1 Introduction
Let
$\Gamma $
be the fundamental group of a Riemann surface and G a reductive group. The character stack associated to
$(\Gamma , G)$
is the quotient stack
This space and its cousins (the character variety, moduli of stable Higgs bundles and moduli of flat connections) play a central role in diverse areas of mathematics such as nonabelian Hodge theory [Reference Simpson and SatakeSim91, Reference SimpsonSim94] and the geometric Langlands programme [Reference Beilinson and DrinfeldBD97, Reference Ben-Zvi and NadlerBZN18].
The study of the topology and geometry of these spaces has been a subject of active research for decades. In their ground-breaking work [Reference Hausel and Rodriguez-VillegasHRV08], Hausel and Villegas counted points on the character stack associated to the once-punctured surface group and
$G=\mathrm {GL}_n$
, where the loop around the puncture is mapped to a primitive root of unity. This gave rise to much further progress in understanding the arithmetic geometry of character stacks; see [Reference BallandrasBal22, Reference Baraglia and HekmatiBH17, Reference de Cataldo, Hausel and MigliorinidCHM12, Reference Hausel, Letellier and Rodriguez-VillegasHLRV11, Reference LetellierLet15, Reference Letellier and Rodriguez-VillegasLRV20, Reference MellitMel20, Reference MerebMer15].
Almost all the previous work in this area concerns the case when
$G=\mathrm {GL}_n$
,
$\mathrm {SL}_n$
, or
$\mathrm {PGL}_n$
. The only exception we know of is Cambò’s unpublished thesis [Reference CambòCam17]. Note that from the point of view of Langlands correspondence, it is crucial to understand character stacks of all reductive groups, for the Langlands central conjecture, functoriality, concerns relationship between automorphic functions (or sheaves) of different reductive groups.
The purpose of this paper is to study the arithmetic geometry of the character stack associated to a compact surface group and an arbitrary reductive group G with connected centre. This represents the first step in generalizing the programme of Hausel, Letellier and Villegas [Reference Hausel, Letellier and Rodriguez-VillegasHLRV11, Reference Hausel and Rodriguez-VillegasHRV08, Reference LetellierLet15, Reference Letellier and Rodriguez-VillegasLRV20] from type A to arbitrary type in a uniform manner.
1.1 Main result
To state our main result, we need a definition regarding counting problems whose solutions are polynomial on residue classes (PORC); see [Reference HigmanHig60].
Let Y be a map from finite fields to finite groupoids. For instance, Y can be a scheme or a stack of finite type over
$\mathbb {Z}$
. We write
$|Y({\mathbb {F}_q})|$
for the groupoid cardinality of
$Y({\mathbb {F}_q})$
, and we have
Definition 1.1. We say Y is PORC count if there exist an integer d, called the modulus, and polynomials
$\lVert Y\rVert _0, \ldots , \lVert Y\rVert _{d-1}\in \mathbb {C}[t]$
such that
$$ \begin{align*} |Y({\mathbb{F}_q})| = \lVert Y\rVert_i(q)\quad \text{for all } q\equiv i\,\mod d. \end{align*} $$
For instance,
$\mathrm {Spec}\, \mathbb {Z}[x]/(x^2+1) $
is PORC count with modulus
$4$
and counting polynomials
$\lVert X\rVert _{0}=\lVert X\rVert _{2}=1$
,
$\lVert X\rVert _{1}=2$
, and
$\lVert X\rVert _{3}=0$
.
Now let
$\Gamma _g$
be the fundamental group of a compact Riemann surface of genus
$g\geq 1$
, G a connected (split) reductive group over
$\mathbb {Z}$
,
$G^{\vee }$
the (Langlands) dual group, and
$\mathfrak {X}$
the character stack associated to
$(\Gamma _g, G)$
as in (1-1).
Theorem 1.2. If G has connected centre, then
$\mathfrak {X}$
is PORC count with the modulus
$d(G^{\vee })$
and counting polynomials
$\lVert \mathfrak {X}\rVert _0,\ldots \lVert \mathfrak {X}\rVert _{d(G^{\vee })-1}$
defined in, respectively, Definitions 2.1 and 5.1.
This theorem refines [Reference Liebeck and ShalevLS05, Theorem 1.2], which gave an asymptotic for
$|\mathfrak {X}({\mathbb {F}_q})|$
. The expression we obtain for the counting polynomials is explicit in so far as the genus numbers are explicit, see Section 3.
