Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-25wd4 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T14:05:44.269Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Interrelations between comets and asteroids

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 April 2016

Hans Rickman
Hans Rickman*
Affiliation:
Astronomical Observatory, Box 515, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Various aspects of comet/asteroid distinctions and interrelations are reviewed with emphasis on recent work and paying special attention to the following problems: characteristics of cometary activity at large heliocentric distance and uniqueness of comet P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 1 with respect to physical properties, the rôle of Trojans and other small bodies in the outer planetary system concerning comet/asteroid classification, possibilities for physical evolution of comets into asteroids, orbital and dynamical overlap of the comet and asteroid populations, and the cometary versus asteroidal origin of Earth-approaching asteroids. With regard to these latter questions it is argued that recent discoveries indicate a more substantial probability for Jupiter family comets to develop into asteroidal objects than earlier believed, and several examples of cometary association for newly discovered Apollo-Amor asteroids are also referred to. However, the fractional cometary contribution to the traditional Apollo-Amor asteroid population (aphelia far inside Jupiter’s orbit) apparently can not yet be reliably estimated.

Type
Section III. Meteor Streams and Interrelations with Minor Planets
Information
International Astronomical Union Colloquium , Volume 83: Dynamics of Comets: Their Origin and Evolution , 1985 , pp. 149 - 172
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1985

References

Bailey, M.E: 1983a, in Asteroids, Comets, Meteors, eds. Lagerkvist, C-I. and Rickman, H., Univ. of Uppsala, p. 383 Google Scholar
Bailey, M.E: 1983b, Nature 302, 399 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, M.E: 1983c, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 205, 47p CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, M.E: 1983d, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 204, 603 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, M.E: 1984, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc., in pressGoogle Scholar
Bailey, M.E: 1985, this volume.Google Scholar
Benest, D., Bien, R., Rickman, H.: 1980, Astron. Astrophys. 84, L11 Google Scholar
Benest, D., Bien, R., Rickman, H.: 1982, in Sun and Planetary System, proc. IAU VI European Meeting in Astronomy, eds. Fricke, W. and Teleki, G., D. Reidel Publ. Co., p. 397 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benest, D., Bien, R., Rickman, H.: 1983, in Dynamical Trapping and Evolution in the Solar System, proc. IAU Coll. 74, eds. Markellos, V.V. and Kozai, Y., D. Reidel Publ. Co., p. 107 Google Scholar
Benest, D., Bien, R., Rickman, H.: 1985, this volume.Google Scholar
Van den Bergh, S.: 1982, J. Roy. Astron. Soc. Can. 76, 303 Google Scholar
Biermann, L.: 1981, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London A303, 351 Google Scholar
Biermann, L., Michel, K.W: 1978, the Moon and the Planets 18, 447.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Binzel, R.P: 1984, Icarus 57, 294 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Binzel, R.P., Mulholland, J.D: 1983, Icarus 56, 519 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowell, E., Marsden, B.G: 1981, IAU Circular No. 3592Google Scholar
Brin, G.D: 1980, Astrophys. J. 221, 265 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brin, G.D., Mendis, D.A: 1979, Astrophys. J. 223, 402 Google Scholar
Brown, W.L., Lanzerotti, L.J., Johnson, R.E: 1982, Science 218 525 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cameron, A.G.W: 1962, Icarus 1, 13 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cameron, A.G.W: 1978a, in Protostars and Planets, ed. Gehreis, T., Univ. of Arizona Press, p. 453 Google Scholar
Cameron, A.G.W: 1978b, in The Origin of the Solar System, ed. Dermott, S.F., John Wiley & Sons, p. 49 Google Scholar
