Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-wzw2p Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-12T04:05:23.544Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Institutional Environment and IPO Strategy: A Study of ChiNext in China

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 May 2017

Jing Zhang
Affiliation:
Old Dominion University, USA
Wei Zhang*
Affiliation:
Tsinghua University, China
Andreas Schwab
Affiliation:
Iowa State University, USA
Sipei Zhang
Affiliation:
Yunfeng Capital, China
*
Corresponding author: Wei Zhang (zhangw3@sem.tsinghua.edu.cn)

Abstract

Taking an institution-based view, we investigate how entrepreneurs respond to immature regulatory environments in order to be listed on stock markets in countries with an emerging economy. Unlike stock markets in developed countries, in emerging markets, gaining government approval for listing is a critical and more unpredictable process for entrepreneurs. Hence, entrepreneurs who are preparing for a public offering might give substantially discounted shares to venture capital (VC) investors. This will lead to higher investment returns in pre-IPO deals than those at earlier stages, which distorts the risk-return tradeoff found in developed markets. In particular, the VC investors affiliated with powerful organizations that can promise entrepreneurs preferential access to stock market gatekeepers will gain even higher pre-IPO investment returns. The associated additional institutional rents earned by VC investors, however, are expected to decrease over time, as the stock markets mature. Related hypotheses with regard to the investment timing, VC firm affiliations with government agencies, securities traders, and universities are tested using data from ChiNext in China (2009–2013). This study highlights that institutional factors impact the behavior of participants in emerging markets. It extends current theories derived almost exclusively from developed markets.

摘要:

摘要:

我们以制度基础观研究企业家如何应对不成熟监管环境以在新兴经济体国家股票市场上市。不同于发达国家的股票市场, 在新兴市场取得政府的上市批准对企业家来说是一个至关重要和不可预测的过程。因此, 准备公开募股的企业家可能会给风险资本 (VC) 投资人大幅度打折的股票。这将导致上市前交易比早期阶段交易有更高的投资回报, 从而扭曲发达市场中的风险 - 收益权衡。特别是, 附属于强大的能够保证企业家优先接近股市守门人的组织的风险投资人将获得更高的首次公开招股前的投资回报。然而, 风险投资人获得的额外机构租金随着股市的成熟预计将随时间减少。关于投资时机的有关假说, 风险投资企业与政府机构、券商和大学的隶属关系用中国 (2009-2013) 创业板数据进行了测试。这项研究凸显了制度因素对新兴市场参与者行为的影响超过发达市场。它还扩展了几乎全部出自于发达市场的现有理论。

संस्थागत परिप्रेक्ष्य लेते हुए हमने यह अन्वेषण किया है की उदीयमान अर्थव्यवस्थाओं में उद्योगपति शेयर बाजार में सूचीकृत होने के लिए किस प्रकार अपरिपक्व नियंत्रण व्यवस्था का सामना करते हैं. विक्सित अर्थव्यवस्थाओं की शेयर मार्किट परिस्थिति के विपरीत उदीयमान अर्थव्यवस्थाओं में शेयर बाजार में सूचीकृत होने के लिए सरकारी अनुमोदन महत्वपूर्ण और अनुनमेय है. इसलिए सार्वजनिक शेयर प्रस्तावों की ओर अग्रसर उद्यमी अपने शेयर अत्यधिक रियायत पर उद्यम पूंजीपतियों को दे देते हैं. इस कारण से आईपीओ-पूर्व के लें-दें में प्रारंभिक स्थिति से अधिक नफ़ा होगा, जिसके कारण विकसित बाज़ारों में देखे जाने वाले जोखिम-मुनाफ़े के आकलन में विकृति हो जाती है. खासतौर पर प्रभावशाली संगठनों से जुड़े उद्यम पूंजीवादी जो उद्यमियों को शेयर मार्केट तक पहुँचने में तरजीह दे सकते हैं, और भी अधिक पूर्व आई-पी-ओ नफ़े के भागी होंगे. लेकिन समय के साथ शेयर मार्किट की परिपक्वता के विकास से सम्बद्ध अतिरिक्त संस्थागत नफ़े में कमी आएगी. निवेश का समय, उद्यम पूंजीपति फर्म के सरकारी संस्थानों से सम्बन्ध, शेयर व्यापारी व विश्वविद्यालयों से सम्बंधित परिपालपनाओं का चीन के चिनेक्सट (2009-13) प्रदत्त आंकड़ों के आधार पर परीक्षण किया गया है. इस शोध में इस बात पर प्रकाश डाला गया है की संस्थागत आयाम विक्सित अर्थव्यवस्थाओं की तुलना में उदीयमान अर्थव्यवस्थाओं में प्रतिभागियों के व्यवहार पर अधिक असर डालते हैं. इस शोध में समकालीन पूर्णतया विकसित अर्थव्यवस्थाओं के अध्ययन से जनित सिद्धांतों का भी विस्तार किया गया है.