1.1.1 Outline of proof
Let us outline the proof of the theorem. First, using Lang’s theorem, it is easy (see [Reference BehrendBeh93, 2.5.1]) to show that
$$ \begin{align*} |\mathfrak{X}({\mathbb{F}_q})|=|\mathrm{Hom}(\Gamma_g, G({\mathbb{F}_q}))/G({\mathbb{F}_q})|. \end{align*} $$
Thus, our goal is to count the number of homomorphisms
$\Gamma _g\rightarrow G({\mathbb {F}_q})$
, that is, the number of solutions to the equation
$[x_1,y_1]\cdots [x_g, y_g]=1$
in the finite group
$G({\mathbb {F}_q})$
.
Next, a theorem going back to Frobenius (see [Reference Hausel and Rodriguez-VillegasHRV08, Section 2.3]) states that
$$ \begin{align} |\mathrm{Hom}(\Gamma_g, G({\mathbb{F}_q}))/G({\mathbb{F}_q})| = \sum_{\chi \in \mathrm{Irr}(G({\mathbb{F}_q}))} \bigg(\frac{|G({\mathbb{F}_q})|}{\chi(1)}\bigg)^{2g-2}. \end{align} $$
Here
$\mathrm {Irr}(G({\mathbb {F}_q}))$
denotes the set of irreducible complex characters of
$G({\mathbb {F}_q})$
. Thus, computing
$|\mathfrak {X}({\mathbb {F}_q})|$
is a problem in complex representation theory of finite reductive groups.
According to Lusztig’s Jordan decomposition [Reference LusztigLus84], there is a bijection between
$\mathrm {Irr}(G({\mathbb {F}_q}))$
and the set of pairs
$([s], \rho )$
consisting of conjugacy classes
$[s]$
of semisimple elements in the dual group
$G^{\vee }({\mathbb {F}_q})$
and irreducible unipotent characters
$\rho $
of the centralizer
$G^{\vee }_s({\mathbb {F}_q})$
. The parameterization and degrees of unipotent representations were also determined by Lusztig [Reference LusztigLus84]. Hence, it remains to understand centralizers of semisimple elements of
$G^{\vee }({\mathbb {F}_q})$
.
The final ingredient in the proof is results of Carter and Deriziotis on centralizers of semisimple elements and genus numbers [Reference CarterCar78, Reference DeriziotisDer85]. The notion of ‘genus’ is a reductive generalization of Green’s notion of ‘type’. The latter is ubiquitous in point counts on character varieties in type A [Reference Hausel, Letellier and Rodriguez-VillegasHLRV11, Reference Hausel and Rodriguez-VillegasHRV08, Reference LetellierLet15, Reference Letellier and Rodriguez-VillegasLRV20, Reference MerebMer15]. The term ‘genus number’ refers to the number of conjugacy classes of semisimple elements whose centralizer is in the same conjugacy class. The fact [Reference DeriziotisDer85] that genus numbers of reductive groups (with connected centre) are PORC is the reason why character stacks are PORC count.
1.1.2 Remarks
-
(i) It is well known that for every
$\chi \in \mathrm {Irr}(G({\mathbb {F}_q}))$
, the quotient
$|G({\mathbb {F}_q})|/\chi (1)$
is a polynomial in q; see [Reference Geck and MalleGM20, Remark 2.3.27]. Theorem 1.2 is, however, not trivial because the sum in (1-2) is over a set which depends on q. -
(ii) Consider the representation
$\zeta $
-function of
$G({\mathbb {F}_q})$
defined by Then Frobenius’s theorem (1-2) can be reformulated asOur approach gives an explicit expression for
$$ \begin{align*} |\mathrm{Hom}(\Gamma_g, G({\mathbb{F}_q}))/G({\mathbb{F}_q})|= \zeta_{G({\mathbb{F}_q})}(2g-2) |G({\mathbb{F}_q})|^{2g-2}. \end{align*} $$
$\zeta _{G({\mathbb {F}_q})}(s)$
for any s; see Section 5.1.1.
-
(iii) Note that
$d(\mathrm {GL}_n)=1$
. Thus, the
$\mathrm {GL}_n$
-character stack is polynomial count (see below).
1.2 Consequences
We now discuss some of the corollaries of our main theorem. Recall the following definition.
