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‘Artuswelt’ and ‘Gralwelt’: Shame Culture and Guilt Culture in ‘Parzival’

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 July 2017

Joseph Szövérffy*
Affiliation:
Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute

Extract

‘To judge by the profusion of scholarly works that have appeared in the last two or three decades, Wolfram's Parzival has enjoyed an extraordinary popularity,’ says Henry Kratz in his recent book, which he calls ‘An attempt at a total evaluation.’ Wolfram's romance remains the center of interest, but any ‘total evaluation’ runs the risk that it will be considered only on certain levels of interpretation, in spite of the fact that literary works, especially those of the Middle Ages, often display a combination of interpretative levels which, though seemingly contradictory, still do not necessarily exclude one another.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Fordham University Press 

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References

1 Kratz, Henry, Wolfram von Eschenbach's Parzival: An Attempt at a Total Evaluation (Bern 1973) 5.Google Scholar

2 Wolfram von Eschenbach, ed. Karl Lachmann6 (Berlin 1962); see also Wolfram von Eschenbach, Parzival Books I–VI, VII–XI, and XII–XVI, ed. Leitzmann, Albert (Altdeutsche Textbibliothek, 12, 13, and 14; Tübingen 1961–1965); Ulrich Pretzel and Wolfgang Bachofer, Bibliographie zu Wolfram von Eschenbach 2 (Berlin 1968); Bumke, Joachim, Wolfram von Eschenbach (Stuttgart 1964); English quotations after Mustard, Helen M. and Passage, Charles E., trans., Parzival by Wolfram von Eschenbach (New York 1961). On manuscript tradition: Gesa Bonath, Untersuchungen zur Überlieferung des Parzival Wolframs von Eschenbach (2 vols. Lübeck 1970–1971). On research since 1945: Bumke, Joachim, Die Wolfram von Eschenbach-Forschung seit 1945 (Munich 1970); Sacker, Hugh, An Introduction to Wolfram's Parzival (Cambridge 1963); Blamires, David, Characterization and Individuality in Wolfram's Parzival (Cambridge 1966). Further bibliography in Kratz (note 1).Google Scholar

3 This corresponds to the medieval ‘exegetic’ method which often presents three or four different aspects of the interpretation of Holy Scripture; on this, see de Lubac, Henri, Exégèse médiévale: les quatre sens de l'Écriture (Paris 1959–1964).Google Scholar

4 Endless investigations discuss the Arthurian literature: see Otto Brogsitter, Karl, Artus-epik (Stuttgart 1965); Roger Sherman Loomis, ed., Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages: A Collaborative History (Oxford 1959).Google Scholar

5 The same is true of the Grail literature; see only: Burdach, Konrad, Der Graal (Darmstadt 1974); Helen, Adolf, Visio Pacis: An Attempt at an Inner History of the Grail Legend (State College, Pa. 1960); Mockenhaupt, Benedikt, Die Frömmigkeit im Parzival Wolframs von Eschenbach (Bonn 1942); Ringbom, Lars-Ivar, Graltempel und Paradies (Stockholm 1951); most recently: Gallais, Pierre, Perceval et l'initiation (Paris 1972).Google Scholar

6 On gradualistic thinking in the Middle Ages: Müller, G., ‘Gradualismus: eine Studie zur deutschen Literaturgeschichte,’ Deutsche Vierteljahrsschrift 3 (1924) 114120.Google Scholar

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8 Johannes Schröder, Walter, Die Soltane-Erzählung in Wolframs Parzival (Heidelberg 1963); here Parzival is presented as a ‘Christ figure,’ against which Kratz protests.Google Scholar

9 The ‘Artuswelt’ and ‘Gralwelt’ as ‘myths,’ see: Kuhn, Hugo, ‘Parzival: ein Versuch über Mythus, Glaube und Dichtung im Mittelalter,’ Deutsche Vierteljahrsschrift 30 (1956) 161198; also id., Dichtung und Welt im Mittelalter (Stuttgart 1959) 151–180.Google Scholar

10 de Boor, Helmut, Die höfische Literatur: Vorbereitung, Blüte, Ausklang (Munich 1962) 95.Google Scholar

