¹ Chinnici, Joseph, The English Catholic Enlightenment: John Lingard and the Cisalpine Movement, 1780–1850 (Shepherdstown, W.Va., 1980)Google Scholar; Duffy, Eamon, “Joseph Berrington and the English Catholic Cisalpine Movement, 1772–1803” (Ph.D. thesis, Cambridge University, 1973)Google Scholar.

² Trevor-Roper, Hugh, “The Scottish Enlightenment,” Studies in Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century 58 (1967): 1635–58Google Scholar.

³ Innes Review (hereafter IR), founded in 1950. This article draws considerably on material contained in this journal. Thomas Innes's chief works were A Critical Essay on the Ancient Inhabitants of the Northern Parts of Britain, 2 vols. (1729)Google Scholar, and the posthumous Civil and Ecclesiastical History of Scotland, A.D. 80–818 (Aberdeen, 1853)Google Scholar. For works published before 1800, place of publication is normally either Edinburgh or London.

⁴ See, e.g., T. C. W. Blanning, “The Enlightenment in Catholic Germany,” and Wangermann, Ernst, “Reform Catholicism and Political Radicalism in the Austrian Enlightenment,” in The Enlightenment in National Context, ed. Porter, Roy and Teich, Mikulas (Cambridge, 1981)Google Scholar; Beales, Derek, “Christians and philosophes: The Case of the Austrian Enlightenment,” in History, Society and the Churches, ed. Beales, Derek and Best, Geoffrey (Cambridge, 1985)Google Scholar.

⁵ Sher, Richard, Church and Society in the Scottish Enlightenment: The Moderate Literati of Edinburgh (Princeton, N.J., 1985)Google Scholar.

⁶ The Catholic Church in Scotland was referred to as the “mission” because it had the status of missionary territory under the direct supervision of the Office of Sacred Propaganda. It did not acquire a canonically established and autonomous episcopal hierarchy until 1878.

⁷ In the Blairs Letters collection, cited here as SCA BL. This collection formed the basis of the longest, though most undigested, account of Scottish Catholicism in this period; the “Life of Hay” by J. A. Stothert, which constitutes the fourth volume of Gordon's, J. F. S.Ecclesiastical Chronicle for Scotland (London, 1875)Google Scholar, is often known as Scotichronicon and is cited here as such.

⁸ Irving, D., The Lives of the Scottish Poets, 2 vols. (Edinburgh, 1804)Google Scholar; Gordon, H. G., Scottish Men of Letters in the Eighteenth Century (London, 1901)Google Scholar.

⁹ See the works cited in n. 1 above. As the name suggests, “Cisalpine” is the opposite of “Ultramontane” and involves delimiting the authority of the papacy on this side of the Alps.

¹⁰ Fuller, Reginald, Alexander Geddes, 1737–1802: Pioneer of Biblical Criticism (Sheffield, 1984)Google Scholar.

¹¹ Mark Goldie, “Common Sense Philosophy and Catholic Theology in the Scottish Enlightenment,” Studies in Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century (in press); “Elements of Metaphysics” (1792), SCA B-GH 2/1, 2/2.

¹² For a recent study of Scottish Catholicism in this period, see Johnson, Christine, Developments in the Roman Catholic Church in Scotland, 1789-1829 (Edinburgh, 1983)Google Scholar. The older standard histories are Scotichronicon; Bellesheim, Alphonse, History of the Catholic Church of Scotland, trans. Blair, D. O. Hunter, 4 vols. (Edinburgh, 1890), vol. 4, chap. 4Google Scholar; Anson, Peter, The Catholic Church in Modern Scotland, 1560–1937 (London, 1937), chaps. 8-11Google Scholar, Underground Catholicism in Scotland, 1622–1878 (Montrose, Scotland, 1970), chap. 6Google Scholar; Leith, William Forbes, Memoirs of Scottish Catholics during the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries, 2 vols. (London, 1909)Google Scholar.

¹³ On Catholic Jacobitism see Scotichronicon, pp. 5 ff., 51; Johnson, pp. 5, 7–8, 42; Lenman, Bruce, The Jacobite Risings in Britain, 1689–1746 (London, 1980), pp. 228–29, 254Google Scholar.

¹⁴ On Scottish Jansenism see McMillan, J. F., “Scottish Catholics and the Jansenist Controversy: The Case Reopened,” IR 32 (1981): 22–33Google Scholar, “Thomas Innes and the Bull Unigenitus,” IR 33 (1982): 23–29Google Scholar; Fuller, pp. 18–21; Bellesheim, 4:200–211; Anson, , Underground Catholicism, pp. 79–82Google Scholar.