Cameron, A.G.W., Pine, M.R: 1973, Icarus 18, 377 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Capaccioni, F., Cerroni, P., Coradini, M., Farinella, P., Flamini, E., Martelli, G., Paolicchi, P., Smith, P.N., Zappalá, V.: 1984, Nature 308, 832 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carusi, A., Kresák, L., Valsecchi, G.B: 1981, Astron. Astrophys. 99, 262.Google Scholar
Carusi, A., Pozzi, F., Valsecchi, G.B: 1979, in Dynamics of the Solar System, proc. IAU Symp. 81, ed. Duncombe, R.L., D. Reidel Publ. Co., p. 185 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carusi, A., Valsecchi, G.B: 1979, in Asteroids, ed. Gehrels, T., Univ. of Arizona Press, p. 391 Google Scholar
Carusi, A., Valsecchi, G.B: 1981, Astron. Astrophys. 94, 226 Google Scholar
Carusi, A., Valsecchi, G.B: 1982, in The Comparative Study of the Planets, eds. Coradini, A. and Fulchignoni, M., D. Reidel Publ. Co., p. 131 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carusi, A., Valsecchi, G.B: 1983, in Asteroids, Comets, Meteors, eds. Lagerkvist, C.-I. and Rickman, H., Univ. of Uppsala, p. 331 Google Scholar
Chapman, C.R., Williams, J.G., Hartmann, W.K.: 1978, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 16, 33 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chebotarev, G.A: 1967, Analytical and Numerical Methods of Celestial Mechanics, Elsevier Publ. Co., p. 239–240 Google Scholar
Clube, S.V.M: 1983, in Asteroids, Comets, Meteors, eds. Lagerkvist, C.-I. and Rickman, H., Univ. of Uppsala, p. 369 Google Scholar
Clube, S.V.M., Napier, W.M: 1982, Quart. J. Roy. Astron. Soc. 21, 45 Google Scholar
Clube, S.V.M., Napier, W.M: 1983, Highl. of Astron., vol. 6, ed. West, R.M., D. Reidel Publ. Co., p. 355 Google Scholar
Clube, S.V.M., Napier, W.M: 1984, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc., in pressGoogle Scholar
Cochran, A.L., Barker, E.S., Cochran, W.D: 1980, Astron. J. 85, 474 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cowan, J.J., A’Hearn, M.F: 1979, the Moon and the Planets 21, 155 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cowan, J.J., A’Hearn, M.F: 1982, Icarus 50, 53 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cruikshank, D.P., Brown, R.H: 1983, Icarus 56, 377 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Debehogne, H., de Sanctis, G., Zappalá, V.: 1983, Icarus 55, 236 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Degewij, J., Tedesco, E.F: 1982, in Comets, ed. Wilkening, L.L., Univ. of Arizona Press, p. 665 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Degewij, J., van Houten, C.J: 1979, in Asteroids, ed. Gehrels, T., Univ. of Arizona Press, p. 417 Google Scholar
Delsemme, A.H: 1977a, in Comets, Asteroids, Meteorites, proc. IAU Coll. 39, ed. Delsemme, A.H., Univ. of Toledo, p. 453 Google Scholar
Delsemme, A.H: 1977b, in Comets, Asteroids, Meteorites, proc. IAU Coll. 39, ed. Delsemme, A.H., Univ. of Toledo, p. 3 Google Scholar
Delsemme, A.H: 1985, in proc. NATO Adv. Res. Workshop Ices in the Solar System, eds. Benest, D., Dollfus, A., Klinger, J., Smoluchowski, R., D. Reidel Publ. Co., in pressGoogle Scholar
Delsemrae, A.H., Miller, D.C: 1971, Planet. Space Sci. 19, 1229 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dobrovolsky, O.V., Markovich, M.Z: 1972, in The Motion, Evolution of Orbits, and Origin of Comets, proc. IAU Symp. 45, eds. Chebotarev, G.A., Kazimirchak-Polonskaya, E.I. and Marsden, B.G., D. Reidel Publ. Co., p. 287 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dodd, R.T: 1981, Meteorites: a Petrologic-Chemical Synthesis, Cambridge Univ. Press Google Scholar
Donn, B., Urey, H.C.: 1956, Astrophys. J. 123, 339 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drummond, J.D: 1982, Icarus 49, 143 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Everhart, E.: 1967, Astron. J. 72, 1002 Google Scholar
Everhart, E.: 1972, Astrophys. Lett. 10, 131 Google Scholar
Everhart, E.: 1973a, Astron. J. 78, 316 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Everhart, E.: 1973b, Astron. J. 78, 329 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Everhart, E.: 1976, in The Study of Comets, proc. IAU Coll. 25, eds. Donn, B., Mumma, M., Jackson, W., M.F.A’Hearn, and Harrington, R., NASA SP-393, p. 445 Google Scholar