Definition 1.3. An algebraic stack Y of finite type over
${\mathbb {F}_q}$
is called polynomial count if there exists a polynomial
$\lVert Y\rVert $
such that
$$ \begin{align*} |Y(\mathbb{F}_{q^n})|=\lVert Y\rVert(q^n)\quad \text{for all } n \in \mathbb{N}. \end{align*} $$
For stacks, it is more natural to consider rational count objects [Reference Letellier and Rodriguez-VillegasLRV20], but it turns out that all the stacks we consider are actually polynomial count, so we restrict to this case. By [Reference Letellier and Rodriguez-VillegasLRV20, Theorem 2.8], if a quotient stack
$Y=[R/G]$
, with G connected, is polynomial count, then the E-series of Y is a well-defined polynomial and it equals
$\lVert Y\rVert $
. In particular, one finds that the dimension, the number of irreducible components of maximal dimension, and the Euler characteristic of Y equal, respectively, the degree, the leading coefficient, and the value at
$1$
of the polynomial
$\lVert Y\rVert $
. By the Euler characteristic of the stack Y we mean the alternating sum of dimensions of compactly supported cohomology groups
$H_c^i(Y_{\overline {{\mathbb {F}_q}}}; \overline {\mathbb {Q}_{\ell }})$
, when this sum makes sense.
Now let
. As an immediate corollary of our main theorem, we obtain the following result.
Corollary 1.4. Suppose
$q\equiv 1 \, \mod d(G^{\vee })$
. Then
$\mathfrak {X}_{\mathbb {F}_q}$
is polynomial count with counting polynomial
$\lVert \mathfrak {X}\rVert _1$
. Thus, the E-series of
$\mathfrak {X}$
equals
$\lVert \mathfrak {X}\rVert _1$
.
If q is co-prime to
$d(G^{\vee })$
, then
$\mathfrak {X}_{\mathbb {F}_q}$
becomes polynomial count after a finite base change.
Let
$\mathrm {rank}(G)$
denote the reductive rank of G. Analysing the leading term of the polynomial
$\lVert \mathfrak {X}\rVert _1$
, we obtain the following corollary.
Corollary 1.5. Suppose
$q\equiv 1 \, \mod d(G^{\vee })$
. Then
-
(i) If
$g=1$
then
$\dim (\mathfrak {X}_{\mathbb {F}_q}) = \mathrm {rank} (G)$
and
$\mathfrak {X}_{\mathbb {F}_q}$
has a unique irreducible component of maximal dimension. -
(ii) If
$g>1$
then
$\dim (\mathfrak {X}_{\mathbb {F}_q}) = (2g-2)\dim (G)+\dim (Z(G^{\vee }))$
and
$\mathfrak {X}_{\mathbb {F}_q}$
has
$|\pi _1([G,G])|$
irreducible components of maximal dimension.
As observed in [Reference Liebeck and ShalevLS05, Corollary 1.11], the result holds without any assumption on q because the Lang–Weil estimate implies that only the asymptotics of
$|\mathfrak {X}({\mathbb {F}_q})|$
matters. Over the complex numbers, the above numerical invariants have also been understood from other perspectives; see the Appendix for further discussions.
The Euler characteristic of
$\mathfrak {X}_{\mathbb {F}_q}$
is more subtle and has not been considered in the literature. In this direction, we have the following result.
Corollary 1.6. Suppose
$q\equiv 1 \, \mod d(G^{\vee })$
.
-
(i) If
$g=1$
and G is a simple adjoint group of type
$G_2, F_4, E_6, E_7, E_8$
, then
$\chi (\mathfrak {X}_{\mathbb {F}_q})$
equals
$12, 56, 46, 237, 252$
, respectively. -
(ii) If
$g>1$
and G is a simple adjoint group of type
$B_2$
or
$G_2$
, then
$\chi (\mathfrak {X}_{\mathbb {F}_q})$
equals
$2^{8g-7}$
or
$72^{2g-2} + 8^{2g-2} + 2\times 9^{2g-2}$
, respectively. -
(iii) If
$g>1$
then the Euler characteristic of the component of the
$\mathrm {PGL}_n$
-character stack associated to
$1$
is equal to
$\varphi (n)n^{2g-3}$
, where
$\varphi $
is the Euler totient function.
