Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-vvkck Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-29T04:12:35.344Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Models of the Solar Photosphere

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 February 2017

Eugene H. Avrett
Eugene H. Avrett*
Affiliation:
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics 60 Garden Street Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

This review summarizes the main properties of the available theoretical models of the solar photosphere and the semiempirical models based primarily on observed spectra in different wavelength regions. LTE and non-LTE semiempirical models are compared with LTE and non-LTE theoretical (radiative equilibrium) models calculated with and without convective energy transport. Atomic and molecular lines throughout the spectrum affect the model calculations in essential ways. The temperature-minimum region, considered as the upper boundary of the photosphere, is discussed in detail, in view of the substantial non-radiative cooling in this region. Results are shown to illustrate the relationship between average one-dimensional models and Nordlund's three-dimensional convection models.

Type
I. Global Properties of the Photosphere
Information
Symposium - International Astronomical Union , Volume 138: Solar Photosphere: Structure, Convection and Magnetic Fields , 1990 , pp. 3 - 22
Copyright
Copyright © Kluwer 1990 

References

Allen, C.W. 1973, Astrophysical Quantities (London: Athlone Press).Google Scholar
Anders, E., and Grevesse, N. 1989, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. , 53, 197.Google Scholar
Anderson, L.S. 1989, Astrophys. J. , 339, 558.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, L.S., and Athay, R.G. 1989, Astrophys. J. , in press.Google Scholar
Anderson, L. S. and Avrett, E. H. 1989 in The Solar Interior and Atmosphere , ed. Cox, A.N., Livingston, W.C., and Matthews, M. (Arizona: University of Arizona Press), in press.Google Scholar
Athay, R.G., and Skumanich, A. 1968, Solar Phys. , 3, 181.Google Scholar
Avrett, E.H. 1985, in Chromospheric Diagnostics and Modelling , ed. Lites, B.W., (Sunspot, NM: National Solar Observatory), p. 67.Google Scholar
Avrett, E.H., Kurucz, R.L., and Loeser, R. 1984, Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc. , 16, 450.Google Scholar
Ayres, T.R., and Linsky, J.L. 1976, Astrophys. J. , 205, 874.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ayres, T.R., and Testerman, L. 1981, Astrophys. J. , 245, 1124.Google Scholar
Ayres, T.R., and Wiedemann, G.R. 1989, Astrophys. J. , 338, 1033.Google Scholar
Brault, J., and Testerman, L. 1972, Preliminary Edition of the Kitt Peak Solar Atlas (Tucson: Kitt Peak National Observatory).Google Scholar
Cook, J.W., Brueckner, G.E., and Bartoe, J.-D.F. 1983, Astrophys. J. , 270, L89.Google Scholar
Cram, L.E., and Dame, L. 1983, Astrophys. J. , 272, 355.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cuny, Y. 1971, Solar Phys. , 16, 293.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Degiacomi, C.G., Kneubühl, F.K., and Huguenin, D. 1985, Astrophys. J. , 298, 918.Google Scholar
deJager, C. 1963, Bull. Astron. Inst. Neth. , 17, 209.Google Scholar
deJager, C. 1968, The Structure of the Quiet Photosphere and the Low Chromosphere (Dordrecht: Reidel).Google Scholar
Eddy, J.A., Lena, P.J., and MacQueen, R.M. 1969, Solar Phys , 10, 330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elste, G. 1985, in Theoretical Problems in High Resolution Solar Physics , ed. Schmidt, H.U., Max Planck Institut für Astrophysik, MPA 212, p. 185.Google Scholar