Everhart, E.: 1977, in Comets, Asteroids, Meteorites, proc. IAU Coll. 39, ed. Delsemme, A.H., Univ. of Toledo, p. 99 Google Scholar
Farinella, P., Paolicchi, P., Zappalá, V.: 1982, Icarus 52, 409 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farinella, P., Paolicchi, P., Zappalá, V.: 1985, this volumeGoogle Scholar
Fernández, J.A: 1980a, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 192, 481 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fernández, J.A.: 1980b, Icarus 42, 406 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fernández, J.A: 1981, Astron. Astrophys. 96, 26 Google Scholar
Fernández, J.A: 1982, in Sun and Planetary System, proc. IAU VI European Regional Meeting in Astronomy, eds. Fricke, W. and Teleki, G., D. Reidel Publ. Co., p. 371 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fernández, J.A., Ip, W.-H.: 1981, Icarus 47, 470 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fernández, J.A., Ip, W.-H.: 1983a, Icarus 54, 377 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fernández, J.A., Ip, W.-H.: 1983b, in Asteroids, Comets, Meteors, eds. Lagerkvist, C.-I. and Rickman, H., Univ. of Uppsala, p. 387 Google Scholar
Festou, M.C., Atreya, S.K: 1983, in Cometary Exploration, vol. I, ed. Gombosi, T.I., Hungarian Acad. Sci., p. 203 Google Scholar
van Flandern, T.C: 1977, in Comets, Asteroids, Meteorites, proc. IAU Coll. 39, ed. Delsemme, A.H., Univ. of Toledo, p. 475 Google Scholar
Franklin, F.A., Marsden, B.G., Williams, J.G., Bardwell, C.M.: 1975, Astron. J. 80, 729 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Froeschlé, Cl., Klinger, J., Rickman, H.: 1983, in Asteroids, Comets, Meteors, eds. Lagerkvist, C.-I. and Rickman, H., Univ. of Uppsala, p. 215 Google Scholar
Froeschlé, Cl., Rickman, H.: 1980, Astron. Astrophys. 82, 183 Google Scholar
Froeschlé, Cl., Rickman, H.: 1981, Icarus 46, 400 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Froeschlé, Cl., Scholl, H.: 1979, Astron. Astrophys. 72, 246 Google Scholar
Gaffey, M.J., McCord, T.B.: 1979, in Asteroids, ed. Gehreis, T., Univ. of Arizona Press, p. 688 Google Scholar
Gradie, J., Veverka, J.: 1980, Nature 283, 840 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenberg, J.M: 1982, in Comets, ed. Wilkening, L.L., Univ. of Arizona Press, p. 131 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenberg, J.M: 1983, in Asteroids, Comets, Meteors, eds. Lagerkvist, C.-I. and Rickman, H., Univ. of Uppsala, p. 259 Google Scholar
Greenberg, J.M: 1985, this volumeGoogle Scholar
Greenberg, R., Scholl, H.: 1979, in Asteroids, ed. Gehreis, T., Univ. of Arizona Press, p. 310 Google Scholar
Hahn, G., Rickman, H.: 1984, Icarus, in pressGoogle Scholar
Harris, A.W: 1983, Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc. 15, 828 Google Scholar
Hartmann, W.K: 1979, in Asteroids, ed. Gehreis, T., Univ. of Arizona Press, p. 466 Google Scholar
Hartmann, W.K., Cruikshank, D.P: 1984, Icarus 57, 55 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hartmann, W.K., Cruikshank, D.P., Degewij, J.: 1982, Icarus 52, 377 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hartmann, W.K., Cruikshank, D.P., Degewij, J., Capps, R.W: 1981, Icarus 57, 333 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haser, L.: 1955, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 241, 742 Google Scholar
Hills, J.G: 1981, Astron. J. 86, 1730 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horányi, M., Gombosi, T.I., Cravens, T.E., Kecskeméty, K., Nagy, A.F., Szegö, K.: 1983, in Cometary Exploration, vol. I, ed. Gombosi, T.I., Hungarian Acad. Sci., p. 59 Google Scholar
Hughes, D.W: 1983, Nature 306, 116 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ip, W.-H.: 1977, in Comets, Asteroids, Meteorites, proc. IAU Coll. 39, ed. Delsemme, A.H., Univ. of Toledo, p. 485 Google Scholar
Johnson, R.E., Lanzerotti, L.J., Brown, W.L., Augustyniak, W.M., Mussil, C.: 1983, Astron. Astrophys. 123, 343.Google Scholar