Abstract:

ABSTRACT:

Partindo de uma visão baseada em instituições, investigamos como os empresários respondem a ambientes regulatórios imaturos para serem listados em mercados de ações em países com uma economia emergente. Ao contrário dos mercados de ações nos países desenvolvidos, obter aprovação do governo para ser listado em mercados emergentes é um processo crítico e imprevisível para empreendedores. Assim, empreendedores que estão se preparando para uma oferta pública (IPO) podem oferecer ações substancialmente subprecificadas para investidores de capital de risco (VC). Isso levará a maiores retornos de investimento em negócios pré-IPO do que aqueles em estágios anteriores, o que distorce a relação risco-retorno encontrada nos mercados desenvolvidos. Em particular, os investidores do VC afiliados a organizações poderosas que podem prometer aos empresários um acesso preferencial aos reguladores do mercado de ações obterão retornos de investimentos pré-IPO ainda maiores. As relacionadas rendas institucionais adicionais obtidas pelos investidores da VC, no entanto, deverão diminuir ao longo do tempo, a medida em que os mercados de ações amadurecem. Hipóteses relacionadas com o timing do investimento, as afiliações das firmas de VC com agências governamentais, negociantes de títulos e universidades são testadas usando dados da ChiNext na China (2009-2013). Este estudo destaca que os fatores institucionais afetam o comportamento dos participantes nos mercados emergentes mais do que nos mercados desenvolvidos. Ele também amplia as teorias atuais derivadas quase que exclusivamente de mercados desenvolvidos.

Аннотация:

АННОТАЦИЯ:

В соответствии с институциональной теорией, мы исследуем, как предприниматели ведут себя в условиях недостачно развитой нормативно-правовой среды, чтобы выйти на фондовые рынки в странах с развивающейся экономикой. В отличие от фондовых рынков в развитых странах, получить одобрение правительства на листинг в развивающихся странах является критически важным и непредсказуемым для предпринимателей. Следовательно, предприниматели, которые готовятся к публичному размещению, могут предоставить акции с существенным дисконтом венчурным инвесторам. Это приведет к увеличению доходности инвестиций в сделках до IPO, по сравнению с предыдущими этапами, что нарушает баланс между риском и доходностью, который наблюдается на развитых рынках. В частности, венчурные инвесторы, связанные с мощными организациями, которые могут обеспечить предпринимателям преференциальный доступ на фондовый рынок, получат еще более высокие доходы от инвестиций до IPO. Вместе с тем, дополнительные институциональные доходы, которые получают венчурные инвесторы, со временем уменьшатся, поскольку фондовые рынки развиваются. Гипотезы относительно сроков инвестиций, связей венчурных фирм с государственными учреждениями, профессиональными участниками рынка ценных бумаг и университетами тестируются с использованием данных ChiNext в Китае (2009-2013). В этом исследовании подчеркивается, что институциональные факторы влияют на поведение участников рынка в развивающихся странах больше, чем в развитых странах. Данная работа также расширяет современные теории, которые возникли почти исключительно на материале из развитых стран.