11 Kratz (note 1) 490; also note 8; below, Kratz's views are corrected.Google Scholar

12 It is irrelevant for our interpretation whether the Holy Grail has Byzantine-Christian, Oriental, or Celtic background (see on this: Marx, J., La légendě du Graal aux XIIe et XIIIe siècles [Paris 1952]), or is related to the Crusading traditions.Google Scholar

13 Text: Der Percevalroman (Li Contes del Graal) von Christian de Troyes, ed. Hilka, A. (Halle 1932); Frappier, Jean, Chrétien de Troyes et le mythe du Graal (Paris 1972) with further bibliography on editions, etc.Google Scholar

14 A most pregnant analysis is offered by Benedict, Ruth, The Chrysanthemum and the Sword (Boston 1946).Google Scholar

15 Much has been written on this subject (see Kratz, index, 633); Maurer, F., ‘Parzivals Sünden,’ Deutche Vierteljahrsschrift 24 (1950) 304346; Mohr, Wolfgang, ‘Parzivals ritterliche Schuld,’ Wirkendes Wort 2 (1951–1952) 148–160; Rolf Schröder, Franz, ‘Parzivals Schuld,’ Germanisch-romanische Monatsschrift 40 (1959) 1–20; Blank, Walter, ‘Mittelalterliche Dichtung oder Theologie? Zur Parzivals Schuld,’ Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum 100 (1971) 133–148; Richard Dimler, G., ‘Parzival's Guilt: A Theological Interpretation,’ Monatshefte 62 (1970) 123–134.Google Scholar

16 I wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to Professor Stuart Degginger of the State University of New York at New Paltz for drawing my attention to this.Google Scholar

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18 General bibliography and orientation: Weber, Gottfried, Nibelungenlied (Stuttgart 1961); authorship: Friedrich Panzer, Das Nibelungenlied: Entstehung und Gestalt (Munich 1955); Bekker, H., The Nibelungenlied: A Literary Analysis (Toronto 1972), etc.Google Scholar

19 Hrubý, A., ‘Die Problemstellung in Chretiens und Hartmanns Ěrec,’ Deutsche Vierteljahrsschrift 38 (1964) 337360; see also note 17, and Bezzola, R. R., Le sens de l'aventure et de l'amour (Paris 1947); edition: Wendelin Foerster, Werke, III (Berlin 1890), and by Mario Roques (Paris 1955); see also Halbach, H. H., Franzosentum und Deutschtum in höfischer Dichtung: Hartmann von Aue und Chrestien de Troyes (Freiburg i. Br. 1939).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

20 The ‘defender’ of the well and of the sacred tree is obviously a transformation of the Celtic ‘fairy lover’ motif. Text: Iwein: eine Erzählung von Hartmann von Aue, edd. Benecke, G. F. and Lachmann, K. (Berlin 1962); Chrestien's Yvain quoted after the Foerster edition (note 19).Google Scholar

21 On this question: Ritterliches Tugendsystem, ed. Günter Eifler (Darmstadt 1970).Google Scholar

22 See de Boor (note 10) 80ff. and 69–73.Google Scholar

23 Edition: von Aue, Hartmann, Ěrec, ed. Leitzmann, Albert (Tübingen 1963) vv. 1–2860.Google Scholar

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25 de Boor, H. (note 10) 127–145 and 438–439; Weber, G., Gottfrieds von Strassburg Tristan und die Krise des hochmittelalterlichen Weltbildes um 1200 (Stuttgart 1953).Google Scholar

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27 Gist, M. A., Love and War (Philadelphia 1947).Google Scholar

28 Ruth Benedict (note 14), 145, 146f., 149.Google Scholar

29 Wolfram von Eschenbach (ed. 1962), see note 2; Book III, and following parts: 147.25–331.Google Scholar

30 Bumke, , Wolfram von Eschenbach (note 2) 53ff.; also: Wolf, A., ‘Literarhistorische Aspekte von Parzivals Schweigen,’ Zeiten und Formen in Sprache und Dichtung: Festschrift für Fritz Tschirch (Cologne 1972) 7495.Google Scholar

31 See de Boor 95, etc.Google Scholar

32 Bloch, Marc, Les rois thaumaturges (Strasbourg 1924).Google Scholar