Kazimirchak-Polonskaya, E.I: 1972, Astron. Zh. 44, 439 Google Scholar
Klinger, J.: 1983a, Icarus 55, 169 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klinger, J.: 1983b, in Asteroids, Comets, Meteors, eds. Lagerkvist, C.-I. and Rickman, H., Univ. of Uppsala, p. 205 Google Scholar
Kowal, C.T.: 1979, in Asteroids, ed. Gehreis, T., Univ. of Arizona Press, p. 436 Google Scholar
Kozai, Y.: 1962, Astron. J. 67, 591 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kozai, Y.: 1979, in Dynamics of the Solar System, proc. IAU Symp. 81, ed. Duncombe, R.L., D. Reidel Publ. Co., p. 231 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kresák, L.: 1972a, in The Motion, Evolution of Orbits, and Origin of Comets, proc. IAU Symp. 45, eds. Chebotarev, G.A., Kazimirchak-Polonskaya, E.I. and Marsden, B.G., D. Reidel Publ. Co., p. 503 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kresák, L.: 1972b, Bull. Astron. Inst. Czech., 23, 1 Google Scholar
Kresák, L.: 1973, in Evolutionary and Physical Properties of Meteoroids, proc. IAU Coll. 13, eds. Hemenway, C.L., Millman, P.M. and Cook, A.F., NASA SP-319, p. 331 Google Scholar
Kresák, L.: 1977, in Comets, Asteroids, Meteorites, proc. IAU Coll. 39, ed. Delsemme, A.H., Univ. of Toledo, p. 313 Google Scholar
Kresák, L.: 1979, in Asteroids, ed. Gehreis, T., Univ. of Arizona Press, p. 289 Google Scholar
Kresák, L.: 1980, the Moon and the Planets 22, 83 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kresák, L.: 1981a, Bull. Astron. Inst. Czech. 32, 19 Google Scholar
Kresák, L.: 1981b, Bull. Astron. Inst. Czech. 32, 321 Google Scholar
Kresák, L.: 1982, in Sun and Planetary System, proc. IAU VI European Regional Meeting in Astronomy, eds. Fricke, W. and Teleki, G., D. Reidel Publ. Co., p. 361 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kresák, L.: 1983, Highl. of Astron., vol. C ed. West, R.M., D. Reidel Publ. Co., p. 377 Google Scholar
Kuiper, G.P.: 1951, in Astrophysics, ed. Hynek, J.A., McGraw-Hill, p. 357 Google Scholar
Lagerkvist, C.-I.: 1983a, Highl. of Astron., vol. C ed. West, R.M., D. Reidel Publ. Co., p. 371 Google Scholar
Lagerkvist, C.-I.: 1983b, in Asteroids, Comets, Meteors, eds. Lagerkvist, C.-I. and Rickman, H., Univ. of Uppsala, p. 11 Google Scholar
Larson, H.P., Feierberg, M.A., Fink, U., Smith, H.A: 1979, Icarus 39, 257 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larson, S.M: 1980, Astrophys. J. 238, L47 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lebofsky, L.A: 1978, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 182, 17pCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lebofsky, L.A., Feierberg, M.A., Tokunaga, A.T., Larson, H.P., Johnson, J.R.: 1981, Icarus 48, 453 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lecar, M., Franklin, F.A: 1973, Icarus 20, 422 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lecar, M., Franklin, F.A: 1974, in The Stability of the Solar System and of Small Stellar Systems, proc. IAU Symp. 62, ed. Kozai, Y., D. Reidel Publ. Co., p. 37 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levin, B.J., Simonenko, A.N: 1981, Icarus 47, 487 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Low, F.J., Beintema, D.A., Gautier, T.N., Gillett, F.C., Beichman, C.A., Neugebauer, G., Young, E., Aumann, H.H., Boggess, N., Emerson, J.P., Habing, H.J., Hauser, M.G., Houck, J.R., Rowan-Robinson, M., Soifer, B.T., Walker, R.G., Wesselius, P.R: 1984, Astrophys. J. 278, L19 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marsden, B.G: 1967, Astron. J. 72, 1170 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marsden, B.G: 1970a, Astron. J. 75, 75 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marsden, B.G: 1970b, Astron. J. 75, 206 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marsden, B.G: 1974, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 12, 1 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marsden, B.G: 1985, this volumeCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marsden, B.G., Sekanina, Z.: 1973, Astron. J. 78, 1118 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marsden, B.G., Sekanina, Z., Everhart, E.: 1978, Astron. J. 83, 64 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marsden, B.G., Sekanina, Z., Yeomans, D.K: 1973, Astron. J. 78, 211 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McFadden, L.A: 1983, Ph. D. dissertation, Univ. of Hawaii Google Scholar