Note that when
$g=1$
,
$|\mathfrak {X}({\mathbb {F}_q})|$
equals the number of conjugacy classes of
$G({\mathbb {F}_q})$
. Thus, assertion (i) can be verified by consulting tables of conjugacy classes of
$G({\mathbb {F}_q})$
. Assertion (ii) can also be verified by consulting character tables of
$G({\mathbb {F}_q})$
for groups of small rank (see [Reference LuebeckLue]) but we found it instructive to prove this using our approach; see Section 6. Assertion (iii) should be compared with [Reference Hausel and Rodriguez-VillegasHRV08, Corollary 1.1.1] which states that the Euler characteristic of a component of
$\mathrm {PGL}_n$
-character stack labelled by a primitive root of unity is
$\mu (n)n^{2g-3}$
.
1.3 Further directions
We expect the main theorem to hold for general reductive groups. The main difficulty with reductive groups with disconnected centre is that Lusztig’s Jordan decomposition and genus numbers are more complicated because centralizers of semisimple elements in
$G^{\vee }$
may be disconnected.
We also expect the theorem to hold for fundamental groups of nonorientable surfaces. For
$G=\mathrm {GL}_n$
, this is proved in [Reference Letellier and Rodriguez-VillegasLRV20]. The main issue for general types is that the relationship between Frobenius–Schur indicators and the Lusztig–Jordan decomposition is not well understood; see [Reference Trefethen and VinrootTV20] for some results in this direction.
Finally, we expect the theorem to hold for fundamental groups of punctured Riemann surfaces. In this case, a careful choice of conjugacy classes at the punctures (generalizing the notion of generic from [Reference Hausel, Letellier and Rodriguez-VillegasHLRV11]) will ensure that the resulting character stack and character variety are the same. This is the subject of work in progress [Reference Kamgarpour, Nam and PuskasKNP].
1.4 Structure of the text
In Section 2 we review standard concepts regarding root datum and reductive groups over finite fields. In Section 3 we recall some results of Carter and Deriziotis on centralizers of semsimple elements and genus numbers. In Section 4 we review Lusztig’s Jordan decomposition of irreducible characters and classification of unipotent representations. Theorem 1.2 and Corollary 1.5 are proved in Section 5. In Section 6 we provide explicit formulas for the counting polynomials of character stacks associated to simple groups of semisimple rank up to
$2$
. In Section 7 we use Green’s classification of irreducible characters of
$\mathrm {GL}_n({\mathbb {F}_q})$
to count points on the character stack associated to
$\mathrm {GL}_n$
. Finally, in the Appendix, we discuss the implications of our results for character stacks over
$\mathbb {C}$
.
2 Reductive groups over finite fields
In this section we recall some basic notation and facts about structure of reductive groups over finite fields; see [Reference CarterCar85, Reference Digne and MichelDM20, Reference Geck and MalleGM20]. But first, we define the notion of the modulus of a root datum used in our main theorem.
2.1 Modulus
Let
$\Psi =(X, X^{\vee }, \Phi , \Phi ^{\vee })$
be a root datum. Here, X denotes the characters,
$X^{\vee }$
cocharacters,
$\Phi $
roots, and
$\Phi ^{\vee }$
coroots.
Definition 2.1. We define the modulus of
$\Psi $
, denoted by
$d(\Psi )$
, to be the least common multiple (lcm) of the sizes of torsion parts of the abelian groups
$X/\langle \Phi _1\rangle $
, where
$\Phi _1$
ranges over closed subsystems of
$\Phi $
and
$\langle \Phi _1 \rangle $
denotes the subgroup of X generated by
$\Phi _1$
.
Let G be a connected split reductive group with root datum
$\Psi $
. Then we define the modulus of G by
. Note that the root datum
$(X, X^{\vee }, \Phi _1, \Phi _1^{\vee })$
defines a connected reductive subgroup
$G_1\subseteq G$
of maximal rank. The size of the torsion part of
$X/\langle \Phi _1\rangle $
equals the number of connected components of the centre
$Z(G_1)$
. Thus,
$$ \begin{align*} d(G)=\mathrm{lcm} |\pi_0(Z(G_1))|, \end{align*} $$
where
$G_1$
ranges over connected reductive subgroups of G of maximal rank. In particular, we see that
$d(\mathrm {GL}_n)=1$
.
