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³⁴ I am using the variable K for competence. K denotes the German term Kompetenz which is familiar to the English reader of EU law. The obvious alternative variable C denoting the English term competence would have the disadvantage of being ambiguous, since C is introduced in Figure 2 as denoting the circumstances of a case. I owe this use of the variables to a suggestion made by an anonymous referee.

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⁴⁸ Mayer, Multilevel Constitutional Jurisdiction (n 31) 426.

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⁶⁹ ECJ, Elchinov ECR I-08889, para 27 (GA Cruz Villalón 10 July 2010).

⁷⁰ On practical concordance of material principles, see Hesse, K, Grundzüge des Verfassungsrechts der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (20th edn, Müller, Heidelberg, 1995) 28.Google Scholar Hesse’s idea is here transferred to formal principles.

⁷¹ This flexible approach is used by the UK Supreme Court to determine the relationship between the legislature and reviewing courts, see Supreme Court UK, R (on the application of Nicklinson and another) (Appellants) v Ministry of Justice (Respondent), R (on the application of AM) (AP) (Respondent) v The Director of Public Prosecutions (Appellant) UKSC 38, paras 102, 298 (25 June 2014).

⁷² ECJ, Parliament v Council ECR I-02067, para 22 (22 May 1990).

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⁸⁹ Alexy (n 21) 207, referring to the constitutional order within a state.

⁹⁰ Alexy, A Theory of Constitutional Rights (n 80) 102. On the second law of balancing, relating to epistemic reliability, see Klatt and Meister (n 23) 11, 80–83.

⁹¹ Cf Klatt and Meister (n 23) 10.

⁹² Ibid (n 23) 12–13, 34–36; Alexy, R, ‘The Weight Formula’ in Stelmach, J, Brozek, B and Zaluski, W (eds), Studies in the Philosophy of Law. Frontiers of the economic analysis of law (Jagiellonian University Press, Crakow, 2007) 9, 15.Google Scholar

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⁹⁵ Alexy, Comments and Responses (n 84) 438.

⁹⁶ Klatt, Robert Alexy’s Philosophy of Law as System (n 49) 20–21; Klatt, M, ‘An Egalitarian Defense of Proportionality-Based Balancing’ (2014) 12International Journal of Constitutional Law 891Google Scholar, 897–99; Alexy, A Theory of Constitutional Rights (n 80) 107, 109.

⁹⁷ For a flexible approach to the relationship between the legislature and reviewing courts in the UK, using a variety of factors, see Supreme Court UK, R (on the application of Nicklinson and another) (Appellants) v Ministry of Justice (Respondent), R (on the application of AM) (AP) (Respondent) v The Director of Public Prosecutions (Appellant) UKSC 38 (25 June 2014) at para 73.

⁹⁸ Cf Alexy (n 94) 249.

⁹⁹ Kavanagh, A, ‘Deference of Defiance?’ in Huscroft, G (ed), Expounding the Constitution: Essays in Constitutional Theory (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2008) 184CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 184; King, JA, ‘Institutional Approaches to Judicial Restraint’ (2008) 28 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 409CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 428–29. Rejecting democratic legitimacy as a factor, however, Jowell, J, ‘Judicial deference’ (2003) Public Law 592.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁰ Cf Rivers, Constitutional Rights and Statutory Limitations (n 88) 254; Brady, ADP, Proportionality and Deference under the UK Human Rights Act: An Institutionally Sensitive Approach (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2012) 107–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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¹⁰² Kumm (n 10) 300.

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¹⁰⁶ ECHR, Gillow v The United Kingdom, para 55 (24 November 1986). Brems, Cf E, ‘The Margin of Appreciation Doctrine in the Case-Law of the European Court of Human Rights’ (1996) Heidelberg Journal of International Law 240, 264.Google Scholar See also A v Secretary of State for the Home Department UKHL 56, section 108 (House of Lords 16 December 2004).