McFadden, L.A., Gaffey, M.J., McCord, T.B: 1984, Icarus 59, 25 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mendis, D.A: 1985, in proc. NATO Adv. Res. Workshop Ices in the Solar System, eds. Benest, D., Dollfus, A., Klinger, J. and Smoluchowski, R. D. Reidel Publ. Co., in pressGoogle Scholar
Mendis, D.A., Brin, G.D: 1977, the Moon 17, 353 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mendis, D.A., Brin, G.D: 1978, the Moon and the Planets 18, 77 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nakamura, T.: 1983, in Dynamical Trapping and Evolution in the Solar System, proc. IAU Coll. 74, eds. Markellos, V.V. and Kozai, Y., D. Reidel Publ. Co., p. 97 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nakano, S.: 1984, Nakano Note Nos. 445-448, 453 (Minor Planet Circulars 8694-8695)Google Scholar
Napier, W.M: 1982, in Sun and Planetary System, proc. IAU VI European Regional Meeting in Astronomy, eds. Fricke, W. and Teleki, G., D. Reidel Publ. Co., p. 375 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Napier, W.M., Staniucha, M.: 1982, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 198, 723 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oikawa, S., Everhart, E.: 1979, Astron. J. 84, 134 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oort, J.H: 1950, Bull. Astron. Inst. Netherlands 11, 91 Google Scholar
Oort, J.H., Schmidt, M.: 1951, Bull. Astron. Inst. Netherlands 11, 259 Google Scholar
Öpik, E.J: 1963, Adv. Astron. Astrophys. 2, 219 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Öpik, E.J: 1973, Astrophys. Space Sci. 21, 307 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patashnick, H., Rupprecht, G., Schuerman, D.W: 1974, Nature 250, 313 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rabe, E.: 1971, in Physical Studies of Minor Planets, proc. IAU Coll. 12, ed. Gehreis, T., NASA SP-267, p. 407 Google Scholar
Rabe, E.: 1972, in The Motion, Evolution of Orbits, and Origin of Comets, proc. IAU Symp. 45, eds. Chebotarev, G.A., Kazimirchak-Polonskaya, E.I. and Marsden, B.G., D. Reidel Publ. Co., p. 55 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rabe, E.: 1974, in Asteroids, Comets, Meteoric Matter, proc. IAU Coll. 22, eds. Cristescu, C., Klepczynski, W.J. and Milet, B., Ed. Acad. Rep. Soc. Romania, p. 165 Google Scholar
Rickman, H.: 1979, in Dynamics of the Solar System, proc. IAU Symp. 81, ed. Duncombe, R.L., D. Reidel Publ. Co., p. 293 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rickman, H., Froeschlé, CI.: 1980, the Moon and the Planets 22, 125 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rickman, H., Froeschlé, CI.: 1983, in Cometary Exploration, vol. I, ed. Gombosi, T.I., Hungarian Acad. Sci., p. 75 Google Scholar
Rickman, H., Malmort, A.M: 1981, Astron. Astrophys. 102, 165 Google Scholar
Rickman, H., Vaghi, S.: 1976, Astron. Astrophys. 51, 327 Google Scholar
Roemer, E.: 1966, Mém. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liège 12, Sér. 5, 23 Google Scholar
Safronov, V.S: 1972, in The Motion, Evolution of Orbits, and Origin of Comets, proc. IAU Symp. 45, eds. Chebotarev, G.A., Kazimirchak-Polonskaya, E.I. and Marsden, B.G., D. Reidel Publ. Co., p. 329 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scholl, H.: 1979, Icarus 40, 345 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scholl, H., Froeschlé, CI.: 1977, in Comets, Asteroids, Meteorites, proc. IAU Coll. 39, ed. Delsemme, A.H., Univ. of Toledo, p. 293 Google Scholar
Schubart, J.: 1964, SAO Special Report No. 149Google Scholar
Schubart, J.: 1979, in Dynamics of the Solar System, proc. IAU Symp. 81, ed. Duncombe, R.L., D. Reidel Publ. Co., p. 207 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sekanina, Z.: 1971, in Physical Studies of Minor Planets, proc. IAU Coll. 12, ed. Gehreis, T., NASA SP-267, p. 423 Google Scholar
Sekanina, Z.: 1973a, Astrophys. Lett. 14, 175 Google Scholar