¹⁵ Darragh, James, “The Catholic Population of Scotland since the Year 1680,” IR 4 (1953): 49–59Google Scholar. For contemporary Protestant estimates of the size of the Catholic population, see Erskine, John, A Narrative of the Debate in the General Assembly (1780), p. 58Google Scholar (William Robertson's figure of 20,000); Witherspoon, John (?), Scots Anticipation (1779), p. 63 (30,000)Google Scholar.

¹⁶ Anson, , Underground Catholicism, p. 182Google Scholar.

¹⁷ Scotichronicon, p. 371.

¹⁸ Ibid., pp. 414–16.

¹⁹ See, e.g., George Hayto John Geddes, February 21, 1793, SCA BL 4/73/9; Geddes to Hay, June 5, 1793, 4/71/14.

²⁰ Scotichronicon (n. 7 above) is the fullest source for Hay's life, an d most later accounts derive from it. See Kerr, Cecil, Bishop Hay: A Sketch of His Life and Times (London, [1928])Google Scholar; John Strain, “Memoir,” in vol. 1 of The Works of the Right Reverend Bishop Hay, 7 vols. (London, 1872–1973)Google Scholar; Mason, George, Bishop Hay: A Memoir (Glasgow, n.d.)Google Scholar; Bishop Hay (1729–1811) (Edinburgh, Catholic Truth Society pamphlet, n.d.); Hedley, J. C., “Bishop Hay,” Dublin Review 149 (1911): 156–79Google Scholar. An independent and distinctively un-Victorian memoi r is Cameron, Alexander, A Short Account of the Right Reverend George Hay (Dublin, 1829)Google Scholar.

²¹ Gother, John, A Papist Misrepresented: or, a two-fold character of popery (1686)Google Scholar.

²² On Challoner, see Burton, Edwin H., The Life and Times of Bishop Challoner (1691–1781), 2 vols. (London, 1909)Google Scholar; Duffy, Eamon, ed., Challoner and His Church (London, 1981)Google Scholar.

²³ In Hay's time there were two vicars apostolic, of the Lowlands and of the High-lands, who, with their coadjutors, were bishops in partibus infidelium, taking their titles, as was the custom, from defunct Mediterranean dioceses, Daulis in Greece, for Hay, and Morocco, for Geddes.

²⁴ There is, unfortunately, no biography of Geddes. For material on him see notes 33, 101, 106, and 109 below.

²⁵ Strain, p. xiii; cf. Kerr, “Preface,” p. 8: “Ecce sacerdos magnus!”

²⁶ Scotichronicon, p. 348.

²⁷ Ibid., pp. 239, 221; cf. p. 337.

²⁸ Scotichronicon, pp. 99–100, 111–17; Hay, George, A Detection of the Dangerous Tendency (1771), p. 26Google Scholar; Johnson, , Catholic Church (n. 12 above), pp. 35–38Google Scholar.

²⁹ For instance, Alexander Geddes to John Geddes, February 15, 1791, SCA BL 4/28/8.

³⁰ Geddes commented on Febronius in a letter to Hay, March 7, 1779, SC A BL 3/312/4; Geddes's attitude to the papacy is referred to again below, pp. 54–55; for Hay on infallibility see my article cited in n. 11 above. Febronius (J. N. von Hontheim) was a German bishop whose De Statu Ecclesiae (1763) gained a considerable following.

³¹ Herr, Richard, The Eighteenth-Century Revolution in Spain (Princeton, N.J., 1958), p. 26Google Scholar.

³² On Campomanes, see ibid., pp. 18–19, 25–26, and passim.

³³ For Geddes's period in Spain see Taylor, Maurice, The Scots College in Spain (Valladolid, 1971), chaps. 3–7Google Scholar. See also chaps. 8–9 for his successor, Alexander Cameron.

³⁴ Hay to John Geddes, March 7, 1786, SCA BL 3/474/9; Hay to Count Gastaldi, June 21, 1786, 3/475/12.

³⁵ For the strained relations with the Scots College in Paris and the fate of the Stuart papers see McRoberts, David, “The Scottish Catholic Archives, 1560–1978,” IR 28 (1977): 75–94Google Scholar; Fuller (n. 10 above), p. 19.

³⁶ Cameron (n. 20 above), p. 20.

