Hostname: page-component-8678677fb7-9rf5j Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-10-18T00:33:05.040Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

When Interdependence Shapes Social Perception: Cooperation and Competition Moderate Implicit Gender Stereotyping

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 November 2013

Soledad de Lemus  and
Marcin Bukowski
Soledad de Lemus*
Affiliation:
Universidad de Granada (Spain)
Marcin Bukowski
Affiliation:
Jagellonian University (Poland)
*
*Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Soledad de Lemus. Departamento de Psicología Social, Facultad de Psicología, Campus de Cartuja, s/n. 18011. Granada (Spain). Phone: +34–958240925. Fax: +34–958243746. E-mail: slemus@ugr.es
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

We examined the influence of interdependence goals on the accessibility of implicit gender stereotypical associations. Participants were asked to cooperate with or compete against a woman on a mathematical abilities task and subsequently the relative activation of positive and negative warmth and competence traits was measured using a primed categorization task. Results showed that female primes (vs. male primes) facilitated the activation of low warmth and high competence in the competition condition, whereas high warmth was activated in the cooperation condition and no differences were found for competence traits. These results are discussed referring to the stereotype content model and the compensation effect in person perception. The goal dependent nature of implicit gender stereotypes is emphasized.

Keywords

social perceptiongender stereotypesinterdependence goalsstereotype content modelcompensation effect

Information

Type
Research Article
Information
The Spanish Journal of Psychology , Volume 16 , 2013 , E96
Copyright
Copyright © Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Colegio Oficial de Psicólogos de Madrid 2013 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Abele, A., & Wojciszke, B. (2007). Agency and communion from the perspective of self versus others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 751–756. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.93.5.751 Google Scholar
Bem, S. L. (1974). The measurement of psychological androgyny. Journal of Clinical and Consulting Psychology, 42, 155–162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0036215 Google Scholar
Blair, I. V. (2002). The malleability of automatic stereotypes and prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 6, 242–261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207%2FS15327957PSPR0603_8 Google Scholar
Brambilla, M., Rusconi, P., Sacchi, S., & Cherubini, P. (2011). Looking for honesty: The primary role of morality (vs. sociability and competence) in information gathering. European Journal of Social Psychology, 41, 135–143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.744 Google Scholar
Bukowski, M., Moya, M., de Lemus, S., & Szmajke, A. (2009). Selective stereotype activation: The joint impact of interpersonal goals and task context. European Journal of Social Psychology, 39, 317–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fejsp.585 Google Scholar
Caprariello, P. A., Cuddy, A. J. C., & Fiske, S. T. (2009). Social structure shapes cultural stereotypes and emotions: A causal test of the stereotype content model. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 12, 147–155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F1368430208101053 Google Scholar
de Lemus, S., Moya, M., Bukowski, M., & Lupiáñez, J. (2008). Medición de la activación automática de las dimensiones estereotípicas de género mediante un paradigma de priming. [Automatic activation of competence and warmth dimensions in the case of gender stereotyping]. Psicologica, 29, 115–132.Google Scholar
de Lemus, S., Spears, R., Bukowski, M., Moya, M., & Lupiáñez, J. (2013). Reversing implicit gender stereotype activation as a function of exposure to traditional gender roles. Social Psychology, 44, 109–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000140 Google Scholar
Devine, P. G. (1989). Stereotypes and Prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-3514.56.1.5 Google Scholar
Eagly, A. H., & Mladinic, A. (1989). Gender stereotypes and attitudes toward women and men. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 15, 543–558. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F0146167289154008 Google Scholar
Eckes, T. (2002). Paternalistic and envious gender stereotypes: Testing predictions from the stereotype content model. Sex Roles, 47, 99–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1021020920715 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fazio, R. H., Jackson, J., Dunton, B., & Williams, C. (1995). Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes: A bona fide pipeline? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 1013–1027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2F%2F0022-3514.69.6.1013 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A., & Glick, P. (2007). The BIAS map: Behaviors from intergroup affect and stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 631–648. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-3514.92.4.631 Google Scholar
Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A., Glick, P., & Xu, J. (2002). A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and Warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 878–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2F%2F0022-3514.82.6.878 Google Scholar
Fiske, S. T., Lin, M., & Neuberg, S. L. (1999). The continuum model: Ten years later. In Chaiken, S., & Trope, Y. (Eds.), Dual process theories in social psychology (pp. 361–382). New York, NY: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Fiske, S., & Neuberg, S. L. (1990). A continuum of impression formation, from category based to individuating processes: Influences of information and motivation on attention and interpretation. In Zanna, M. P. (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 23, pp. 1–74). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Judd, C., James-Hawkins, L., Yzerbyt, V., & Kashima, Y. (2005). Fundamental dimensions of social judgment: Understanding the relations between judgments of competence and warmth. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 899–913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-3514.89.6.899 Google Scholar
Kervyn, N., Yzerbyt, V., Judd, C., & Nunes, A. (2009). A question of compensation: The social life of the fundamental dimensions of social perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 828–842. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2Fa0013320 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kunda, Z., & Thagard, P. (1996). Forming impressions from stereotypes, traits and behaviors: A parallel-constraint-satisfaction theory. Psychological Review, 103, 284–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2F%2F0033-295X.103.2.284 Google Scholar
Lenton, A. P., Sedikides, C., & Bruder, M. (2009). A meta-analysis on the malleability of automatic gender stereotypes. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 33, 183–196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1471-6402.2009.01488.x Google Scholar
Neuberg, S. L., & Fiske, S. T. (1987). Motivational influences on impression formation: Outcome dependency, accuracy-driven attention, and individuating processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 431–444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2F%2F0022-3514.53.3.431 Google Scholar
Ratcliff, R. (1993). Methods for dealing with reaction time outliers. Psychological Bulletin, 114, 510–532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0033-2909.114.3.510 Google Scholar
Rudman, L. A., Greenwald, A. G., & McGhee, D. E. (2001). Implicit self-concept and evaluative implicit gender stereotypes: Self and ingroup share desirable traits. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 1164–1178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167201279009 Google Scholar
Ruscher, J. B., & Fiske, S. T. (1990). Interpersonal competition can cause individuating impression formation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 832–842. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2F%2F0022-3514.58.5.832 Google Scholar
Russell, A. M. T., & Fiske, S. T. (2008). It’s all relative: Competition and status drive interpersonal perception. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38, 1193–1201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fejsp.539 Google Scholar
Seidenberg, M. S. (1990). Lexical access: A theoretical soup stone? In Balota, D. A., Flores d’Arcais, G. B., & Rayner, K. (Eds.), Comprehension processes in reading (pp. 33–71). Hilsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Skowronski, J. J., & Carlston, D. E. (1989). Negativity and extremity biases in impression formation: A review of explanations. Psychological Bulletin 105, 131–142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2F%2F0033-2909.105.1.131 Google Scholar
Spencer, S. J., Fein, S., Wolfe, C. T., Fong, C., & Dunn, M. A. (1998). Automatic activation of stereotypes: The role of self-image threat. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 1139–1152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F01461672982411001 Google Scholar
Wade, M. L., & Brewer, M. B. (2006). The structure of female subgroups: An exploration of ambivalent stereotypes. Sex Roles, 54, 753–765. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11199-006-9043-x Google Scholar
Wojciszke, B. (2005). Morality and competence in person-and self-perception. European Review of Social Psychology, 16, 155–188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F10463280500229619 Google Scholar
Wojciszke, B., Abele, A. E., & Baryła, W. (2009). Two dimensions of interpersonal attitudes: Liking depends on communion, respect depends on agency. European Journal of Social Psychology, 39, 973–990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.595 Google Scholar