Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-25wd4 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-29T22:47:31.665Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Mariachi Musicians and Collective Grief during the COVID Pandemic in Southern California

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 February 2024

Abstract

During winter 2020–2021, Los Angeles County suffered a brutal third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Latinxs, who account for 49 percent of the local population, were disproportionately devastated by high numbers of COVID-19-positive cases and alarming increases in mortality rates. Despite the popular perception that all musicians were silenced during the pandemic, I draw from my personal experience as a mariachi and those of my musical colleagues to document the impact of systemic marginalisation on the lives of mariachi musicians and how we responded to the pandemic by supporting each other and our community through performances.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press of the International Council for Traditions of Music and Dance

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aalbers, Manuel B. 2019. “Revisiting ‘The Changing State of Gentrification:’ Introduction to the Forum: From the Third to Fifth-Wave Gentrification.” Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 110(1):111. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/tesg.12332 (accessed 6 March 2020).Google Scholar
Abrego, Leisy. Forthcoming. “Research as Accompaniment: Reflections on Objectivity, Ethics, and Emotions.” In Out of Place: Fieldwork and Positionality in Law and Society, ed. Chua, Lynette J. and Massoud, Mark Fathi. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Alonso, Sergio. 2022. “Mariachi Master-Apprentice Program: Familia during the COVID-19 Pandemic.” In Places and Purposes of Popular Music Education: Perspectives from the Field, ed. Powell, Bryan and Smith, Gareth Dylan, 1723. Chicago: Intellect, University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Becker, Tara L., Babey, Susan H., and Charles, Shana A.. 2019. “Health Policy Brief: Still Left Behind: Health Insurance Coverage and Access to Care among Latinos in California.” UCLA Center for Health Policy Research. Regents of the University of California.Google Scholar
Campa, Andrew J., Lin, Rong-Gong II, and Reyes, Emily Alpert. 2022. “Is L.A. Witnessing the End of the ‘Latino Paradox’?The Los Angeles Times: California, 13 April. https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2022-04-13/covid-death-rate-latino-los-angeles (accessed 5 July 2022).Google Scholar
Ceron, Ella. 2022. “Latino Mortality Rate Spiked 48% in Los Angeles during Covid.” Bloomberg News: Equality, 14 April. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-04-14/latino-mortality-rate-spiked-48-in-los-angeles-during-covid (accessed 5 July 2022).Google Scholar
County of Los Angeles Public Health. 2022. “COVID-19 Locations & Demographics: Los Angeles County Case Summary.” http://publichealth.lacounty.gov/media/coronavirus/locations.htm (accessed 1 December 2022).Google Scholar
Ding, Lei, and Hwang, Jackelyn. 2022. “Has COVID Reversed Gentrification in Major U.S. Cities? An Empirical Examination of Residential Mobility in Gentrifying Neighborhoods during the COVID-19 Crisis.” Working Paper 22–20. Philadelphia: Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia (accessed 29 December 2022). https://doi.org/10.21799/frbp.wp.2022.20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dirksen, Rebecca. 2012. “Power and Potential in Contemporary Haitian Music: Mizik Angaje, Cultural Action and Community-Led Development in Pre- and Post-Quake Port-au-Prince.” PhD diss., University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Dirksen, Rebecca. 2023. “Between the Cracks: Navigating Trauma as an Ethnomusicologist.” In The Routledge Companion to Ethics and Research in Ethnomusicology, ed. Jonathan, P. J. Stock and Diamond, Beverley, 209220. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Douglas, Leah, and Gee, Georgia. 2021. “A COVID Outbreak at a California Meatpacking Plant Started a Year Ago—And Never Went Away.” Mother Jones, 16 March. https://www.motherjones.com/food/2021/03/a-covid-outbreak-at-a-california-meatpacking-plant-started-a-year-ago-and-never-went-away/ (accessed 30 December 2022).Google Scholar
Elliott, Wendy. 1996. “The Jews of Boyle Heights, 1900–1950: The Melting Pot of Los Angeles.” Southern California Quarterly 78(1):110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