³⁷ For Alexander Geddes's account of the contrast between opinion in England and Scotland see Alexander Geddes to John Geddes, April 3, 1779, SCA BL 3/311/5, and letters of Hay and both Alexander and John Geddes throughout 1786 and 1790–91.

³⁸ For the suggestion that “Episcopalianism was the ‘natural’ religion of Jacobitism in Scotland—far more than Catholicism,” see McLynn, Frank, The Jacobites (London, 1985), p. 65Google Scholar. About 70 percent of the Jacobite army in 1745 had been Episcopalian and 30 percent Catholic.

³⁹ Wilby, N. M., “Letter of Bishop George Hay to Prince Charles,” IR 22 (1971): 111–13Google Scholar.

⁴⁰ Scotichronicon, p. 77; Anderson, W. J., “Father Gallus Robertson's Edition of the New Testament, 1792,” IR 17 (1966): 48–59Google Scholar.

⁴¹ Wall, Thomas, The Sign of Doctor Hay's Head: Being Some Account of the Hazards and Fortunes of Catholic Printers and Publishers in Dublin from the Later Penal Times to the Present Day (Dublin, 1958), chap. 1Google Scholar. Aside from Coghlan letters in the SCA, there are also Coghlan papers in the Lancashire Record Office (RCBU 14).

⁴² Hay's polemical pamphlets are titled A Detection of the Dangerous Tendency (see n. 28 above); Memorial of the Suffering Catholics, in a Violent Persecution for Religion at Present Carried on in one of the Western Isles of Scotland (1771) (hereafter cited as Memorial of the Suffering Catholics); Letters on Usury and Interest; Shewing the Advantage of Loans for the Support of Trade and Commerce (1774) (hereafter cited as Letters on Usury); Roman Catholic Fidelity to Protestants Ascertained (1779); and A Memorial to the Public on Behalf of the Roman Catholics of Edinburgh and Glasgow (1779) (hereafter cited as Memorial to the Public); for “Elements of Metaphysics,” see n. 11 above.

⁴³ Hay, Memorial of the Suffering Catholics, passim; Scotichronicon, pp. 80–82.

⁴⁴ Scotichronicon, p. 49.

⁴⁵ For Hay and the South Uist emigration, see Bumstead, J. M., The People's Clearances: Highland Emigration to British North America, 1770–1815 (Edinburgh, 1982), pp. 57–59, 69, 78Google Scholar; cf. Cameron (n. 20 above), p. 16.

⁴⁶ Scotichronicon, p. 81. The estates of Macdonald of Clanranald had been forfeited after the rebellion and several times surveyed; they were major producers of kelp, used to supply industrial alkaline.

⁴⁷ George Hay, Commonplace Book, SCA Bl-G H 2/7.

⁴⁸ Hay, , Letters on Usury and Interest, pp. 1–6Google Scholar.

⁴⁹ Noonan, John, The Scholastic Analysis of Usury (Harvard, 1957), pp. 356–57, 373–74Google Scholar; Nelson, Benjamin, The Idea of Usury, 2d. ed. (1949; reprint, Chicago, 1969), pp. 102–6Google Scholar.

⁵⁰ Hay, , Letters on Usury, pp. 7–11, 31–37Google Scholar.

⁵¹ Ibid., pp. 22–31, 37–44.

⁵² Ibid., p. 59.

⁵³ Noonan, pp. 360–61, 356–57.

⁵⁴ Hay, , Letters on Usury, pp. 63 ff., 75 ff., 86 ff., 91 ff., 118–20, 136–39Google Scholar.

⁵⁵ There is a very long extract from Hutcheson's Moral Philosophy in Hay's Commonplace Book, SCA B1-GH 2/10.

⁵⁶ Hay, , Letters on Usury, pp. 71, 109, 113–14Google Scholar.

⁵⁷ Nelson, pp. 100, 114–24; Noonan, pp. 373–74. Weber, Max, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1904–1905; reprint, London, 1930)Google Scholar.

⁵⁸ Nelson, p. 114. The Letters on Usury are briefly summarized, with attributions, in Scotichronicon, pp. 123–25.

⁵⁹ Hay to Geddes, February 21, 1792, SCA BL 4/62/7, and April 1, 1793, 4/73/15; Scotichronicon, pp. 228, 242, 330. McBain, A. G., “The Bishop Hay Bequest Fund,” IR 28 (1977): 50–51Google Scholar.

⁶⁰ Quoted in Erskine, , Narrative (n. 15 above), p. 58Google Scholar.

