Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-hfldf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-06T19:40:08.363Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Forging Aztecness: Twentieth-Century Mexican Musical Nationalism in Twenty-First Century Los Angeles

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 December 2020

Abstract (spanish/english)

Forjando el Aztecanismo: Nacionalismo Musical Mexicano del Siglo XX en el siglo XXI en Los Ángeles

Hoy en día, un creciente número de músicos mexico-americanos en los Estados Unidos tocan instrumentos indígenas mesoamericanos y réplicas arqueológicas, lo que se conoce como “Música Azteca.” En este artículo, doy a conocer cómo los músicos contemporáneos de Los Ángeles, California, recurren a los legados de la investigación musical nacionalista mexicana e integran modelos antropológicos y arqueológicos aplicados. Al combinar el trabajo de campo etnográfico con el análisis histórico, sugiero que los marcos musicales y culturales que alguna vez sirvieron para unir al México pos-revolucionario han adquirido una nuevo significado para contrarrestar la desaparición del legado indígena mexicano en los Estados Unidos.

Today a growing number of Mexican-American musicians in the United States perform on Indigenous Mesoamerican instruments and archaeological replicas in what is widely referred to as “Aztec music.” In this article, I explore how contemporary musicians in Los Angeles, California, draw on legacies of Mexican nationalist music research and integrate applied anthropological and archeological models. Pairing ethnographic fieldwork with historical analysis, I suggest that musical and cultural frameworks that once served to unite post-revolutionary Mexico have gained new significance in countering Mexican Indigenous erasure in the United States.

Type
Articles
Copyright
© International Council for Traditional Music 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Alberto, Lourdes. 2016. “Nations, Nationalisms, and Indígenas: The ‘Indian’ in the Chicano Revolutionary Imaginary.” Critical Ethnic Studies 2(10):107127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anaya, Rudolfo A. and Lomelí, Francisco. 1989. “Introduction.” In Aztlán: Essays on the Chicano Homeland, ed. Anaya, Rudolfo A. and Lomelí, Francisco, ii-iv. Albuquerque: Academia/El Norte Publications.Google Scholar
Arellano, Ruben. 2017. “Becoming Indian: The Origins of Indigeneity among Chicanas/os in Texas.” PhD dissertation, Southern Methodist University, Dallas.Google Scholar
Armstrong-Fumero, Fernando. 2010. “Manuel Gamio and Forjando Patria: Anthropology in Times of Revolution.” In Forjando patria: pro-nacionalismo [Forging a Nation], ed. and trans. Armstrong-Fumero, Fernando, 120. Boulder: University Press of Colorado.Google Scholar
Batalla, Guillermo Bonfil. 1996[1987]. México Profundo: Reclaiming a Civilization. Trans. Dennis, Philip A.. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Bierhorst, John. 1985. Cantares Mexicanos: Songs of the Aztecs. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Castañeda, Daniel Perez and Mendoza, Vicente T.. 1990[1933]. Instrumental Precortesiano [. Mexico City: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.Google Scholar
Cooper Alarcón, Daniel. 1997. The Aztec Palimpsest: Mexico in the Modern Imagination. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fabian, Johannes. 1983. Time and the Other: How Anthropology Makes Its Object. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Gamio, Manuel. 1987[1935]. Hacia un México nuevo: problemas sociales []. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional Indigenista.Google Scholar
Gamio, Manuel. 2010[1916]. Forjando patria: pro-nacionalismo [Forging a Nation]. Trans. and ed. Armstrong-Fumero, Fernando. Boulder: University Press of Colorado.Google Scholar
Garner, Sandra. 2009. “Aztec Dance, Transnational Movements: Conquest of a Different Sort.” Journal of American Folklore 122(486):414437.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
González Torres, Yólotl. 2005. Danza tu palabra: la danza de los concheros []. Mexico City: Conaculta-INAH.Google Scholar
Hellier-Tinoco, Ruth. 2006. “Review of ¡Llegaron Los Camperos!: Concert Favorites of Nati Cano’s Mariachi Los Camperos and Aztec Dances–Xavier Quijas Yxayotl” [Recording Review of Los Camperos Have Arrived]. The World of Music 48(1):157159.Google Scholar
Hellier-Tinoco, Ruth. 2011. Embodying Mexico: Tourism, Nationalism and Performance. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutchinson, Sydney. 2009. “The Ballet Folklórico de México and the Construction of the Mexican Nation through Dance.” In Dancing Across Borders: Danzas y Bailes Mexicanos, ed. Nájera-Ramírez, Olga, Cantú, Norma E., and Romero, Brenda M., 206225. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Iwańska, Alicja. 1977. The Truths of Others: An Essay on Nativistic Individuals in Mexico. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Kirchhoff, Paul. 2009[1947]. Mesoamérica: sus límites geográficos, composición étnica y caracteres culturales []. 2nd ed. Xalapa, Veracruz: Al Fin Liebre Ediciones Digitales. http://alfinliebre.blogspot.com/2010/02/ano-i-no-01.html (accessed 27 April 2020).Google Scholar
Klor de Alva, J. Jorge. 1992. “Nahua Studies, the Allure of the ‘Aztecs,’ and Miguel León-Portilla.” In The Aztec Image of Self and Society: An Introduction to Nahua Culture, ed. de Alva, J. Jorge Klor, vii-xxiii. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.Google Scholar
Knight, Alan. 1990. “Racism, Revolution, and Indigenismo: Mexico, 1910–1940.” In The Idea of Race in Latin America, 1870–1940, ed. Graham, Richard, 71113. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Kurath, Gertrude Prokosch. 1946. “Los Concheros.” The Journal of American Folklore 59(234):387399.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Madrid, Alejandro L. 2011. “Transnational Musical Encounters at the U.S.-Mexico Border: An Introduction.” In Transnational Encounters: Music and Performance at the U.S.-Mexico Border, ed. Madrid, Alejandro L., 116. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martí, Samuel. 1968. Instrumentos musicales precortesianos []. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia.Google Scholar
McCaa, Robert. 2003. “Missing Millions: The Demographic Costs of the Mexican Revolution.” Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos 19(2):367400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nielsen, Kristina F. 2017. “Composing Histories: The Transmission and Creation of Historicity, Music and Dance in the Los Angeles Danza Community.” PhD dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Parker, Robert. 2001. “Chávez (y Ramírez), Carlos (Antonio de Padua).” Grove Music Online. New York: Oxford University Press. http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/ (accessed 29 December 2019).Google Scholar
Peña, Francisco de la. 1998. “Identidad cultural, imaginario indio y sobremodernidad: el movimiento de la mexicanidad” [Cultural Identity, Imagined Indians, and Hypermodernity: The Mexicanidad Movement]. Boletín de antropología americana 32:5770.Google Scholar
Rostas, Susanna. 2002. “‘Mexicanidad.’ The Resurgence of the Indian in Popular Mexican Nationalism.” The Cambridge Journal of Anthropology 23(1):2038.Google Scholar
Rostas, Susanna. 2009. Carrying the Word: The Concheros Dance in Mexico City. Boulder: University of Colorado Press.Google Scholar
Saavedra, Leonora. 2015. “Carlos Chávez and the Myth of the Aztec Renaissance.” In Carlos Chávez and His World, ed. Saavedra, Leonora, 134165. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sachs, Curt. 1940. The History of Musical Instruments. New York: W. W. Norton and Company.Google Scholar
Stevenson, Robert. 1976[1968]. Music in Aztec and Inca Territory. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stone, Martha. 1975. At the Sign of Midnight: The Concheros Dance Cult of Mexico City. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.Google Scholar
United Nations. 2009. “The State of the World’s Indigenous Peoples.” http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/SOWIP/en/SOWIP_web.pdf (accessed 27 April 2020).Google Scholar
Vasconcelos, José. 1997[1925]. The Cosmic Race: A Bilingual Edition. Trans. Jaén, Didier Tisdel. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar

Multimedia Sources

El Centro Cultural de México. “Danza mesoamericana.” El Centro Cultural de México. n.d. http://elcentroculturaldemexico.org/danza-mesoamericana. Accessed 22 April 2020.Google Scholar
Espino, Martin. “Mexika: ‘Music & Dance of Ancient Mexico.’” Martin, Espino. n.d. https://martinespino.com/mexika-music-dance-of-ancient-mexico/. Accessed 10 December 2019.Google Scholar
Mendelssohn, Lilian. 1972. Pre-Columbian Instruments. Ethnic Folkways Library FE4177 [LP].Google Scholar
Yxayotl, Xavier Quijas. 2002. Aztec Dances. Canyon Records CR7045 [CD].Google Scholar

Ethnographic Interviews

Arvizu, Lazaro. Interview by author. Los Angeles, California, 23 November 2016.Google Scholar
Cuezalin. Interview by author. Santa Ana, California, 25 March, 2016.Google Scholar
Cuezalin. Interview by author. Santa Ana, California, 15 October 2015.Google Scholar
Cuezalin. Interview by author. Santa Ana, California, 2 June 2016.Google Scholar
Espino, Martin. Interview by author. Long Beach, California, 13 June 2019.Google Scholar
Espino, Martin. Personal communication. 22 April 2020.Google Scholar
Garcia, Christopher. Interview by author. Los Angeles, California, 6 June 2019.Google Scholar
Vasquez, Carlos Daniel Jimenez. Interview by author. Los Angeles, California, 9 August 2016.Google Scholar