Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-22dnz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T22:12:49.223Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Study on Organic Triplet Exciton Emission and Quenching Processes by Low-temperature Photo- and Electroluminescence Spectroscopy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 February 2011

Nils Asmus Kristian Kaufmann ,
Frank Jessen ,
M. Heuken ,
Herbert Boerner ,
Holger Kalisch  and
R. H. Jansen
Nils Asmus Kristian Kaufmann
Affiliation:
kaufmann@gan.rwth-aachen.de, RWTH Aachen University, Chair of Electromagnetic Theory, Aachen, Germany
Frank Jessen
Affiliation:
jessen@ithe.rwth-aachen.de, RWTH Aachen University, Chair of Electromagnetic Theory, Aachen, Germany
M. Heuken
Affiliation:
m.heuken@aixtron.com, AIXTRON AG, Aachen, Germany
Herbert Boerner
Affiliation:
herbert.boerner@philips.com, Philips Technologie GmbH Forschungslaboratorien - Philips Research Laboratories, Aachen, Germany
Holger Kalisch
Affiliation:
kalisch@ithe.rwth-aachen.de, RWTH Aachen University, Chair of Electromagnetic Theory, Aachen, Germany
R. H. Jansen
Affiliation:
jansen@ithe.rwth-aachen.de, RWTH Aachen University, Chair of Electromagnetic Theory, Aachen, Germany
Get access

Abstract

Organic light emitting diodes (OLED) are efficient light sources based on organic semiconductors. Unlike inorganic LEDs which are more or less point sources, OLED are planar light sources with up to 1 m2 in area. By using organic materials, they are cheap to produce and economical to use. The determination of triplet exciton energy levels is of interest for the development of efficient OLED, based on the fact that electrical excitation usually creates three times as many triplets as singlets. Additionally, the knowledge of these energy levels is crucial for the design and choice of emitter matrix materials and exciton blocking layers. These values are normally determined by photoluminescence (PL) measurements in solution for materials which show intersystem crossing (ISC) between singlet and triplet states. For some materials, the triplet levels cannot be measured this way because some materials prohibit ISC. In this work, a method is presented which allows the determination of the energy levels using low-temperature electroluminescence (EL) spectroscopy. The dependence on ISC is avoided by creating triplets directly with electrical excitation and this allows to measure a large class of organic materials. A low-temperature EL spectrum is presented for N,N'-bis(3-methylphenyl)-N,N'-diphenyl-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine (TPD) in a 3-phenyl-4-(1‘-naphthyl)-5-phenyl-1,2,4-triazole (TAZ) matrix (TPD/TAZ 1:3) at 77 K. Triplet emission is only observed at very low charge carrier density (0.5 μA/mm2). Quenching processes are analyzed using combined EL and PL measurements and unipolar devices. Two factors can be the cause of the quenching: A strong quenching based on a low concentration of electrically activated impurities could explain the dependency. The other explanation points to a quenching based on electrons in the emitting layer. This might be explained with triplet-polaron quenching (TPQ). TPQ is proportional to the charge carrier density and contributes the dominant part to the quenching at low current densities.

Keywords

organicphotoemissionluminescence
Type
Research Article
Information
MRS Online Proceedings Library (OPL) , Volume 1115: Symposium H – Physics and Technology of Organic Semiconductor Devices , 2008 , 1115-H05-31
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

1. Tang, C. W. and Van Slyke, S. A. “Organic electroluminescent diodes”, Appl. Phys. Lett. 51, 913 (1987)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2. Tang, C. W., Van Slyke, S. A., and Chen, C. H. “Electroluminescence of doped organic thin films”, J. Appl. Phys. 65, 3610 (1989)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
3. Segal, M., Baldo, M. A., Holmes, R. J., Forrest, S. R. and Soos, Z. G. “Excitonic singlet-triplet ratios in molecular and polymeric organic materials”, PHYSICAL REVIEW B 68, 075211 (2003)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
4. Baldo, M. A., Sibley, S., Thompson, M.E. “High-efficiency organic electroluminescent devices”, Nature (London) 395, 151 (1998)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5. Adachi, C., Baldo, M. A., Huang, S., Hofmann, M., Werner, A., and Blochwitz-Nimoth, J. “Doped organic semiconductors: Physics and application in light emitting diodes”, Org. Electron. 4, 89 (2003)Google Scholar
6. Adachi, C., Baldo, M. A., Thompson, M. E., and Forrest, S. R. “Nearly 100% internal phosphorescence efficiency in an organic light emitting device”, J. Appl. Phys. 90, 5048 (2001)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
7. Zhou, X., Blochwitz, J., Pfeiffer, M., Nollau, A., Fritz, T., and application in light emitting diodes”, Org. Electron. 4, 89 (2003)Google Scholar
8. Zhou, X., Blochwitz, J., Pfeiffer, M., Nollau, A., Fritz, T., and Leo, K. “Enhanced Hole Injection into Amorphous Hole-Transport Layers of Organic Light-Emitting Diodes Using Controlled p-Type Doping”, Adv. Funct. Mater. 11, 310 (2001)3.0.CO;2-D>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
9. He, G., Pfeiffer, M., Leo, K., Hofmann, M., Birnstock, J., Pudzich, R., and Salbeck, J. “High-efficiency and low-voltage p-i-n electrophosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes with double-emission layers”, Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 3911 (2004)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10. In Brüttig, W. “Physik of organic semiconductors”, WILEY-VCH, Berlin, 2005 Google Scholar
11. Reineke, Sebastian, Walzer, Karsten, and Leo, Karl “Triplet-exciton quenching in organic phosphorescent light-emitting diodes with Ir-based emitters”, PHYSICAL REVIEW B 75, 125328 (2007)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12. Segal, M., Baldo, M. A., Lee, M. K., Shinar, J. and Soos, Z. G. “Frequency response and origin of the pin-1 /2 photoluminescence-detected magnetic resonance in a pi-conjugated polymer”, PHYSICAL REVIEW B 71, 245201 (2005)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13. Lee, M.-K., Segal, M., Soos, Z. G., Shinar, J. and Bald, M. A. “Yield of Singlet Excitons in Organic light-Emitting Devices: A Double Modulation Photoluminescence-Detected Magnetic Resonance Study” PRL 94, 137403 (2005)CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed