Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-r6qrq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T20:20:51.968Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Pioneering Modern Corporate Governance: A View from London in 1900

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 February 2015

Abstract

Around 1900 Britain was exceptionally suited to pioneering large scale enterprises because of the precocious development of its equity markets and London's experimentation with a more eclectic range of corporate governance techniques than the world's smaller and less cosmopolitan financial centers. Information dissemination, incentives, and reputation—developed by a serendipitous mix of legal compulsions and flexible voluntarism—set the scene for the growth of large, UK-based, national and international corporations in the twentieth century.

“The investment business is not with us as well developed or as well understood as it is in England.”

W. H. Lyon, Capitalization (Boston, 1913), 207.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2007. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Business History Conference. All rights reserved.

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bibliography of Works Cited

Books

Ackrill, Margaret, and Leslie, Hannah. Barclays: The Business of Banking, 1690–1996. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., 2001.Google Scholar
Anon, Stock Exchange Official Intelligence 1902. London, 1902.Google Scholar
Bairoch, Paul, and Deldycke, T. La Population Active et sa Structure. Brussels, 1968.Google Scholar
Baron, Stanley. Brewed in America. Boston, 1962.Google Scholar
Bayly, C.A. The Birth of the Modern World 1780–1914: Global Connections and Comparisons. Oxford, U.K., 2004.Google Scholar
Beerbühl, Margrit Schulte, and Jörg, Vögele eds. Spinning the Commercial Web: International Trade, Merchants and Commercial Cities, c.1640–1939. Frankfurt, 2004.Google Scholar
Broadberry, Stephen. Market Services and the Productivity Race, 1850–2000: British Performance in International Perspective. Cambridge, U.K., 2006.Google Scholar
Bunting, David. The Rise of Large American Corporations, 1889–1919. New York, 1986.Google Scholar
Carter, Susan B., Scott Sigmund, Gartner, Michael, R. Haines Alan, L. Olmstead Richard, Sutch and Wright, Gavin eds. Historical Statistics of the United States. 5 vols. Cambridge, U.K., 2006, vol. 3.Google Scholar
Cassis, Youssef. Capitals of Capital: A History of International Financial Centres, 1780–2005. Cambridge, U.K., 2006.Google Scholar
Cassis, Youssef. City Bankers, 1890–1914. Cambridge, U.K., 1994.Google Scholar
Chandler, Alfred D. Jr. Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism. Cambridge, Mass., 1990.Google Scholar
Clapham, John. An Economic History of Modern Britain, 1887–1929. Cambridge, U.K., 1951.Google Scholar
Clarke, Peter, and Trebilcock, Clive eds. Understanding Decline: Perceptions and Realities of British Economic Performance. Frankfurt, 1997.Google Scholar
Conant, Charles A. Wall Street and the Country. New York, 1904.Google Scholar
Dennett, Laurie. Slaughter and May: A Century in the City. Cambridge, U.K., 1989.Google Scholar
Dennison, S.R., and MacDonagh, Oliver eds. Guinness 1886–1939: From Incorporation to the Second World War. Cork, Ireland, 1998.Google Scholar
Department of Commerce. Special Report: Mines and Quarries. Washington, D.C., 1905.Google Scholar
Duguid, Charles. The Story of the Stock Exchange. London, 1901.Google Scholar
Duncan, William Wallace. Manual of British and Foreign Brewing Companies. London, 1902.Google Scholar
Edgerton, David. The Shock of the Old. London, 2006.Google Scholar
Edwards, James Don. History of Public Accounting in the United States. Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1978.Google Scholar
Edwards, J.R. Company Legislation and Changing Patterns of Disclosure in British Company Accounts 1900–1940. London, 1981.Google Scholar
Ferguson, Niall The World’s Banker: The History of the House of Rothschild. London, 1998.Google Scholar
