States as intematiomd persons — State succession — In matters of extradition — British protectorate of Sierra Leone — Liberia — United Kingdom Extradition Treaty, 1892 — Treaty applied to Sierra Leone — Independence of Sierra Leone — Whether bound by treaty — Extradition Act 1962 — The law of Sierra Leone

The individual in international law — Extradition — Conditions of — Extraditable crimes — Burden of proof — Burden on accused to prove extradition on balance of probabilities — Fugitive only triable for offence for which extradited — Extradition Act 1962 — Liberia — United Kingdom Extradition Treaty, 1892 — The law of Sierra Leone

International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Treaties — Incorporation into municipal law by legislation — Mode of legislation — Whether treaty prevails in case of conflict with legislation — Liberia-United Kingdom Extradition Treaty, 1892 — Sierra Leone Extradition Act 1962 — State succession — In matters of extradition — Whether Sierra Leone successor to treaty obligations of United Kingdom with Liberia — Extradition — Principle of speciality — The law of Sierra Leone

States as international persons — In general — Sovereignty and independence — In matters of domestic jurisdiction — Biafra — De facto government — Validity of acts of judges in rebel enclaves — Doctrine of necessity or implied mandate — Whether policy of lawful government expressly or impliedly opposed to mandate — The law of Nigeria

States as international persons — In general — The beginning of State existence — Nigerian civil war — Biafra — Usurping government in de facto control of part of country — Validity of acts of judges in rebel enclave — Doctrine of necessity or implied mandate — Whether applicable to civil war — Policy of lawful government — Whether expressly or impliedly opposed to mandate — The law of Nigeria

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Ratification of treaties — Entry into force — Whether treaty can enter into force without ratification — Effect of provision for ratification — Bangladesh — India Treaty concerning the Demarcation of the Land Boundary, 1974 — The law of Bangladesh

State territory — In general — Loss of territorial sovereignty — Cession — Determination of boundary involving cession — Whether executive empowered to cede State territory without legislative sanction — Mode of sanction required — Whether situation different when territory always in the possession of the foreign State — Bangladesh-India Treaty concerning the Demarcation of the Land Boundary, 1974 — Entry into force without ratification — The law of Bangladesh

States as international persons — In general — Sovereignty and independence — In matters of domestic jurisdiction — Australia — Western Australian legislation dealing with title to and possession of historic wrecks lying offshore — Whether within extra — territorial competence of State legislature — Whether contrary to Commonwealth sovereignty of bed of territorial sea — Seas and Submerged Lands Act 1973 (Commonwealth) — The law of Australia

States as international persons — Composite and dependent States and territories — Unions of States — Federal States and confederations — Australia — Competence of federated States to legislate extraterritorially — Whether contrary to Imperial or Commonwealth legislation — Relationship between Australia and United Kingdom — The law of Australia

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Territorial limits of jurisdiction — Territorial waters of Commonwealth of Australia — Power of Australian States to legislate extra-territorially — Whether a sufficient connection exists between subject — matter of State legislation and interests of State — Whether seabed could be conveyed by State legislation — Whether inconsistent with Imperial or Commonwealth legislation — The law of Australia

State territory — Parts of — Territorial waters — Jurisdiction in the maritime belt — Australia — Western Australian legislation dealing with title to, and possession of, historic wrecks lying offshore — Whether within extra-territorial competence of State legislature — Whether sufficient connection between subject matter of legislation and interests of Western Australia — Whether legislation repugnant to Merchant Shipping Act 1894 (Imperial) — Act vesting property in Crown — Whether in right of Western Australia or in right of United Kingdom — Present relationship between Australia and United Kingdom — Whether State legislation inconsistent with Commonwealth legislation — Commonwealth sovereignty over bed of territorial sea — Distinction between real property and personal property — Whether seabed could be conveyed by State legislation — Dominion as an aspect of sovereignty — Whether State legislation invalid under Section 109 of Commonwealth Constitution — Museum Act 1959 (Western Australia) — Amendment Act 1964 — Museum Act 1969 (Western Australia) — Maritime Archaeology Act 1973 (Western Australia) — Navigation Act 1912 (Commonwealth) — Seas and Submerged Lands Act 1973 (Commonwealth) — The law of Australia

Jurisdiction — In general — Personal — Over nationals in respect of crimes committed abroad — Power to legislate with extraterritorial effect — Criminal Law Gurisdiction) Bill 1975 — The law of Ireland

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Territorial limits of jurisdiction — Whether a State has power to legislate with extraterritorial effect — Protective principle — Jurisdiction over nationals abroad — Criminal Law (Jurisdiction) Bill 1975 — The law of Ireland

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Fisheries — Protection of fisheries legislation — Extraterritorial effect — Competence to create offences in respect of acts of residents committed abroad — The law of Ireland

Jurisdiction — In general — Personal — Over nationals in respect of crimes committed abroad — Competence to create offences in respect of acts of residents committed abroad — Extraterritorial effect of legislation — The law of Ireland

The individual in international law — Nationality — Nationality of corporations — Claims by company organized under laws of the State of Delaware — 97 percent of outstanding capital stock held by United States nationals — Whether company a United States national within the meaning of Iran-United States Claims Settlement Declaration, 1981, Article VII — The law and practice of the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal

Disputes — Arbitration — Procedure — Competence — Claim for payment of credit balance of allegedly expropriated bank accounts — Whether claimant company a United States national — Counter-claim — Whether within jurisdiction of Tribunal — Relationship between subject matter of claim and counterclaim — Iran-United States Claims Settlement Declaration, 1981, Articles 11(1) and VII — The law and practice of the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For taking of, or interference with, property — Bank account — Alleged pattern of interference amounting to expropriation — Jurisdiction of arbitral tribunal — Counterclaim — Relationship between subject matter of claim and that of counterclaim — Whether taking of property could occur under international law in absence of nationalization or expropriation — Unreasonable interference — Iran-United States Claims Settlement Declaration, 1981, Article II(1) and Article VII — The law and practice of the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For wrongs unconnected with contractual obligations — Acts and omissions of State organs and officials — Connected with legislation — Education Regulations 1966 — Requirement to sing national anthem and salute national flag — Whether a hindrance of enjoyment of freedom of conscience — Whether in the interests of defence, public safety or to protect the rights and freedoms of others — Whether reasonably justifiable in a democratic society — The law of Zambia

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Freedom of conscience — Freedom of thought and religion — Jehovah's witness required to sing national anthem and salute national flag in conflict with religious beliefs — Whether religious ceremonies or observances — Objective or subjective test — Whether a hindrance of enjoyment of freedom of conscience — Burden of proof — Whether hindrance in the interests of defence, public safety or to protect the rights and freedoms of others — Whether reasonably justifiable in a democratic society — Whether criteria vary — Long established society or newly emergent society — Section 21 of the Constitution — The law of Zambia

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For wrongs unconnected with contractual obligations — Acts and omissions of State organs and officials — Connected with legislation — Immigration and Deportation Act 1965 — Chosen legal representative not issued with work permit — Whether a breach of right to free choice of legal representation — Section 20(2)(d) of the Constitution — The law of Zambia

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Legal representation — Right to free choice — Extent of — Meaning of ‘legal representative’ — Chosen legal representative not issued with employment permit — Immigration and Deportation Act 1965 — Whether a contravention — Section 20(2)(d) of the Constitution — The law of Zambia

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Legal representation — Right to free choice — Extent of — Meaning of ‘legal representative’ — Chosen legal representative not issued with employment permit — Immigration and Deportation Act 1965 — Whether a contravention — Section 20(2)(d) of the Constitution — The law of Zambia

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Fair hearing and fair trial — Trial within a reasonable time — Mauritius Constitution, Section 10(1) — Meaning of term ‘charged’ — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 6(1) — The law of Mauritius

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms —, Freedom of expression — Mauritius Constitution, Section 12(1) — Whether law creating offence of sedition inconsistent with Constitution — The law of Mauritius

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Solitary confinement — Mental and physical discomfort — Whether amounting to torture or inhuman treatment — Section 7(1) of the Mauritius Constitution — The law of Mauritius