⁶¹ Hay, , Letters on Usury, p. 96Google Scholar.

⁶² See Fitzpatrick, Martin, “Joseph Priestley and the Cause of Universal Toleration,” Price-Priestley Newsletter 1 (1977): 3–30Google Scholar.

⁶³ Berrington, Joseph, State and Behaviour of English Catholics, From the Reformation to the year 1780 (1780)Google Scholar.

⁶⁴ Donovan, R. K., “The Military Origins of the Roman Catholic Relief Programme of 1778,” Historical Journal 28 (1985): 79–102CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁶⁵ Home, Henry, Kames, Lord, Statute Law of Scotland Abridged (1757)Google Scholar. A tally of the penal laws was printed in Considerations on the State of the Roman Catholics in Scotland (London, 1779), pp. 8 ff.Google Scholar, and in the Scots Magazine in 1778, a journal sympathetic to toleration.

⁶⁶ Scotichronicon, pp. 137, 153.

⁶⁷ Hay to Geddes, October 8, 1779, SCA BL 3/318/4. See Donovan, R. K., “Sir John Dalrymple and the Origins of Roman Catholic Relief, 1775–1778,” Recusant History 17 (1984): 188–96CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁶⁸ SirDalrymple, John, Memoirs of Great Britain and Ireland (1771)Google Scholar.

⁶⁹ Lenman, Bruce, The Jacobite Clans of the Great Glen, 1650–1784 (London, 1984), chaps. 9–10Google Scholar; Donovan, “Military Origins.”

⁷⁰ Hay to Dalrymple, January 1, 1779, SCA BL 3/316/1, and a letter of May 1779 quoted in Donovan, , “Military Origins,” p. 97Google Scholar.

⁷¹ Hay to Geddes, April 3, 1778, SCA BL 3/304/11.

⁷² Hay, George, Roman Catholic Fidelity to Protestants Ascertained (London, 1779), pp. 2–4Google Scholar. This tract is the same as An Answer to Mr W. A. D's Letter to G. H. in which the Conduct of Government in Mitigating the Penal Laws against Papists is Justified (1778).

⁷³ Hay, Memorial to the Public (n. 42 above). For a fuller account of the Relief Bill crisis see Donovan, , “Military Origins,” No Popery and Radicalism: Opposition to Roman Catholic Relief in Scotland, 1778–1782 (Ph.D. thesis, Harvard University, 1964; facsimile ed., New York, 1987)Google Scholar; Sher (n. 5 above), pp. 277 ff.; Johnson, , Catholic Church (n. 12 above), pp. 16–18Google Scholar; Bellesheim (n. 12 above), 4:229 ff.; Anson, Underground Catholicism (n. 12 above), pp. 177–82; Forbes Leith (n. 12 above), 2:367–83; Scotichronicon, pp. 141 ff., Kerr (n. 20 above) pp. 89 ff.

⁷⁴ The Correspondence of Edmund Burke, 10 vols. (Cambridge, 1958–1978), 4:99–102Google Scholar (Hay to Burke, July 12, 1779); see also letters of Burke to James Boswell and Patrick Bowie (pp. 45, 53–57). The checklist in this volume notes a series of further unpublished letters between Burke, Hay, and both Alexander and John Geddes. See also Blacklock, Thomas, Protestant Interest Vindicated. In a Series of Letters to Edmund Burke (1779)Google Scholar.

⁷⁵ Sher (n. 5 above), pp. 277 ff.

⁷⁶ See Donovan, R. K., “Voices of Distrust: The Expression of Anti-Catholic Feeling in Scotland, 1778–1781,” IR 30 (1979): 62–76Google Scholar. The only Protestant prepared to go into print on behalf of Catholic toleration during this crisis was George Campbell of Aberdeen: Address to the People of Scotland (1779).

⁷⁷ See The Articles of Popery Examined (1780); A Letter to all Opposers of the Repeal of the Penal Laws (1779); Drysdale, W., Popery Dissected (1779)Google Scholar; Macarthur, Daniel, The Church of Rome the Mother of Abominations (1778)Google Scholar.

⁷⁸ Erskine, , Narrative (n. 15 above), p. 5Google Scholar; Witherspoon (?) (n. 15 above); Some Reflections on the Scheme at Present Adopted by Parliament (1778); A Short View of the Statutes at Present in Force in Scotland against Popery (1778); Lawrie, John, The Completion of Prophecy (1781), pp. vii, 6Google Scholar (this last reference thanks to David Allan).