Let G be a simple simply connected group. Then one can show that
$d(G)$
equals the lcm of coefficients of the highest root and the order of
$Z(G)$
; see [Reference DeriziotisDer85]. Thus, we have:
$$ \begin{align*} \begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|}\hline &&&&&&&&&\\[-8pt]\mathrm{Type} & A_n & B_n & C_n & D_n & E_6 & E_7 & E_8 & F_4 & G_2\\[3pt]\hline &&&&&&&&&\\[-8pt]d(G) & n+1 & 2 & 2 & 4 & 6 & 12 & 60 & 12 & 6 \\[3pt]\hline\end{array}\end{align*} $$
Note that for types
$B_n$
,
$C_n$
,
$E_6$
,
$G_2$
(respectively,
$D_n$
,
$E_7$
,
$E_8$
),
$d(G)$
is the product of bad primes (respectively, twice the product of bad primes) of G. We refer the reader to [Reference Springer, Steinberg, Dold and EckmannSS70] for the definition of bad primes.
2.2 Reductive groups over finite fields
Let p be a prime, k an algebraic closure of
$\mathbb {F}_p$
, and
${\mathbb {F}_q}$
the subfield of k with q elements. We use bold letters such as
$\mathbf {X}$
for schemes, stacks, etc. over
${\mathbb {F}_q}$
and script letters such as
$\mathscr {X}$
for their base change to k. The (geometric) Frobenius
$F=F_{\mathscr {X}} \colon \mathscr {X} \rightarrow \mathscr {X}$
is the map
$F_0\otimes \mathrm {id}$
, where
$F_0$
is the endomorphism of
$\mathbf {X}$
defined by raising the functions on
$\mathbf {X}$
to the
$q\,{\mathrm {th}}$
power.
Let
$\mathbf {G}$
be a connected reductive group over
${\mathbb {F}_q}$
with a maximal quasisplit torus
$\mathbf {T}$
. Let
$\Psi =(X, X^{\vee }, \Phi , \Phi ^{\vee })$
denote the root datum of
$(\mathscr {G}, \mathscr {T})$
. We now explain how to encode the rational structure of
$\mathbf {G}$
via the root datum. The Frobenius
$F \colon \mathscr {T} \rightarrow \mathscr {T}$
induces a homomorphism on characters
$$ \begin{align*} X \to X, \quad \lambda \mapsto \lambda \circ F, \end{align*} $$
which we denote by the same letter. We then have an automorphism
$\varphi \in \mathrm {Aut}(X)$
of finite order such that
$$ \begin{align*} F(\lambda)(t) = \lambda(F(t))= q\varphi (\lambda)(t) \quad \textrm{for all } t\in \mathscr{T}. \end{align*} $$
In other words, F acts on X as the automorphism
$q\varphi $
. The rational structure of
$\mathbf {G}$
is encoded in the automorphism
$F=q\varphi $
. In particular,
$\mathbf {G}$
is split if and only if
$\varphi $
is trivial.
2.3 Complete root datum
Let W be the Weyl group of
$\Phi $
. For each
$\alpha \in \Phi $
, let
$\alpha ^{\vee }\in \Phi ^{\vee }$
be the corresponding coroot. Define
$s_{\alpha } \colon X\rightarrow X$
by
The map
$\alpha \mapsto s_{\alpha }$
defines an embedding
$W\hookrightarrow \mathrm {Aut}(X)\subseteq \mathrm {GL}(X_{\mathbb {R}})$
. Consider the coset
$$ \begin{align*} \varphi W = \{\varphi\circ w \, | \, w\in W\} \subseteq \mathrm{GL}(X_{\mathbb{R}}). \end{align*} $$
Definition 2.2. Following [Reference Geck and MalleGM20], we call
the complete root datum of
$\mathbf {G}$
. Similarly, we call
the complete root system of
$\mathbf {G}$
.
The advantage of the complete root datum and root system is that q does not appear in their definition. Given a complete root datum
$\widehat {\Psi }$
, for every prime power q, we have a unique, up to isomorphism, connected reductive group
$\mathbf {G}$
over
${\mathbb {F}_q}$
whose complete root datum is
$\widehat {\Psi }$
. We call
$\mathbf {G}$
the realization of
$\widehat {\Psi }$
over
${\mathbb {F}_q}$
.
2.3.1 Dual group
Let
$\mathbf {G}^{\vee }$
be the group over
${\mathbb {F}_q}$
dual to
$\mathbf {G}$
. By definition, this is the connected reductive group over
${\mathbb {F}_q}$
whose complete root datum is given by
$(X^{\vee }, X, \Phi ^{\vee }, \Phi , \varphi ^{\vee } W)$
, where
$ \varphi ^{\vee }$
is the transpose of
$\varphi $
.