Resumen:

RESUMEN:

Tomando una visión basada en la institución, investigamos como los emprendedores responden a ambientes regulatorios inmaduros con el fin de cotizarse en las bolsas bursátiles de países con una economía emergente. A diferencia de los mercados bursátiles de países desarrollados, en los mercados emergentes conseguir la aprobación del gobierno para poder ser cotizadas es un proceso crítico e impredecible para los empresarios. Por lo tanto, los empresarios que se están preparando para una oferta pública inicial podrían dar acciones substancialmente descontadas a los inversionistas de capital de riesgo. Esto llevará a un retorno más alto de las inversiones en las ofertas antes de la salida pública inicial que aquellas en etapas anteriores, lo cual distorsiona la compensación del riesgo-retorno que se encuentra en mercados desarrollados. En particular, los inversionistas de capital de riesgo afiliados con organizaciones poderosas que pueden prometer a los emprendedores, acceso preferencial a controladores de acceso a mercados bursátiles ganarán incluso más altos retornos de las inversiones antes de la salida pública inicial. Sin embargo, las rentas institucionales adicionales asociadas ganadas por los inversionistas de capital de riesgo, se espera que disminuyan con el tiempo, a medida que los mercados bursátiles maduren. Las hipótesis relacionadas con el calendario de inversión, la afiliación de la empresa de capital de riesgo con las agencias gubernamentales, los operadores de valores, y las universidades son probados utilizando los datos de ChiNext en China (2009-2013). Este estudio resalta que los factores institucionales impactan el comportamiento de los participantes en mercados emergentes más que en los mercados desarrollados. Esto también extiende las teorías actuales derivadas casi que exclusivamente de mercados desarrollados.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The International Association for Chinese Management Research 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Ahlstrom, D., & Bruton, G. 2006. Venture capital in emerging economies: Networks and institutional change. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30 (2): 299320.Google Scholar
Ahuja, G., & Yayavaram, S. 2011. PERSPECTIVE-Explaining influence rents: The case for an institutions-based view of strategy. Organization Science, 22 (6): 16311652.Google Scholar
Barney, J. B., & Zhang, S. 2009. The future of Chinese management research: A theory of Chinese management versus a Chinese theory of management. Management and Organization Review, 5 (1): 1528.Google Scholar
Bascle, G. 2008. Controlling for endogeneity with instrumental variables in strategic management research. Strategic Organization, 6 (3): 285327.Google Scholar
Brown, M. B., & Forsythe, A. B. 1974. Robust tests for the equality of variances. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 69 (346): 364367.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bruton, G. D., & Ahlstrom, D. 2003. An institutional view of China's venture capital industry: Explaining the difference between China and the West. Journal of Business Venturing, 18 (2): 233259.Google Scholar
Bruton, G. D., Fried, V. H., & Manigart, S. 2005. Institutional influences on the worldwide expansion of venture capital. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29 (6): 737760.Google Scholar
Carney, M., Gedajlovic, E., & Yang, X. 2009. Varieties of Asian capitalism: Toward an institutional theory of Asian enterprise. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 26 (3): 361380.Google Scholar
Certo, S. T., Holcomb, T. R., & Holmes, R. M. 2009. IPO research in management and entrepreneurship: Moving the agenda forward. Journal of Management, 35 (1): 13401378.Google Scholar
Çetindamar, D. 2003. The growth of venture capital: A cross-cultural comparison. Westport, CT: Praeger.Google Scholar
Chen, C., Chen, X., & S, Huang. 2013. Chinese guanxi: An integrative review and new directions for future research. Social Science Electronic Publishing, 9 (1): 167207.Google Scholar