⁷⁹ For instance, Erskine, , Narrative, p. 41 (speech of Rev. Stevenson)Google Scholar; cf. Donovan, , “Voices of Distrust,” p. 67Google Scholar.

⁸⁰ Quoted in Fitzpatrick (n. 62 above), p. 3.

⁸¹ Miller, John, Religion in the Popular Prints, 1600–1832 (Cambridge, 1986)Google Scholar, item no. 82.

⁸² Drummond, William Abernathy, The Lawfulness of Breaking Faith with Heretics proved to be an Established Doctrine of the Church of Rome (1778)Google Scholar, A Second Letter to Mr G. H. Concerning Breach of Faith with Heretics (1779). A decade later Drummond's case for transferring Episcopalian allegiance to George III rested on the argument that the Stuart claimant, being a cardinal, must owe allegiance to the pope and so could not be an authentic sovereign: A Letter from Bishop Abernathy Drummond to the Lay Members of his Diocese (1788).

⁸³ Hay, , Catholic Fidelity (n. 72 above), pp. iii–iv, 143–44Google Scholar; Drummond, , Lawfulness, pp. 2, 24–25Google Scholar, and “Advertisement.”

⁸⁴ Hay, , Catholic Fidelity, pp. 61–128Google Scholar. Hay had already rehearsed his arguments concerning Hus in his Detection of the Dangerous Tendency (n. 28 above), pp. 36–48. Many Protestant arguments were drawn from Grant, D., Two Dissertations on Popish Persecution and Breach of Faith (1771)Google Scholar. For the deposing power and breach of faith in the English context see Chinnici (n. 1 above), pp. 16 ff.; Fitzpatrick, pp. 4, 22n.

⁸⁵ Hay, , Catholic Fidelity, pp. 123, 147–51Google Scholar.

⁸⁶ Erskine, John, Considerations on the Spirit of Popery (1778), pp. 6–7Google Scholar; Erskine, , Narrative, pp. 45–46 (speech of Rev. Stevenson), pp. 34–35 (speech of Rev. D. Carlyle)Google Scholar; Porteous, William, The Doctrine of Toleration (1778), pp. 30–33Google Scholar.

⁸⁷ Witherspoon (?) (n. 15 above), pp. 1 and passim; cf. By Anticipation (1779), p. 4Google Scholar; Erskine, , Narrative, p. 40 (speech of Rev. Stevenson)Google Scholar; Short View, p. 3.

⁸⁸ Some Reflections (n. 78 above), p. 14.

⁸⁹ Drummond, William Abernathy, An Answer to Mr Burke's Speech (1779), pp. 8, 30Google Scholar, A Vindication of the Opposition to the Late Intended Bill (1780), p. 21Google Scholar.

⁹⁰ Ganganelli, Francis, Interesting Letters of Pope Clement XIV (Ganganelli), 4 vols. (1777)Google Scholar; The Life of Pope Clement XIV (Ganganelli), translated from the French by Monsieur Caraccioli (1776).

⁹¹ Robertson, William, The History of the Reign of the Emperor Charles V (London, 1769)Google Scholar; Pietro Giannone's Storia Civile del Regno di Napoli had been published in English translation by a Scot, James Ogilvie: The Civil History of Naples (1729).

⁹² Guthrie, William, A General History of Scotland, 10 vols. (London, 1767–1968)Google Scholar.

⁹³ Some Reflections (n. 78 above), p. 14.

⁹⁴ Campbell (n. 76 above), p. 33.

⁹⁵ Hay to Geddes, June 28, 1779, SCA BL 3/312/16, and March 7, 1779, 3/312/4.

⁹⁶ Alexander Gordon to Hay, June 9, 1779, SCA BL 3/313/7.

⁹⁷ Hay to Lord North, SCA BL 3/318/16.

⁹⁸ Hay, , Memorial to the Public on Catholics (n. 42 above), pp. 1–2, 39Google Scholar; cf: G[eorge] by the mercy of God, and the Favour of the H[oly] S[ee] B[ishop] of D[aulis] and V[icar] A[postolic] in S[cotland], to all the Clergy under his Jurisdiction (1779); this was reprinted and answered in Pastoral Letter from George Bishop of Daulis to his flock and A Letter to the Bishop on his Pastoral Letter (1779).

⁹⁹ “An Apology for the Catholics of Scotland,” SCA B2-JG 2/9. Alexander Geddes also wrote a tract in this debate but did not publish it until much later: A Modest Apology for the Roman Catholics of Great Britain (1800).