Floud, Roderick, and Johnson, Paul eds. The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Britain, 2, 1860’1939. Cambridge, U.K., 2003.Google Scholar
Fohlin, Caroline. Finance Capitalism and Germany’s Rise to Industrial Power. New York, 2006.Google Scholar
Gilbert, W.S. Utopia Limited in Original Plays, third series. London, 1895.Google Scholar
Gourvish, T.R., and Wilson, R.G. eds. The British Brewing Industry, 1830–1980. Cambridge, U.K., 1994.Google Scholar
Guinness, Jonathan. Requiem for a Family Business. London, 1996.Google Scholar
Hawkins, David F. Corporate Financial Disclosure, 1900–1933. New York, 1986.Google Scholar
Hirst, Francis Wrigley. The Stock Exchange. London, 1913.Google Scholar
Hurst, James Willard. The Legitimacy of the Business Corporation in the Law of the United States 1780–1970. Charlottesville, Va., 1970.Google Scholar
Ingall, Godefroi D., and Withers, George The Stock Exchange. London, 1904.Google Scholar
Jefferys, James B. Business Organisation in Great Britain 1856–1914. New York, 1977.Google Scholar
Kennedy, William P. Industrial Structure, Capital Markets and the Origins of British Industrial Decline. Cambridge, U.K., 1987.Google Scholar
Kent, Henry The Directory containing An Alphabetical List of the Names and Places of Abode of the Directors of Companies, Persons in Public Business, Merchants and other Eminent Traders in the Cities of London and Westminster and Borough of Southwark. London, 1736.Google Scholar
Landes, David S. Dynasties: Fortunes and Misfortunes of the World’s Great Family Businesses. New York, 2006.Google Scholar
Arthur, Lewis, W. Growth and Fluctuations, 1870–1913. London, 1978.Google Scholar
Liefmann, Robert. Die Unternehmungsformen. Stuttgart, 1921.Google Scholar
Lyon, W.H. Capitalization. Boston, 1913.Google Scholar
Maddison, Angus The World Economy: Historical Statistics. Paris, 2003.Google Scholar
Maizels, Alfred. Industrial Growth and World Trade. Cambridge, U.K., 1963.Google Scholar
Marriner, Sheila, ed. Business and Businessmen: Studies in Business, Economic and Accounting History. Liverpool, U.K., 1978.Google Scholar
McKendrick, Neil, and Newlands, John ‘F&C’ A History of Foreign and Colonial Investment Trust. London, 1999.Google Scholar
Michie, R.C. The London and New York Stock Exchanges, 1850–914. London, 1987.Google Scholar
Moody, John. The Long Road Home: An Autobiography. New York, 1933.Google Scholar
Moody, John. The Truth about the Trusts. New York, 1904.Google Scholar
Morck, Randall K., ed. A History of Corporate Governance Around the World: Family Business Groups to Professional Managers. Chicago, 2005.Google Scholar
Muirhead, J.F., United States. Leipzig, 1899.Google Scholar
New York Stock Exchange. Report of the President 1923/4. New York, 1924.Google Scholar
Osborne, O’Hagan, H., Leaves from My Life. London, 1929.Google Scholar
Owen, Geoffrey, Kirchmaier, Tom and Jeremy, Grant eds. Corporate Governance in the US and Europe. Houndmills, U.K., 2006.Google Scholar
Picard, Alfred. Le Bilan d’un Siècle 1801–1900. Vol. 3. Paris, 1906.Google Scholar
Plavchan, Ronald Jan. A History of Anheuser-Busch, 1852–1933. New York, 1976.Google Scholar
Pratt, Sereno S. The Work of Wall Street. New York, 1903.Google Scholar
Pujo Committee. Money Trust Investigation: Hearings. Washington, D.C., 1913.Google Scholar
Smith, Adam. The Wealth of Nations. 1776; New York, 1937.Google Scholar
Stamp, Josiah. British Incomes and Property. London, 1922.Google Scholar
Thompson, F.M.L. English Landed Society in the Nineteenth Century. London, 1963.Google Scholar
United States Census Office. Manufactures, Vol. 7. Washington, D.C., 1902.Google Scholar
Vaizey, John. The Brewing Industry, 1886–1951: An Economic Study. London, 1960.Google Scholar
Van Oss, S.F. Stock Exchange Values. London, 1895.Google Scholar
Wagon, Eduard. Die Finanzielle Entwicklung Deutscher Aktiengesellschaften von 1870–1900. Jena, 1903.Google Scholar
Whitaker, Joseph. Almanack for 1900. London, 1899.Google Scholar
Woytinsky, W.L. Die Welt in Zahlen, Vol. 5. Berlin, 1927.Google Scholar

