Ebrahim, SB, Barer, D, Nouti, F.Use of the Nottingham Health Profile with patients after a stroke. J Epidemiol Community Health 1986; 40: 1661–69.Google Scholar
167Zigmond, AS, Snaith, RP.The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Acta Psychiarr Scand 1983; 67: 361–70.Google Scholar
168Toner, J, Gurland, B, Teresi, J.Comparison of self-administered and rater-administered methods of assessing levels of severity of depression in elderly patients. J Gerontol 1988; 43: 136–40.Google Scholar
169Adshead, F, Day, Cody D, Pitt, B.BASDEC: a novel screening instrument for depression in elderly medical in-patients. Br Med J 1992; 305: 397.Google Scholar
170House, A, Dennis, M, Molyneux, A, Warlow, C, Hawton, K.Emotionalism after stroke. Br Med J 1989; 298: 991–94.Google Scholar
171Stolee, P, Rockwood, K, Fox, RA, Streiner, DL.The use of goal attainment scaling in a geriatric care setting. J Am Geriatr Soc 1992; 40: 574–78.Google Scholar
172Warner, SC, Williams, JI.The meaning in life scale: determining the reliability and validity of a measure. J Chronic Dis 1987; 40: 503–12.Google Scholar
173Merbitz, C, Morris, J, Grip, JC.Ordinal scales and foundations of misinference. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1989; 70: 308–12.Google Scholar
174Collin, C.Scales and scaling techniques used in measurement in rehabilitation medicine. Clin Rehabil 1992; 6: 91–96.Google Scholar
175Watson, M, Horn, S.Paired preferences: an alternative method for investigating sequences of recovery in assessment scales. Clin Rehabil 1992; 6: 170.Google Scholar
176Streiner, DL, Norman, GR.Health measurement scales: a practical guide to their development and use. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.Google Scholar