¹⁰⁰ It was a view that remained in the Catholic tradition; a century later, a Catholic historian would cite such infidels as Lecky and Buckle as authorities for the religious barbarism of Scottish Presbyterianism. The modern Whig, Trevor-Roper, repaid the compliment in suggesting that Catholics helped lead Scotland out of Knoxian bondage. Bellesheim (n. 12 above), 4:232, 244, 263–64; Trevor-Roper (n. 2 above).

¹⁰¹ McRoberts, David, “Ambula Coram Deo: The Journal of Bishop Geddes for the Year 1790, Part I,” IR 6 (1955): 46Google Scholar.

¹⁰² Scotichronicon, pp. 231, 227.

¹⁰³ William Robertson to Geddes, February 27, 1786, SCA BL 3/486/9.

¹⁰⁴ Joseph Black to Geddes, June 26, 1786, SCA BL 3/461/7.

¹⁰⁵ William Cullen to Geddes, September 10, 1786, SCA BL 3/463/15.

¹⁰⁶ Anderson, W. J., “The Autobiographical Notes of Bishop John Geddes,” IR 18 (1967): 56Google Scholar; Rolt, L. T. C., The Aeronauts: A History of Ballooning, 1783–1903 (London, 1966), pp. 64 ff., 74–75, 95Google Scholar; Hodgson, J. E., The History of Aeronautics in Great Britain (Oxford, 1924), chap. 5Google Scholar; Lunardi, Vincent, An Account of Five Aerial Voyages in Scotland (1786; facsimile, Edinburgh, 1976)Google Scholar. I have found no other references to the St. Andrew's Club, other than a letter from Alexander Geddes to John Geddes apologizing for his absence at “your new club,” January 9, 1786, SCA BL 3/467/2.

¹⁰⁷ Scotichronicon, pp. 190, 264–65; The Geddes Burns (Boston, 1908Google Scholar; facsimile of Geddes's copy of Burns, 's Poems [Edinburgh, 1787])Google Scholar. The editor's introduction thoroughly confuses Alexander and John Geddes. The subscription list for the Poems includes the Scots colleges at Valladolid, Douay, Paris, Ratisbon, and Wiirzburg.

¹⁰⁸ Anson, , Underground Catholicism (n. 12 above), pp. 192–93Google Scholar, citing Burns, Robert, Works (1893), 4:301–2Google Scholar.

¹⁰⁹ For what follows, see McRoberts, , “Journal of Geddes,” pt. 1, pp. 47 ff.Google Scholar, and Anderson, W. J., “Ambula Coram Deo: The Journal of Bishop Geddes for the Year 1790, Part II,” IR 6 (1955): 135Google Scholar.

¹¹⁰ Lunardi, p. 63.

¹¹¹ Geddes, John, Reflections on Duelling, and on the Most Effectual Means for Preventing it (1790)Google Scholar; Alexander Geddes to John Geddes, November 29, 1790, SCA BL 4/23/10.

¹¹² Geddes to Hay, April 12, 1790, SCA BL 4/24/6, February 10, 1791, 4/43/1; cf. Forbes Leith (n. 12 above), 2:386.

¹¹³ Geddes to Hay, August 22, 1791, SCA BL 4/43/17, and September 1, 1791, 4/44/1; cf. Forbes Leith, 2:391.

¹¹⁴ Hay to Geddes, February 21, 1792, SCA BL 4/62/7, and December 3, 1792, 4/62/9.

¹¹⁵ See Cant, Ronald G., “David Steuart Erskine, 11th Earl of Buchan, Founder of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland,” in The Scottish Antiquarian Tradition, ed. Bell, A. S. (Edinburgh, 1981)Google Scholar; Lamb, James Gordon, “David Stuart Erskine, 11th Earl of Buchan: A Study of His Life and Correspondence” (Ph.D. thesis, St. Andrew's University, 1963)Google Scholar; Emerson, Roger, “The Scottish Enlightenment and the End of the Philosophical Society of Edinburgh,” British Journal for the History of Science 21 (1988): 33–66CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.

¹¹⁶ Ross, Anthony, “Some Scottish Catholic Historians,” IR 1 (1950): 21Google Scholar, quoting National Library of Scotland, Advocates MS 29/3/14.