English, Paul B., Von Behren, Julie, Balmes, John R., Boscardin, John, Carpenter, Catherine, Goldberg, Debbie E., Horiuchi, Sophia, Richardson, Maxwell, Solomon, Gina, Valle, Jhaqueline, and Reynolds, Peggy. 2022. “Association between Long-Term Exposure to Particulate Air Pollution with SARS-CoV-2 Infections and COVID-19 Deaths in California, U.S.A.” Environmental Advances 9(1):19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Estrada, Adolfo Jr.. 2022. “Ritual and Meaning in the Mariachi Festival Movement of the United States.” PhD diss., Texas Tech University.Google Scholar
Fogelquist, Monica A. 2017. “Elevating My Chicana Feminist Consciousness through the United States’ First Female Show Mariachi.” MM thesis, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley.Google Scholar
Garcia, Marc A., and Sáenz, Rogelio. 2022. “COVID-19 Has Reduced the Latino Mortality Advantage among Older Adults: Research Brief #71.” Syracuse, NY: Lerner Center for Public Health Promotion.Google Scholar
GBD 2019 Diabetes and Air Pollution Collaborators. 2022. “Estimates, Trends, and Drivers of the Global Burden of Type 2 Diabetes Attributable to PM2.5 Air Pollution, 1990–2019: An Analysis of Data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.” Lancet Planet Health 6(1):e586e600.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harrison, Klisala. 2013. “Music, Health, and Socio-economic Status: A Perspective on Urban Poverty in Canada.” Yearbook for Traditional Music 45:5873.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harrison, Klisala. 2020a. “Musical Economics of Urban Poverty: City Redevelopment and Gentrification in the Financing, Organization, and Interpretation of Music.” In The Oxford Handbook of Economic Ethnomusicology, ed. Morcom, Anna and Taylor, Timothy D., 130. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Harrison, Klisala. 2020b. “Value Alignment in Applied and Community-Based Music Research.” Musiikki 50 (1–2):6987.Google Scholar
Hobbs, Holly, Paraíso, Raquel, and Sella, Tamar. 2020. “Musicians in America during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Documentary Project of the Society for Ethnomusicology.” https://semmusicianscovid.com/ (accessed 5 June 2023).Google Scholar
Kim, Sojin, Gonzalves, Theo, Davis, Lawrence-Minh Bùi, Wong, Deborah, and Traktivist, Richie. 2021. “The Power of Music: Beckoning-A Playlist of AAPI Joy, Sorrow, Rage, and Resistance.” Smithsonian Magazine, 14 May. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/smithsonian-asian-pacific-american-center-calls-upon-its-community-share-power-music-180977716/ (accessed 31 May 2023)Google Scholar
Kopetman, Roxana, and Bersebach, Paul. 2021. “For a Family Devastated by COVID-19, Mariachi Serenade Provides a Moment of Hope.” Orange County Register, 16 February. https://www.ocregister.com/2021/02/16/for-a-family-devastated-by-covid-19-mariachi-serenade-provides-a-moment-of-hope/ (accessed 30 December 2022).Google Scholar
Kurland, Catherine L., and Lamadrid, Enrique R.. 2013. Hotel Mariachi: Urban Space and Cultural Heritage in Los Angeles. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.Google Scholar
Kwan, Patchareeya P., Esmundo, Shenazar, Rivas, Eugenne Andrea, Co, Danielle Erika, Sabado-Liwag, Melanie. 2022. “Experiences and Impacts of COVID-19 among Pacific Islanders in Los Angeles County.” Therapeutic Advances in Infectious Disease 9(1):112. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/20499361221093102 (accessed 5 July 2022).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levine, Kevin C. 2018. “Irish Traditional Music and the Great Recession: Living and Working in the Irish Arts Sector after 2008.” PhD diss., University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Lin, Rong-Gong II, and Money, Luke. 2021. “Deaths among Latinos in L.A. County from COVID-19 Rising at Astonishing Levels.” Los Angeles Times (Online), 14 January. https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-01-14/latino-black-and-poor-residents-suffer-dramatically-worsening-covid-death-rates (accessed 30 December 2022).Google Scholar
Lipsitz, George, and ACTA (The Alliance for California Traditional Arts). 2020. Saludarte: Building Health Equity on the Bedrock of Traditional Arts and Culture, ed. Kitchener, Amy, Marín, Betty, and Flores, Quetzal, 1125. Los Angeles, CA: The Alliance for California Traditional Arts.Google Scholar
Lozano, Teresita D. 2020. “Corridos for the Holy Coyote: Ghost Smuggling Ballads and the Undocumented Migrant Journey.” Americas 29(1):2451.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lung-Amam, Willow. 2021. “Businesses Are Victims of Gentrification, Too.” Bloomberg Citylab, 19 May. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-05-19/small-businesses-are-victims-of-gentrification-too (accessed 29 December 2022).Google Scholar