Articles and Essays

Allen, Franklin.Do Financial Institutions Matter?.” Journal of Finance 56 (Aug. 2002): 1165–75.Google Scholar
Arnold, A.J. “‘Publishing Your Private Affairs to the World’: Corporate Financial Disclosures in the UK, 1900–1924.” Accounting Business and Financial History 7 no. 2 (1997): 143–73.Google Scholar
Barker, Theodore C.Lord Salisbury: Chairman of the Great Eastern Railway, 1868–72.” In Business and Businessmen: Studies in Business, Economic and Accounting History ed. Sheila, Marriner Liverpool, U.K., 1978, pp.81103.Google Scholar
Baskin, Jonathan Barron. “‘The Development of Corporate Financial Markets in Britain and the United States, 1600–1914: Overcoming Asymmetric Information.” Business History Review 62 (Summer 1988): 219–37.Google Scholar
Bruland, Kristine.The Babcock & Wilcox Company: Strategic Alliance, Technology Development, and Enterprise Control, circa 1860–1900.” In From Family Firm to Corporate Capitalism: Essays in Honour of Peter Mathias eds. Bruland, Kristine and O’Brien, Patrick Oxford, U.K., 1998, pp.219–46.Google Scholar
Cheffins, Brian R.Mergers and the Evolution of Patterns of Corporate Control: The British Experience.” Business History 46 (April 1988): 256–84.Google Scholar
Coffee, John C.Do Norms Matter? A Cross-Country Evaluation.” University of Pennsylvania Law Review 149 (June 2001): 2151–75.Google Scholar
Collins, Michael.English Bank Development.” Economic History Review 51 (Feb. 1998): 124.Google Scholar
Davis, Lance.The Capital Markets and Industrial Concentration: The US and UK, a Comparative Study.” Economic History Review 19 (May 1966): 255–72.Google Scholar
Bradford, De Long, J.Did J. P. Morgan’s Men Add Value?.” In Inside the Business Enterprise ed. Temin, Peter Chicago, 1991 205–36.Google Scholar
Edelstein, MichaelForeign Investment: Accumulation and Empire, 1860–1914.” In The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Britain, 2, 1860–1939 eds. Roderick, Floud and Johnson, Paul Cambridge, U.K., 2003 pp.190226.Google Scholar
Edey, H.C. and Panitpakdi, ProtBritish Company Accounting and the Law 1844–1900.” In Studies in the History of Accounting eds. Littleton, A.C. and Yamey, B.S. London, 1956 pp.356–79.Google Scholar
Eichengreen, Barry.Comment.” In A History of Corporate Governance Around the World: Family Business Groups to Professional Managers ed. Morck, Randall K. Chicago, 2005 pp.608–11.Google Scholar
Fear, Jeffrey, and Kobrak, ChristopherDiverging Paths: Accounting for Corporate Governance in America and Germany.” Business History Review 80 (Spring 2006): 148.Google Scholar
Fisher, Walter N.President’s Address.” Accountant 27 (19 Oct. 1901): 1105–11.Google Scholar
Fohlin, Caroline.The Balancing Act of German Universal Banks and English Deposit Banks, 1880–1913.” Business History 43 (Jan. 2001): 124.Google Scholar
Gomes, Armando.Going Public without Governance: Managerial Reputation Effects.” Journal of Finance 55 (April 2000): 615–46.Google Scholar
Hannah, Leslie.The Divorce of Ownership from Control from 1900: Re-calibrating Imagined Global Historical Trends.” Business History 49 (4 July 2007): 404438.Google Scholar
Hannah, Leslie.Marshall’s ‘Trees’ and the Global ‘Forest’: Were –Giant Redwoods’ Different?.” In Learning by Doing in Markets, Firms and Countries eds. Lamoreaux, Naomi, Raff, Daniel M.G., and Temin, Peter Chicago, 1999 pp.253–86.Google Scholar
Hannah, Leslie.Takeover Bids in Britain before 1950.” Business History 16 (Jan. 1974): 6577.Google Scholar
Hannah, Leslie.The Whig Fable of American Tobacco, 1895–1913.” Journal of Economic History 66 (March 2006): 4273.Google Scholar
Harrison, A.E.Joint-stock Company Flotation in the Cycle, Motor Vehicle and Related Industries, 1882–1914.” Business History 23 (July 1981): 165–90.Google Scholar
Jensen, Michael.Eclipse of the Public Corporation.” Harvard Business Review (Sept.–Oct. 1989), as revised in SSRN Electronic Library, 146–9.Google Scholar
Lamoreaux, Naomi R., Naomi, R. Raff, Daniel M. G. and Temin, PeterAgainst Whig History.” Enterprise and Society 5 (Sept. 2004): 376–87.Google Scholar
Lamoreaux, Naomi R. and Rosenthal, Jean-LaurentLegal Regime and Contractual Flexibility: A Comparison of Business’s Organizational Choices in France and the United States during the Era of Industrialization.” American Law and Economics Review 7 no. 1 (2005): 2861.Google Scholar
Landes, David S.French Entrepreneurship and Industrial Growth in the Nineteenth Century.” Journal of Economic History 9 (May 1949): 4561.Google Scholar
La Porta, Rafael, Florencio, López-de-Silanes Andrei, Shleifer and Vishny, RobertLegal Determinants of External Finance.” Journal of Finance 52 (July 1997): 1131–50.Google Scholar
Lawson, W.R.Lombard Street under Foreign Control.” Bankers’ Magazine 71 (March 1901): 376–89.Google Scholar
Lee, T.A.Company Financial Statements: An Essay in Business History 1830–1950.” In Business and Businessmen: Studies in Business, Economic and Accounting History, ed. Marriner, Sheila Liverpool, U.K., 1978 pp.235–62.Google Scholar
Morck, Randall K., and Steier, LloydThe Global History of Corporate Governance.” In In A History of Corporate GovernanceAround theWorld: Family Business Groups to Professional Managers, ed. Morck, Randall K. Chicago, 2005 pp.164.Google Scholar
Nicholas, Tom.Enterprise and Management.” In The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Britain, 2, 1860–1939,, eds. Floud, Roderick and Johnson, Paul Cambridge, U.K., 2003 pp.227–52.Google Scholar
Passow, Richard.Der Anteil der verschiedenen privaten Unternehmungsformen und der offentlichen Betrieben am deutschen Wirtschaftslieben.” Jahrbücher für Nationalokonomie und Statistik 41 (April 1911): 506–25.Google Scholar
Payne, Peter L.The Emergence of the Large-Scale Company in Great Britain, 1870–1914.” Economic History Review 20 no. 3 (1911): 519–42.Google Scholar
Somary, Felix.Die Statistik der Aktiengesellschaften.” Bulletin de L’Institut International de Statistique 14 no. 4 (1905): 4564.Google Scholar
Sylla, Richard, and David Smith, GeorgeInformation and Capital Market Regulation inAnglo-American Finance.” In Anglo American Financial Systems, eds. Bordo, Michael D. and Sylla, Richard New York, 1995 pp.179205.Google Scholar
Todd, GeoffreySome Aspects of Joint Stock Companies, 1844–1900.” Economic History Review 4 (Oct.1932): 4671.Google Scholar
Tufano, PeterBusiness Failure, Judicial Intervention and Financial Innovation: Restructuring U.S. Railroads in the Nineteenth Century.” Business History Review 71 (Spring 1997): 140.Google Scholar
Watson, Katherine.Banks and Industrial Finance: The Experience of Brewers, 1880–1913.” Economic History Review 49 (Feb. 1996): 5881.Google Scholar
Watson, Katherine.Funding Enterprise: The Finance of British Industry during the Nineteenth Century.” Entreprises et Histoire 22 (janvier-février 1999): 3154.Google Scholar
Watson, Katherine.The New Issue Market as a Source of Finance for the U.K. Brewing and Iron and Steel Industries, 1870–1913.” In The Evolution of Financial Institutions and Markets in Twentieth-Century Europe, eds. Youssef, Cassis, Feldman, Gerald D. and Olsson, Ulf Aldershot, U.K., 1995 pp.211–48.Google Scholar
Zingales, Luigi.Insider Ownership and the Decision to Go Public.” Review of Economic Studies 62 (July–Oct. 1995): 425–48.Google Scholar