Sekanina, Z.: 1973b, Icarus 18, 253 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sekanina, Z.: 1976, Icarus 27, 265 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sekanina, Z.: 1981a, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 2, 113 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sekanina, Z.: 1981b, Astron. J. 86, 1741 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shoemaker, E.M., Williams, J.G., Helin, E.F., Wolfe, R.F: 1979, in Asteroids, ed. Gehreis, T., Univ. of Arizona Press, p. 253 Google Scholar
Shul’man, L.M: 1983, in Cometary Exploration, vol. I, ed. Gombosi, T.I., Hungarian Acad. Sci., p. 55 Google Scholar
Smoluchowski, R.: 1981, Astrophys. J. 244, L31 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valtonen, M.J: 1983, preprintGoogle Scholar
Valtonen, M.J., Innanen, K.: 1982, Astrophys. J. 255, 307 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Veeder, G.J., Hanner, M.S: 1981, Icarus 44, 381 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weidenschilling, S.J: 1980, Icarus 44, 807 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weissman, P.R: 1980a, Nature 288, 242 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weissman, P.R: 1980b, Astron. Astrophys. 85, 191 Google Scholar
Weissman, P.R: 1982, in Comets, ed. Wilkening, L.L., Univ. of Arizona Press, p. 637 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weissman, P.R: 1983, Highl. of Astron., vol. 6, ed. West, R.M., D. Reidel Publ. Co., p. 363 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weissman, P.R: 1984, Science, in pressGoogle Scholar
Weissman, P.R., Kieffer, H.H: 1981, Icarus 47, 302 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
West, R.M: 1983, the Messenger, No. 32, p. 1 Google Scholar
Wetherill, G.W: 1976, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 40, 1297 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wetherill, G.W: 1979, Icarus 37, 96 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whipple, F.L: 1950, Astrophys. J. 111, 375 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whipple, F.L: 1951, Astrophys. J. 113, 464 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whipple, F.L: 1964, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 51, 711 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whipple, F.L: 1972, in The Motion, Evolution of Orbits, and Origin of Comets, proc. IAU Symp. 45, eds. Chebotarev, G.A., Kazimirchak-Polonskaya, E.I. and Marsden, B.G., D. Reidel Publ. Co., p. 401 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whipple, F.L: 1977, in Comets, Asteroids, Meteorites, proc. IAU Coll. 39, ed. Delsemme, A.H., Univ. of Toledo, p. 25 Google Scholar
Whipple, F.L: 1980, Astron. J. 85, 305 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whipple, F.L: 1981, in Comets and the Origin of Life, ed. Ponnamperuma, C., Univ. of Maryland, p. 1 Google Scholar
Whipple, F.L: 1982, in Comets, ed. Wilkening, L.L., Univ. of Arizona Press, p. 227 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whipple, F.L: 1983a, in Cometary Exploration, vol. I, ed. Gombosi, T.I., Hungarian Acad. Sci., p. 95 Google Scholar
Whipple, F.L: 1983b, Highl. of Astron., vol. 6, ed. West, R.M., D. Reidel Publ. Co., p. 323 Google Scholar
Whipple, F.L: 1983c, IAU Circular No. 3881Google Scholar
Whipple, F.L., Huebner, W.F: 1976, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 14, 143 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whipple, F.L., Sekanina, Z.: 1979, Astron. J. 84, 1894 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitney, C.: 1955, Astrophys. J. 122, 190 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkening, L.L: 1979, in Asteroids, ed. Gehreis, T., Univ. of Arizona Press, p. 61 Google Scholar
Wisdom, J.: 1982, Astron. J. 87, 577.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wisdom, J.: 1983, Icarus 56, 51 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zellner, B.: 1979, in Asteroids, ed. Gehreis, T., Univ. of Arizona Press, p. 783 Google Scholar
Ziolkowski, K.: 1983, in Asteroids, Comets, Meteors, eds. Lagerkvist, C.-I. and Rickman, H., Univ. of Uppsala, p. 171 Google Scholar