2.3.2 Frobenius action on W
The action of the Frobenius on
$\mathscr {G}$
stabilizes
$\mathscr {T}$
and
$N_{\mathscr {G}}(\mathscr {T})$
. Thus, F acts on
$W=N_{\mathscr {G}}(\mathscr {T})/\mathscr {T}$
. We denote the resulting automorphism of W by
$\sigma $
. We call
the complete Weyl group. Elements
$w_1$
and
$w_2$
in W are said to be
$\sigma $
-conjugate if there exists
$w\in W$
such that
$w w_1 \sigma (w)^{-1}=w_2$
. If
$\mathbf {G}$
is split,
$\sigma $
-conjugacy is just the usual conjugacy.
2.4 Finite reductive groups
Let
$\mathbf {G}$
be a connected reductive group over
${\mathbb {F}_q}$
. The finite group
$\mathbf {G}({\mathbb {F}_q})=\mathscr {G}^F$
is called a finite reductive group. Note that this definition excludes Suzuki and Ree groups.
2.4.1 Order polynomial
Let
Then
$|\mathbf {G}({\mathbb {F}_q})|=\lVert \mathbf {G}\rVert (q)$
[Reference Geck and MalleGM20, Remark 1.6.15]. Observe that this equality may not hold if we replace q by
$q^n$
. In other words,
$\mathbf {G}$
may be not polynomial count. It is, however, polynomial count if we assume that
$\mathbf {G}$
is split, in which case, the counting polynomial simplifies to
$$ \begin{align} \lVert \mathbf{G}\rVert(t)=t^{|\Phi^+|}(t-1)^{\mathrm{rank}(X)} \sum_{w\in W} t^{l(w)}. \end{align} $$
3 Genus numbers are PORC
The aim of this section is to state a theorem of Deriziotis [Reference DeriziotisDer85] which tells us that genus numbers for finite reductive groups are PORC. We start by recalling the definition of the genus of a semisimple element due to Carter [Reference CarterCar78].
3.1 Genus map
Let
$\mathbf {G}$
be a connected reductive group over
${\mathbb {F}_q}$
and
$\mathbf {G}({\mathbb {F}_q})^{\mathrm {ss}}$
the set of semisimple elements of
$\mathbf {G}({\mathbb {F}_q})$
. For each
$x\in \mathbf {G}({\mathbb {F}_q})^{\mathrm {ss}}$
, let
$\mathbf {G}_x$
denote its centralizer in
$\mathbf {G}$
. It is well known that
$\mathbf {G}_x$
is a (possibly disconnected) maximal rank reductive subgroup of
$\mathbf {G}$
. Thus, the root system of
$\mathbf {G}_x^{\circ }$
is a closed subsystem
$\Phi _1\subseteq \Phi $
. We now explain how to encode the rational structure of
$\mathbf {G}_x^{\circ }$
in root-theoretic terms.
Let
$W_1\subseteq W$
be the Weyl group of
$\Phi _1$
and
$N_W(W_1)$
the normalizer of
$W_1$
in W. Let
$(W,\sigma )$
be the complete Weyl group of
$\mathbf {G}$
. Note that the action of
$\sigma $
on W stabilizes
$W_1$
. Thus,
$\sigma $
acts on
$N_W(W_1)/W_1$
and we have the notion of
$\sigma $
-conjugacy for this group. By a theorem of Carter [Reference CarterCar78, Section 2], the rational structure of
$\mathbf {G}_1$
is encoded in a
$\sigma $
-conjugacy class of
$N_W(W_1)/W_1$
.
Definition 3.1. Let
$\Xi (\widehat {\Phi })$
denote the set of pairs
$\xi =([\Phi _1], [w])$
consisting of a W-orbit of a closed subsystem
$\Phi _1\subseteq \Phi $
and a
$\sigma $
-conjugacy class
$[w]\subseteq N_W(W_1)/W_1$
. We refer to
$\xi $
as a genus and call
$\Xi (\widehat {\Phi })$
the set of genera of
$\widehat {\Phi }$
. If
$\mathbf {G}$
is split, then the complete root datum is just the same as the root datum, so we denote this set by
$\Xi (\Phi )$
.