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For wrongs unconnected with contractual obligations — Acts and omissions of State organs and officials — Connected with legislation — Emergency Regulations 1969 — Ministerial detention order — Allegations of false imprisonment and torture — Whether State responsible for acts of police done in course of duty — The law of Uganda

State responsibility — Damages (Measure of damages) — Grounds for awarding damages — Responsibility for acts of police done in course of duty — False imprisonment — Assault and torture — The law of Uganda

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Personal liberty — Right of detained person to be informed promptly of charges — Sections 10 and 21 of the Constitution — Ministerial detention order — Whether able to be challenged — Emergency Regulations 1969 — Allegations of false imprisonment — Assault and torture — State responsibility for acts of police done in course of duty — Damages — The law of Uganda

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For breaches of treaty obligations — Refusal to issue passport to citizen abroad — Right to leave any country — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966, Article 12(2) — 0ptional Protocol — United Nations Human Rights Committee

International organization and administration — The United Nations — Other organs of the United Nations — Human Rights Committee — Jurisdiction under International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966, and Optional Protocol thereto — Competence to consider communication from citizen living abroad

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Right to leave any country — Refusal to issue passport to citizen living abroad — Freedom of expression — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966, Articles 12(2) and 19 — Optional Protocol — United Nations Human Rights Committee — Competence — Whether within jurisdiction of national authorities to issue passport to citizen living abroad — Procedure — Findings of fact in absence of evidence from State party

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For breaches of treaty obligations — Right to review of conviction by a higher tribunal according to law — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966, Article 14(5) — Violation alleged in communication to United Nations Human Rights Committee — Lack of right to appeal for certain offences under Colombian security legislation 1978 — Whether right of appeal at discretion of State — Right of derogation in time of emergency

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Right to review of conviction by a higher tribunal according to law — Lack of right of appeal for certain offences under security legislation — Whether phrase ‘according to law’ left discretion to State — Right of derogation in time of emergency — Procedure — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966, Articles 4 and 14 — Optional Protocol — United Nations Human Rights Committee

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For wrongs unconnected with contractual obligations — Acts and omissions of State organs and officials — Exhaustion of legal remedies — Intemational Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — 0ptional Protocol — Communication to United Nations Human Rights Committee — Exhaustion of domestic remedies — Whether any effective remedies available to alleged victim

International organization and administration — The United Nations — Other organs of the United Nations — Human Rights Committee — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Optional Protocol — Procedure — Consideration of same case by another human rights tribunal — Evidence — Burden of proof

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Detention without charge — Detainee held incommunicado — Allegation of torture — Right to fair trial — Right to trial without undue delay — Habeas corpus not available — Trial held in closed session — Accused not properly represented — Punishment of accused for political opinions — Deprivation of political rights — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Optional Protocol — United Nations Human Rights Committee — Procedure — Exhaustion of domestic remedies — Consideration of same case by another human rights tribunal — Evidence — Burden of proof

International organization and administration — The United Nations — Other organs of the United Nations — Human Rights Committee — Communication under International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 and Optional Protocol thereto — Evidence — Principle of audiatur et altera pars — Burden of proof

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Arrest without charge — Detention incommunicado — Allegations of cruel treatment and torture — Right of detained persons to be treated with humanity and dignity — Habeas corpus not available — Right to trial — Right to be informed of charges — Right to life — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Optional Protocol — United Nations Human Rights Committee — Evidence — Principle audiatur et altera pars — Burden of proof

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For wrongs unconnected with contractual obligations — Acts and omissions of State organs and officials — Connected with legislation — Victim killed during police operation — Whether action proportionate to requirements of law enforcement — lntemational Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — 0ptional Protocol — United Nations Human Rights Committee

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Right to life — Arbitrary deprivation of life — Victim killed during police operation — State of emergency — Whether action proportionate to requirements of law enforcement — Whether right to life adequately protected by law — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966, Article 6 — Optional Protocol — United Nations Human Rights Committee — Procedure — Exhaustion of domestic remedies — State's right of derogation from rights protected under Covenant — Whether necessary to consider alleged violations of other articles of Covenant