¹¹⁷ Archaeologia Scotica: or, Transactions of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland (1792), 1:xxi ff.Google Scholar and passim. For Geddes's involvement see Ross, Anthony, “Three Antiquaries: General Hutton, Bishop Geddes and the Earl of Buchan,” IR 15 (1964): 122–39Google Scholar; Scotichronicon, pp. 225–26; Geddes to Abbe Thompson, May 17, 1791, SCA BL 4/43/11.

¹¹⁸ Archaeologia Scotica, pp. xxi ff.

¹¹⁹ It should be said that there was another connection: the affable Abbe Peter Grant, the Scottish agent in Rome, was known to practically every Protestant British visitor there. However, Roger Emerson points out to me that Buchan seems to have elected a good few members to his society without their knowledge or permission.

¹²⁰ Quoted in Ross, “Three Antiquaries,” p. 135. For Buchan's earlier manifesto for the society, see his Discourse Promoting a Society for the Investigation of the History of Scotland (1780). The political complexion of the society provided a provocation for the founding of the rival Royal Society of Edinburgh (see Shapin, Steven, “Property, Patronage and the Politics of Science: The Founding of the Royal Society of Edinburgh,” British Journal for the History of Science 7 [1974]: 1–41)CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed; Emerson.

¹²¹ Archaeologia Scotica, pp. 402–68, esp. pp. 449–50, 454.

¹²² Ross, , “Three Antiquaries”; Lamb, pp. 111–12, 119–22, 180, 423Google Scholar.

¹²³ Archaeologia Scotica, pp. 256–68; quotations at p. 259.

¹²⁴ Ibid., DD. 205–15.

¹²⁵ Geddes was a correspondent of Professor Ogilvie of Aberdeen who advocated radical land reform.

¹²⁶ Taylor, Scots College in Spain (n. 33 above), pp. 117, 134Google Scholar; Anderson, , “Autobiographical Notes” (n. 106 above), pp. 44–45Google Scholar.

¹²⁷ Herr, Eighteenth-Century Revolution in Spain (n. 31 above), passim.

¹²⁸ Oglivie to Geddes, April 23, 1779, SCA BL 3/322/12.

¹²⁹ Dugald Stewart, An Account of the Life and Writings of Adam Smith, reprinted in Smith, Adam, Essays on Philosophical Subjects, ed. Wightman, W. P. D. and Bryce, J. C. (Oxford, 1980), p. 311Google Scholar.

¹³⁰ John Young to Geddes, December 26, 1786, SCA BL 3/489/16.

¹³¹ Archaeologia Scotica, p. xxvi; McRoberts, , “Journal of Geddes” (n. 101 above), pp. 47, 52, 53Google Scholar; Geddes, , Reflections on Duelling (n. 111 above), p. 41Google Scholar: that “ingenious gentleman” proposes that duelists should be put in madhouses or made to assist at public executions.

¹³² Herr, pp. 341–42, 347.

¹³³ Ibid., p. 206; Geddes to Hay, April 3, 1780, SCA BL 3/328/2.

¹³⁴ Scotichronicon, pp. 376, 380, 383. Stothert asserts that Geddes wrote an article on Stay, but I have not traced it in Britannica; it may have been commissioned but not printed. Boscovich wrote a supplement to Benedict Stay's De Syslemata Mundi.

¹³⁵ Scotichronicon, pp. 360, 364. For Gother, see n. 21 above.

¹³⁶ Encyclopaedia Britannica (3d ed., Edinburgh, 1788–1797), 15:375–79Google Scholar.

¹³⁷ Ibid., 15:383. This remark suggests that Geddes may have been responsible for a new edition of Bossuet; I have not traced one.

¹³⁸ “Boscovich” in ibid., suppl. (1801), 1:99–114; cf. Whyte, Lancelot, ed., Roger Joseph Boscovich, S.J., F.R.S., 1711–1787 (London, 1961)Google Scholar; Gill, H. V., Roger Boscovich, S J. (1711–1787): Forerunner of Modern Physical Theories (Dublin, 1941)Google Scholar.

¹³⁹ Olson, Richard, “The Reception of Boscovich's Ideas in Scotland,” Isis 60 (1969): 91–103CrossRefGoogle Scholar; cf. Olson, Richard, Scottish Philosophy and British Physics, 1750–1880 (Princeton, N.J., 1975)Google Scholar.

¹⁴⁰ Olson, , “Reception of Boscovich,” pp. 91–92, 96Google Scholar. The mistake is repeated Michael Barfoot's valuable thesis, “James Gregory (1753–1821) and Scottish Scientific Metaphysics, 1750–1800” (Ph.D. thesis, Edinburgh University, 1983), pp. 306, 310, 332, n. 134Google Scholar.