Child, J. 2009. Context, comparison, and methodology in Chinese management research. Management and Organization Review, 5 (1): 5773.Google Scholar
China Securities Regulatory Commission [CSRC]. 2009. Temporary regulations for IPO on the China's ChiNext. (Shou Ci Gong Kai Fa Xing Gu Piao Bing Zai Chuang Ye Ban Shang Shi Guan Li Zan Xing Ban Fa) (in Chinese). [Cited 18 November 2014]. Available from URL: http://www.csrc.gov.cn/pub/zjhpublic/cyb/200911/t20091117_170416.htm?keywords Google Scholar
Cochrane, J. H. 2005. The risk and return of venture capital. Journal of Financial Economics, 75 (1): 352.Google Scholar
Cumming, D., & Knill, A. 2012. Disclosure, venture capital and entrepreneurial spawning. Journal of International Business Studies, 43 (6): 563590.Google Scholar
Cumming, D., & Walz, U. 2010. Private equity returns and disclosure around the world. Journal of International Business Studies, 41 (4): 727754.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dai, N., Jo, H., & Kassicieh, S. 2011. Cross-border venture capital investments in Asia: Selection and exit performance. Journal of Business Venturing, 27 (6): 666684.Google Scholar
DaMaggio, P. J., & Powell, W. W. 1983. The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organization fields. American Sociological Review, 48 (2): 147160.Google Scholar
Ding, Y., Nowak, E., & Zhang, H. 2010. Foreign vs. domestic listing: An entrepreneurial decision. Journal of Business Venturing, 25 (2): 175191.Google Scholar
Echols, A., & Tsai, W. 2005. Niche and performance: The moderating role of network embeddedness. Strategic Management Journal, 26 (3): 219238.Google Scholar
Fan, J. P., Wong, T. J., & Zhang, T. 2007. Politically connected CEOs, corporate governance, and Post-IPO performance of China's newly partially privatized firms. Journal of Financial Economics, 84 (2): 330357.Google Scholar
Florida, R. L., & Kenney, M. 1988. Venture capital-financed innovation and technological change in the USA. Research Policy, 17 (3): 119137.Google Scholar
Fuller, D. B. 2010. How law, politics and transnational networks affect technology entrepreneurship: Explaining divergent venture capital investing strategies in China. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 27 (3): 445459.Google Scholar
Fung, H., Liu, Q., & Yau, J. 2007. Financing alternatives for Chinese small and medium enterprises: The case for a small and medium enterprise stock market. China and World Economy, 15 (1): 2642.Google Scholar
Gompers, P. A. 1996. Grandstanding in the venture capital industry. Journal of Financial Economics, 42 (1): 133156.Google Scholar
Gompers, P., & Lerner, J. 1999. The venture capital cycle. Boston, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Greenwood, R., Hinings, C. R., & Whetten, D. 2014. Rethinking institutions and organizations. Journal of Management Studies, 51 (7): 12061220.Google Scholar
Greenwood, R., & Meyer, R. E. 2008. Influencing ideas: A celebration of DiMaggio and Powell (1983). Journal of Management Inquiry, 17 (4): 258264.Google Scholar
Gulati, R., & Higgins, M. C. 2003. Which ties matter when? The contingent effects of interorganizational partnerships on IPO success. Strategic Management Journal 24 (2): 127144.Google Scholar
Harris, R. S., Jenkinson, T., & Kaplan, S. N. 2014. Private equity performance: What do we know? Journal of Finance, in press.Google Scholar
Hochberg, Y. V., Ljungqvist, A., & Lu, Y. 2007. Whom you know matters: Venture capital networks and investment performance. Journal of Finance , 62 (1): 251301.Google Scholar
Hoskisson, R. E., Eden, L., Lau, C. M., & Wright, M. 2010. Strategy in emerging economies. Academy of Management Journal, 43 (3): 249267.Google Scholar
Hsu, D. H. 2004. What do entrepreneurs pay for venture capital affiliation? Journal of Finance, 59 (4): 18051844.Google Scholar
Hsu, D. H. 2007. Experienced entrepreneurial founders, organizational capital, and venture capital funding. Research Policy, 36 (5): 722741.Google Scholar