Magazines and Newspapers

Commercial and Financial Chronicle, 1900–1902.Google Scholar
Economist, 10 Feb. 1900; 13 Oct. 1900; 3 Nov. 1900; 5 Jan. 1901; 11 May 1901; 10 Aug. 1901; 24 Aug. 1901; 23 Nov. 1901; 12 April 1902; 10 May 1902; 1900–1902.Google Scholar
Financial Times, 27 Dec. 2005; 16 May 2007.Google Scholar
Investor’s Monthly Manual, 31 Aug. 1900; 31 Jan. 1901.Google Scholar
Investor’s Review, 6 Jan. 1900; 8 Dec. 1900; 11 Aug. 1900; 27 Oct. 1900; 1900–1902.Google Scholar
Japan Times, 4 Jan. 1900.Google Scholar
Japan Weekly Mail, 6 Jan. 1900.Google Scholar
Statist, 23 March 1895; 1900–1902.Google Scholar

Unpublished Sources

Becht, Marco, Colin, Mayer, and Wagner, HannesCorporate Mobility Comes to Europe: The Evidence.” Under review, Social Science Research Network, 14 March, 2007.Google Scholar
Braggion, FabioCredit Market Constraints and Financial Networks in Late Victorian Britain.” Paper Presented to the Economic History Association Meeting, Pittsburgh, Sept. 2006.Google Scholar
Guinnane, Timothy, Ron, Harris, Lamoreaux, Naomi R. and Rosenthal, Jean-LaurentPutting the Corporation in its Place.” Typescript dated 29 Oct. 2006.Google Scholar
Hannah, Leslie.What did J. P. Morgan’s Men really do?.” University of Tokyo CIRJE Discussion Paper no. F-465. Jan. 2007.Google Scholar
Klapper, Leora, Luc, Laeven, and Rosenthal, RajanBusiness Environment and Firm Entry: Evidence from International Data.” NBER Working Paper no. 10380. March 2004.Google Scholar
Rutterford, JanetteThe Company Prospectus: Marketing Shares on the London Stock Exchange, 1850–1940.” (forthcoming).Google Scholar

Archival Sources

Guildhall Library, Company Accounts Collection, Aldermanbury, London.Google Scholar