Macías, Anthony. 2012. “Multicultural Music, Jews, and American Culture: The Life and Times of William Phillips.” In Beyond Alliances: The Jewish Role in Reshaping the Racial Landscape of Southern California, The Jewish Role in American Life, vol. 9, ed. Zuckerman, Bruce, Sánchez, George J., and Ansell, Lisa, 3369. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press.Google Scholar
Macy, Elizabeth M. 2010. “Music Tourism in New Orleans and Bali: A Comparative Study of Cultural Tourism Development.” PhD diss., University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
McGahan, Jason. 2017. “Facing Eviction, Boyle Heights Mariachis Are Going to Court.” LA Weekly, 13 September. http://www.uniondevecinos.org/index.php/facing-eviction-boyle-heights-mariachis-are-going-to-court/ (accessed 10 March 2020).Google Scholar
Medrano, Anthony. 2022. “Essay: Our Songs of Grief: Why Mariachis Felt Called to Play in Uvalde.” Houston Chronicle, 4 June. https://www.houstonchronicle.com/opinion/outlook/article/Essay-Our-songs-of-grief-why-mariachis-felt-17219659.php (accessed 21 July 2022).Google Scholar
Mejia, Brittny, and Vives, Ruben. 2022. “More L.A. Latinos Falling Into Homelessness.” Los Angeles Times, 28 October. https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2022-10-28/rising-homelessness-in-the-latino-community (accessed 29 December 2022).Google Scholar
Meo, S. A., Memon, A. N., Sheikh, S. A., Rouq, F. A., Usmani, A. Mahmood, Hassan, A., and Arain, S. A.. 2015. “Effect of Environmental Air Pollution on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.” European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 19(1):123128.Google ScholarPubMed
Molina, Natalia. 2015. “The Importance of Place and Place-Makers in the Life of a Los Angeles Community: What Gentrification Erases from Echo Park.” Southern California Quarterly 97(1):69111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Center for Health Statistics. 2023. “Excess Deaths Associated with COVID-19: Provisional Death Counts for COVID-19.” https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/vsrr/covid19/excess_deaths.htm (accessed 23 October 2023).Google Scholar
Rasmussen, Anne K., Impey, Angela, Willson, Rachel B., Aksoy, Ozan, Gill, Denise, and Frishkopf, Michael. 2019. “Call and Response: SEM President’s Roundtable 2016, ‘Ethnomusicological Responses to the Contemporary Dynamics of Migrants and Refugees.’Ethnomusicology 63(2):279314.Google Scholar
Reyes, Kathryn Blackmer, and Rodríguez, Julia E. Curry. 2012. “Testimonio: Origins, Terms, and Resources.” Equity & Excellence in Education 45(3):525538.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodríguez, Russell C. 2006. “Cultural Production, Legitimation, and the Politics of Aesthetics: Mariachi Transmission, Practice, and Performance in the United States.” PhD diss., University of California, Santa Cruz.Google Scholar
Salazar, Lauryn C. 2011. “From Fiesta to Festival: Mariachi Music in California and the Southwestern United States.” PhD diss., University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Soveranes, Erika J. 2017. “‘La Reyna es el Rey’: Expressions of Gender Identity by Female Mariachis in the Southwest.” MM thesis, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley.Google Scholar
Stuparitz, Otto. 2023. “Yogyakarta’s Jazz Activists: From Regional Scene to Local Stages.” In Popular Music Scenes: Pop Music, Culture and Identity, ed. Bennett, Andy, Cashman, David, Green, Ben, and Lewandowski, Natalie, 209225. London: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tobias, Manuela. 2022. “California Homeless Population Grew by 22,000 over Pandemic.” Cal Matters, 6 October. https://calmatters.org/housing/2022/10/california-homeless-crisis-latinos/ (accessed 29 December 2022).Google Scholar
Torres-Ramos, José R. 2020. “Incorporando Mariachismo: Una Fenomenología del Gesto Musical.” In Los Sentidos del Cuerpo: El Giro Sensorial en la Investigación Social y los Estudios de Género, coordinated by Ramos, Olga Sabido. Mexico City: Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios de Género (CIEG), UNAM.Google Scholar
Wang, Grace, Fram, Noah R., Carstensen, Laura L., and Berger, Jonathan. 2022. “Characterizing the Relationship between the COVID-19 Pandemic and U.S. Classical Musicians’ Wellbeing.” Frontiers in Sociology 7(1):112.Google ScholarPubMed
Wick, Julia. 2017. “Boyle Heights Development Seeks to Sell ‘Mariachi’ Experience While Displacing Actual Mariachis.” LAist, 12 May. https://laist.com/news/mariachi-crossing (accessed 16 January 2018).Google Scholar