Hutzschenreuter, T., Lewin, A. Y., & Dresel, S. 2011. Governance modes for offshoring activities: A comparison of US and German firms. International Business Review, 20 (3): 291313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ingram, P., & Silverman, B. S. 2002. Introduction: The new institutionalism in strategic management. In Ingram, P. & Silverman, B. S. (Eds.), The new institutionalism in strategic management: 130. Oxford, UK: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Jeng, L., & Wells, P., 2000. The determinants of venture capital funding: Evidence across countries. Journal of Corporate Finance, 6 (3): 241289.Google Scholar
Kaplan, S. N., & Schoar, A. 2005. Private equity performance: Returns, persistence and capital flows. Journal of Finance, 60 (4): 17911823.Google Scholar
Karsai, J., Wright, M., Dudzinski, Z., & Morovic, J. 1999. Venture capital in transition economies: The cases of Hungary, Poland and Slovakia. In Wright, M. & Robbie, K. (Eds.), Management buy-outs and venture capital in the next millenium. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Leeds, R., & Sunderland, J. 2003. Private equity investing in emerging markets. Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, 15 (4): 111119.Google Scholar
Lerner, J. 1994. The syndication of venture capital investments. Financial Management, 23 (3): 1627.Google Scholar
Lu, H., Tan, Y., & Huang, H. 2013. Why do venture capital firms exist: An institution-based rent-seeking perspective and Chinese evidence. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 30 (3): 921936.Google Scholar
Luo, Y., Huang, Y., & Wang, S. L. 2012. Guanxi and organizational performance: A meta-analysis. Management and Organization Review, 8 (1): 139172.Google Scholar
Manigart, S., De Waele, K., Wright, M., Robbie, K., Desbrières, P., Sapienza, H. J., & Beekman, A. 2002. Determinants of required return in venture capital investments: A five-country study. Journal of Business Venturing, 17 (4): 291312.Google Scholar
Megginson, W. L., & Weiss, K. A. 1991. Venture capitalist certification in initial public offerings. Journal of Finance, 46 (3): 879903.Google Scholar
Meng, F. 2011. A history of Chinese companies listing in Hong Kong and its implications for the future. Journal of Corporate Law Studies, 11 (1): 243266.Google Scholar
Murray, M. P. 2006. The bad, the weak, and the ugly: Avoiding the pitfalls of instrumental variables estimation. Available at SSRN 843185.Google Scholar
Nahata, R. 2008. Venture capital reputation and investment performance. Journal of Financial Economics, 90 (2): 127151.Google Scholar
Nee, V. 1992. Organizational dynamics of market transition: Hybrid forms, property rights, and mixed economy in China. Administrative Science Quarterly, 37 (1): 127. Google Scholar
Nikoskelainen, E., & Wright, M. 2007. The impact of corporate governance mechanisms on value increase in leveraged buyouts. Journal of Corporate Finance, 13 (4): 511537.Google Scholar
North, D. 1990. Institutions, institutional change and economic performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
NVCA, 2013. National venture capital association yearbook 2013. Tomson Reuters [Cited 30 October 2014]. Available from URL: www.nvca.org/yearbook Google Scholar
Oliver, C. 1991. Strategic responses to institutional processes. Academy of Management Review, 16 (1): 145179.Google Scholar
Park, S. H., & Luo, Y. 2001. Guanxi and organizational dynamics: Organizational networking in Chinese firms. Strategic Management Journal, 22 (5): 455477.Google Scholar
Peng, M., Wang, D., & Jiang, Y. 2008. An institution-based view of international business strategy: A focus on emerging economies. Journal of International Business Studies, 39 (5): 920936.Google Scholar
Peng, M. W., & Heath, P. 1996. The growth of the firm in planned economies in transition: Institutions, organizations, and strategic choice. Academy of Management Review, 21 (2): 492528.Google Scholar
Peng, M. W., Sun, S. L., Pinkham, B., & Chen, H. 2009. The institution-based view as a third leg for a strategy tripod. Academy of Management Perspectives, 23 (3): 6381.Google Scholar
Peng, M. W. 2003. Institutional transitions and strategic choices. Academy of Management Review, 28 (2): 275296.Google Scholar