Let
$\mathbf {G}^{\mathrm {[ss]}}({\mathbb {F}_q})=\mathbf {G}^{\mathrm {ss}}({\mathbb {F}_q})/\mathbf {G}({\mathbb {F}_q})$
denote the set of semisimple conjugacy classes of
$\mathbf {G}({\mathbb {F}_q})$
. The above discussion implies that we have a canonical map, called the genus map,
$$ \begin{align*} \alpha_{\mathbf{G}({\mathbb{F}_q})} \colon \mathbf{G}^{\mathrm{[ss]}}({\mathbb{F}_q}) &\longrightarrow \Xi(\widehat{\Phi}) \\ x &\longmapsto [\mathbf{G}_x^{\circ}], \end{align*} $$
which sends a semisimple conjugacy class to its genus. The number of points of fibres of this map is known as the genus number.
3.2 Genus numbers
Let
$\widehat {\Psi }=(X, X^{\vee }, \Phi , \Phi ^{\vee }, \varphi W)$
be a complete root datum. For each genus
$\xi \in \Xi (\widehat {\Phi })$
, we define a map
$G_{\xi }^{\mathrm {[ss]}}$
from finite fields to sets as follows. Given a finite field
${\mathbb {F}_q}$
, let
$\mathbf {G}$
be the realization of
$\widehat {\Psi }$
over
${\mathbb {F}_q}$
and set
Let
$d(\Psi )$
denote the modulus as in Definition 2.1.
Theorem 3.2 [Reference DeriziotisDer85].
If
$X^{\vee }/\langle \Phi ^{\vee }\rangle $
is free, then
$G_{\xi }^{\mathrm {[ss]}}$
is PORC count with modulus
$d(\Psi )$
.
The freeness assumption implies that every realization
$\mathbf {G}$
of
$\widehat {\Psi }$
has simply connected derived subgroup. A theorem of Steinberg then implies that centralizers of semisimple elements of
$\mathbf {G}$
are connected. As shown in [Reference DeriziotisDer85], we have
$$ \begin{align} \deg \lVert G_{\xi}^{\mathrm{[ss]}}\rVert_i= \mathrm{rank} \, G - \mathrm{rank} \langle \Phi_1 \rangle. \end{align} $$
3.2.1 Example
Let
$G=\mathrm {GL}_n$
and
$\xi =(\emptyset , [1])$
. The reductive subgroup of maximal rank associated to
$\xi $
is the diagonal torus. Thus,
$G_{\xi }^{\mathrm {[ss]}}({\mathbb {F}_q})$
is the set of regular diagonal elements in
$G({\mathbb {F}_q})$
, up to permutation. Hence,
$$ \begin{align*} \displaystyle \lVert G_{\xi}^{\mathrm{[ss]}}\rVert(t)={t-1 \choose n}=\frac{(t-1)(t-2)\cdots (t-n)}{n!}. \end{align*} $$
Note that
$\lVert G_{\xi }^{\mathrm {[ss]}}\rVert (q)=0$
for all
$q\leqslant n+1$
. This is just the restatement of the fact that if
$q\leqslant n+1$
, there are no regular diagonal elements.
The polynomials
$\lVert G^{\mathrm {[ss]}}_{\xi }\rVert _i$
have been determined explicitly for all genera
$\xi $
of groups of exceptional type or type A, and for many genera of groups of type B, C, or D. However, as far as we understand, this problem has not been fully solved; see [Reference FleischmannFle97] for further details.
4 Representations of finite reductive groups
Let
$\mathbf {G}$
be a connected reductive group over
${\mathbb {F}_q}$
. In this section we recall deep results of Lusztig on the structure of complex representations of
$\mathbf {G}({\mathbb {F}_q})$
.
4.1 Unipotent representations
Let
$\mathrm {Irr}_u(\mathbf {G}({\mathbb {F}_q}))$
denote the set of (irreducible) complex unipotent characters.
Theorem 4.1 [Reference LusztigLus84, Reference LusztigLus93].
There exists a finite set
$\mathfrak {U}(\widehat {W})$
, depending only on
$\widehat {W}$
, together with a function
$$ \begin{align*} \mathrm{Deg} \colon \mathfrak{U}(\widehat{W}) &\longrightarrow \mathbb{Z}[|W|^{-1}][t] \\ \rho &\longmapsto \mathrm{Deg}(\rho), \end{align*} $$
such that the following holds. We have a bijection
$$ \begin{align*} \mathfrak{U}(\widehat{W})\longleftrightarrow \mathrm{Irr}_u(\mathbf{G}({\mathbb{F}_q})) \end{align*} $$
such that
$\mathrm {Deg}(\kern1.3pt\rho )(q)$
is the degree of the unipotent character of
$\mathbf {G}({\mathbb {F}_q})$
associated to
$\rho $
.