Foing, B., and Bonnet, R.M. 1984, Astrophys. J. , 279, 848.Google Scholar
Foukal, P., Little, R., and Mooney, J. 1989, Astrophys. J. , 336, L33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gingerich, O., and deJager, C. 1968, Solar Phys , 3, 5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gingerich, O., Noyes, R.W., Kalkofen, W., and Cuny, Y. 1971, Solar Phys. , 18, 347.Google Scholar
Goldberg, L., Mohler, O.C., and Müller, E. 1959, Astrophys. J. , 129, 119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heintze, J.R.W. 1965, Rech. Obs. Astron. Utrecht , 17 (2).Google Scholar
Heintze, J.R.W., Hubenet, H., and deJager, C. 1964, Bull. Astron. Inst. Neth. , 17, 442.Google Scholar
Holweger, H. 1967, Zeitz. f. Astrophysik , 65, 365.Google Scholar
Holweger, H., and Müller, E.A. 1974, Solar Phys. , 39, 19.Google Scholar
Hubenet, H. 1960, Rech. Astr. Obs. Utrecht , 15 (1).Google Scholar
Jordan, S.D., and Avrett, E.H., eds. 1963, Stellar Chromospheres , NASA SP-317.Google Scholar
Kohl, J.L., and Parkinson, W.H. 1976, Astrophys. J. , 205, 599.Google Scholar
Kurucz, R.L. 1979, Astrophys. J. Suppl. , 40, 1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Linsky, J.L. 1985, in Progress in Stellar Spectral Line Formation Theory , ed. Beckman, J.E. and Crivellari, L. (Dordrecht: Reidel), p. 1.Google Scholar
Maltby, P., Avrett, E.H., Carlsson, M., Kjeldseth-Moe, O., Kurucz, R.L., and Loeser, R. 1986, Astrophys. J. , 306, 284.Google Scholar
Mankin, W.G. 1977, in The Solar Output and Its Variation , ed. White, O.R. (Boulder: Colorado Associated University Press), p. 151.Google Scholar
Mauas, P.J., Avrett, E.H., and Loeser, R. 1988, Astrophys. J. , 330, 1008.Google Scholar
Mihalas, D. 1978, Stellar Atmospheres , (San Francisco: Freeman).Google Scholar
Milkey, R.W. and Mihalas, D. 1974, Astrophys. J. , 192, 769.Google Scholar
Nelson, G.D. 1978, Solar Phys , 60, 5.Google Scholar
Nordlund, Å. 1985, in Theoretical Problems in High Resolution Solar Physics , ed. Schmidt, H.U., Max Planck Institut fur Astrophysik, MPA 212, p. 1.Google Scholar
Noyes, R.W., and Avrett, E.H. 1987, in Spectroscopy of Astrophysical Plasmas , ed. Dalgarno, A. and Layzer, D. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), p. 125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Noyes, R.W., and Hall, D.N.B. 1972, Astrophys. J. , 176, L89.Google Scholar
Parkinson, W.H., and Reeves, E.M. 1969, Solar Phys. , 10, 342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pierce, A.K. 1954, Astrophys. J. , 120, 221.Google Scholar
Rast, J., Kneubühl, F.K., and Müller, E.A. 1978, Astron. Astrophys. , 68, 229.Google Scholar
Rich, J. 1966, Silicon and Carbon Monoxide Absorption in the Solar Ultraviolet Spectrum , Thesis, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.Google Scholar
Rutten, R.J. 1988, in Physics of Formation of Fe II Lines Outside LTE , ed. Viotti, R., Vittone, A., and Friedjung, M. (Dordrecht: Reidel), p. 185.Google Scholar
Samain, D. 1980, Astrophys. J. Suppl. , 44, 273.Google Scholar
Shine, R.A., Milkey, R.W., and Mihalas, D. 1975, Astrophys. J. , 199, 724.Google Scholar
Stein, R.F., and Nordlund, Å 1989, Astrophys. J. (Lett.) , in press.Google Scholar
Tousey, R. 1963, Space Sci. Rev. , 2, 3.Google Scholar
Vernazza, J.E., Avrett, E.H., and Loeser, R. 1973, Astrophys. J. , 184, 605.Google Scholar
Vernazza, J.E., Avrett, E.H., and Loeser, R. 1976, Astrophys. J. Suppl. , 30, 1.Google Scholar
Vernazza, J.E., Avrett, E.H., and Loeser, R. 1981, Astrophys. J. Suppl. , 45, 635.Google Scholar
White, O.R., and Suemoto, Z. 1968, Solar Phys. , 3, 523.Google Scholar