Ruhnka, J. C., & Young, J. E. 1991. Some hypotheses about risk in venture capital investing. Journal of Business Venturing, 6 (2): 115133.Google Scholar
Sapienza, H., Manigart, S., & Vermeir, W. 1996. Venture capitalist governance and value added in four countries. Journal of Business Venturing, 11 (6): 439469.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott, W. R. 2008. Approaching adulthood: The maturing of institutional theory. Theory & Society, 37 (5): 427442.Google Scholar
Semadeni, M., Withers, M. C., & Certo, S. T. 2014. The perils of endogeneity and instrumental variables in strategy research: Understanding through simulations. Strategic Management Journal, 35 (7): 10701079.Google Scholar
Smith, R. 2015. Protection for late investors can inflate start-up valuations. New York Times , online edition [Cited 8 June 2015]. Available from URL: www.nytimes.com/2015/06/08/business/dealbook Google Scholar
Stock, J. H., Wright, J. H., & Yogo, M. 2002. A survey of weak instruments and weak identification in generalized method of moments. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 20 (4): 518529.Google Scholar
Suchman, M. 1995. Managing legitimacy: Strategic and institutional approaches. Academy of Management Review, 20 (3): 571610.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tan, Y., Huang, H., & Lu, H. T. 2013. The effect of venture capital investment: Evidence from China's small and medium enterprise board. Journal of Small Business Management, 51 (1): 138157.Google Scholar
Tan, J., Zhang, W., & Xia, J. 2008. Managing risk in a transitional environment: An exploratory study of control and incentive mechanisms of venture capital firms in China. Journal of Small Business Management, 46 (2): 263285.Google Scholar
Tolbert, P. S., David, R. J., & Sine, W. D. 2011. Studying choice and change: The intersection of institutional theory and entrepreneurship research. Organization Science, 22 (5): 13321344.Google Scholar
Tolbert, P. S., & Zucker, L. G. 1983. Institutional sources of change in the formal structure of organizations: The diffusion of civil service reform, 1880-1935. Administrative Science Quarterly, 28 (1): 2239.Google Scholar
Tsui, A. S. 2006. Contextualization in Chinese management research. Management and Organization Review, 2 (1): 113.Google Scholar
White, S., Gao, J., & Zhang, W. 2005. Financing new ventures in China: System antecedents and institutionalization. Research Policy, 34 (6): 894913.Google Scholar
Wooldridge, J. M. 2002. Econometric analysis of cross section and panel data. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Wright, M., & Robbie, K. 1998. Venture capital and private equity: A review and synthesis. Journal of Business, Finance, and Accounting, 25 (5): 521570.Google Scholar
Wright, M., & Lockett, A. 2003. The structure and management of alliances: Syndication in the venture capital industry. Journal of Management Studies, 40 (8): 20732102.Google Scholar
Wright, M., Pruthi, S., & Lockett, A. 2005. International venture capital research: From cross-country comparisons to crossing borders. International Journal of Management Reviews, 7 (3): 135165.Google Scholar
Yu, T., & Tse, Y. K. 2006. An empirical examination of IPO underpricing in the Chinese A-share market. China Economic Review, 17 (4): 363382.Google Scholar
Zero2IPO. 2012. Observation: The ratio of early-stage investment increases in the recent two years and the returns surge. (in Chinese). [Cited 23 October 2014]. Available from URL: http://research.pedaily.cn/201210/20121016336698.shtml Google Scholar
Zhang, J., Soh, P. H., & Wong, P. K. 2010. Entrepreneurial resource acquisition through indirect ties: Compensatory effects of prior knowledge. Journal of Management, 36 (2): 511536.Google Scholar
Zhang, W., Gao, J., White, S., & Vega, P. 2008. Venture capital and the financing of China's new technology firms. In McNally, C. (Ed.), China's emergent political economy: Capitalism in the dragon's lair: 6082. Boston, MA: Routledge Press.Google Scholar
File 13.9 KB
File 14.6 KB
File 52.9 KB
File 13.4 KB
File 14.3 KB