¹⁴¹ Encyclopaedia Britannica, suppl., 1:99Google Scholar.

¹⁴² Scotichronicon, p. 366; cf. p. 383. An English Catholic had already made use of Boscovich: Berrington, Joseph, Immaterialism Detected (1779)Google Scholar; see Duffy, , “Berrington” (n. 1 above), p. 113Google Scholar.

¹⁴³ Whyte, pp. 104, 160; Barfoot, pp. 306, 310; Gill, pp. xiii-xiv; Olson, , “Reception of Boscovich,” pp. 98 ff.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁴ Emerson, Roger L., “The PhilosophiciffSociety of Edinburgh, 1748–1768,” British Journal for the History of Science 14 (1981): 158CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed. The philosophical significance of Boscovich is explored in Goldie, “Common Sense Philosophy” (n. 11 above).

¹⁴⁵ McRoberts, , “Journal of Geddes,” p. 65Google Scholar.

¹⁴⁶ Whyte, p. 160.

¹⁴⁷ McRoberts, , “Journal of Geddes,” p. 52Google Scholar.

¹⁴⁸ Olson, , Scottish Philosophy, p. 104Google Scholar.

¹⁴⁹ Encyclopaedia Britannica, suppl., “Dedication.”

¹⁵⁰ See Morrell, J. B., “Professors Robison and Playfair, and the Theophobia Gallica: Natural Philosophy, Religion and Politics in Edinburgh, 1789–1815,” Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 26 (1971): 43–63CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁵¹ Steuart, A. Francis. The Exiled Bourbons in Scotland (Edinburgh, 1908)Google Scholar; McGloin, James, “Some Refugee French Clerics and Laymen in Scotland, 1789–1814,” IR 16 (1965): 27–55Google Scholar; Johnson, , Catholic Church (n. 12 above), pp. 87–88Google Scholar.

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¹⁵³ Carmen Saeculare, pro Gallica gente tyrannidi aristocraticae erepta … A Secular Ode, on the French Revolution (1790).

¹⁵⁴ Anderson, W. J., “David Downie and the ‘Friends of the People,’” IR 16 (1965): 176Google Scholar; Johnson, Catholic Church, chap. 12, “David Downie: A Reappraisal,” IR 31 (1980): 87–94Google Scholar.

¹⁵⁵ Thornton, Robert D., William Maxwell to Robert Burns (Edinburgh, 1979)Google Scholar; Burke, , Correspondence (n. 74 above), 7:215, 217, 332–35Google Scholar.

¹⁵⁶ Geddes to Hay, November 15, 1790, SCA BL 4/25/9; cf. Geddes to Hay, April 14, 1791, 4/43/8.

¹⁵⁷ Geddes to Hay, Paris, January 5, 1791, SCA BL 4/59/2.

¹⁵⁸ Geddes to Hay, Douai, December 4, 1790, SCA BL 4/44/11.

¹⁵⁹ Anderson, , “Downie,” p. 172Google Scholar; Johnson, , “Downie,” pp. 89–90Google Scholar.

¹⁶⁰ Geddes to Hay, December 18, 1790, SCA BL 4/25/11, April 14, 1791, 4/43/8, and March 23, 1791, 4/46/5.

¹⁶¹ Alexander Geddes to John Geddes, February 15, 1791, SCA BL 4/42/8, and November 29, 1790, 4/23/10.

¹⁶² Robertson, J. K., “Young Mr Kyle and His Circle,” IR 1 (1950): 41–42Google Scholar.

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¹⁶⁴ Anson, , Underground Catholicism (n. 12 above), pp. 253 ff., 293–95Google Scholar.

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¹⁶⁶ Geddes to Hay, May 24, 1792, SCA BL 4/60/2.

¹⁶⁷ Hay to Geddes, January 22, 1793, SCA BL 4/73/5.

¹⁶⁸ Johnson, , Catholic Church (n. 12 above), pp. 101–3Google Scholar.

¹⁶⁹ Geddes to Hay, November 11, 14, 1791, SCA BL 4/44/6–7.

¹⁷⁰ Scotichronicon, pp. 414–16; Meikle (n. 152 above), pp. 196–97; Johnson, Catholic Church, chap. 16.

¹⁷¹ See Goldie (n. 11 above). For Strain's edition of Hay, see n. 20 above.

¹⁷² Scottish Catholic Observer (August 15, 1986).