¹⁰⁷ Nollkaemper, A, National Courts and the International Rule of Law (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2011) 262–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar See also United States v Carolene Products Co., 304 US 144, 152 n.4 (1938).

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¹¹⁰ Kumm (n 10) 300; Edward, D, ‘Subsidiarity as a Legal Concept’ in Cardonnel, P, Rosas, A and Wahl, N (eds), Constitutionalising the EU Judicial System: Essays in Honour of Pernilla Lindh (Hart Publishing, Oxford, 2012) 93.Google Scholar For a critical account, see Follesdal, A, ‘The Principle of Subsidiarity as a Constitutional Principle in International Law’ (2013) 2 Global Constitutionalism 37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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¹¹² Teitz (n 109) 56, section 3c; International Transport Roth GmbH v Secretary of State for the Home Department, 2003 QB at 767, per Laws LJ; Brems (n 106) 290–91.

¹¹³ ECJ, Åklagaren v Hans Åkerberg Fransson, paras 41–46 (GA Cruz Villalón 12 June 2012). Fontanelli, F, ‘Hic Sunt Nationes’ (2013) 9 European Constitutional Law Review 315, 320–22.Google Scholar

¹¹⁴ US Supreme Court, Colorado River Water Conservation District v. United States, 424 US 800, 818; cf Teitz (n 109) 46.

¹¹⁵ Supreme Court UK, R (on the application of Nicklinson and another) (Appellants) v Ministry of Justice (Respondent), R (on the application of AM) (AP) (Respondent) v The Director of Public Prosecutions (Appellant) UKSC 38 (25 June 2014) at para 75: ‘must depend on all the circumstances’; cf rule J9 in Alexy (n 94) 250.

¹¹⁶ Cf Alexy, A Theory of Constitutional Rights (n 80) 346. The list of factors employed in this article is not conclusive. In national constitutional orders, e.g., the nature of the issue at stake is also deemed relevant. The more the case relates to controversial issues of social policy or contested moral or religious questions, the higher is the weight of Parliament’s assessment, cf Supreme Court UK, R (on the application of Nicklinson and another) (Appellants) v Ministry of Justice (Respondent), R (on the application of AM) (AP) (Respondent) v The Director of Public Prosecutions (Appellant) UKSC 38 (25 June 2014) at 297, but see ibid, 191.

¹¹⁷ Brandom, RB, Making It Explicit. Reasoning, Representing, and Discursive Commitment (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1994)Google Scholar; Alexy (n 94).

¹¹⁸ Avbelj (n 53) 750 (original emphasis).

¹¹⁹ Mayer, Multilevel Constitutional Jurisdiction (n 31) 434.

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¹²³ Kumm (n 10) 299–300.

¹²⁴ BVerfGE 37, 271 at para 26.

¹²⁵ BVerfGE 73, 339 at para 103: ‘particularly through the decisions of the European Court’.

¹²⁶ BVerfGE 37, 271 at para 26.

¹²⁷ BVerfGE 102, 147 para 63 (emphasis added). The unofficial English translation, available at the website of the FCC, is incorrect since it continues with ‘in the in respective case’ (para 39 in the English translation). This case-relatedness is, however, clearly not intended by the FCC.

¹²⁸ Voßkuhle, A, ‘Multilevel cooperation of the European Constitutional Courts: Der Europäische Verfassungsgerichtsverbund’ (2010) 6 European Constitutional Law Review 175, 192.Google Scholar

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¹³¹ Ibid 508–9.

¹³² Ibid 493–94.

¹³³ Ibid 513.

¹³⁴ BVerfGE 125, 60.

¹³⁵ Cf Möllers (n 120) 162.

¹³⁶ BVerfGE 125, 60 at para 182.

¹³⁷ Ibid para 241.

¹³⁸ Cf ECJ, Ireland v Parliament and Council, ECR I-00593 (10 February 2009).

¹³⁹ Bossuyt and Verrijdt (n 26) 384.

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