4.1.1 Remarks
-
(i) The pair
$(\mathfrak {U}(\widehat {W}), \mathrm {Deg})$
has been determined explicitly by Lusztig in all types; see the Appendix of [Reference LusztigLus84]. -
(ii) If
$(W, \sigma )=(S_n, \mathrm {id})$
, then
$\mathfrak {U}(W)$
equals
$\mathscr {P}_n$
, the set of partitions of n. Moreover, if
$\lambda =(\lambda _1, \ldots ,\lambda _m)$
is a partition of n with
$\lambda _1 \leqslant \lambda _2 \leqslant \cdots \leqslant \lambda _m$
and
$\rho _{\lambda }(q)$
is the corresponding unipotent representation of
$\mathbf {G}({\mathbb {F}_q})$
, then where
$$ \begin{align*} \displaystyle \mathrm{Deg} \, \rho_{\lambda} (q) = \frac{(q-1) |\mathbf{G}({\mathbb{F}_q})|_{p'} \prod_{1 \leqslant i < j \leqslant m} (q^{\alpha_j} - q^{\alpha_i})}{q^{{m -1 \choose 2} + {m-2 \choose 2} + \cdots} \prod_{i=1}^m \prod_{k=1}^{\alpha_i} (q^k -1)}, \end{align*} $$
and
$|\mathbf {G}({\mathbb {F}_q})|_{p'}$
denotes the prime-to-p part of
$|\mathbf {G}({\mathbb {F}_q})|$
.
-
(iii) One knows that the polynomial
$\mathrm {Deg}(\rho )$
divides the order polynomial
$\lVert \mathbf {G}\rVert $
; see [Reference Geck and MalleGM20, Remark 2.3.27]. Thus,
$\lVert \mathbf {G}\rVert /\mathrm {Deg}(\rho )$
is a polynomial in
$\mathbb {Z}[t]$
.
4.2 Jordan decomposition of characters
Let
$\mathbf {G}^{\vee }$
denote the dual group of
$\mathbf {G}$
over
${\mathbb {F}_q}$
. Below, the subscript
$p'$
(respectively,
$p$
) denotes the prime-to-
$p$
part (respectively, the
$p$
part).
Theorem 4.2 (Lusztig’s Jordan decomposition [Reference LusztigLus84, Theorem 4.23]).
Suppose
$\mathbf {G}$
has connected centre. Then we have a bijection
$$ \begin{align*} \mathrm{Irr}(\mathbf{G}({\mathbb{F}_q})) \longleftrightarrow \bigsqcup_{[x] \in \mathbf{G}^{\vee,{\mathrm{[ss]}}}({\mathbb{F}_q})} \mathrm{Irr}_u(\mathbf{G}^{\vee}_x({\mathbb{F}_q})). \end{align*} $$
Moreover, if
$\chi \in \mathrm {Irr}(\mathbf {G}({\mathbb {F}_q}))$
is matched with
$\rho \in \mathrm {Irr}_u(\mathbf {G}^{\vee }_x({\mathbb {F}_q}))$
, then
$$ \begin{align*} \chi(1) = \rho(1) [\mathbf{G}^{\vee}({\mathbb{F}_q}):\mathbf{G}^{\vee}_x({\mathbb{F}_q})]_{p'}. \end{align*} $$
Let
. Then we have the following lemma.
Lemma 4.3. In the above theorem, the relationship between degrees of
$\chi $
and
$\rho $
can be reformulated as follows:
$$ \begin{align*} \frac{|\mathbf{G}({\mathbb{F}_q})|}{\chi(1)}=q^{r(x)} \frac{|\mathbf{G}_x^{\vee}({\mathbb{F}_q})|}{\rho(1)}. \end{align*} $$
Proof. Indeed, by (2-1),
$[\mathbf {G}^{\vee }({\mathbb {F}_q}) : \mathbf {G}^{\vee }_x({\mathbb {F}_q})]_{p} = q^{r(x)}$
. Thus, we have that
$ \chi (1)q^{r(x)}= \rho (1) {|\mathbf {G}^{\vee }\kern-1pt({\mathbb {F}_q}\kern-1pt)|}/ {|\mathbf {G}_x^{\vee }\kern-1pt({\mathbb {F}_q}\kern-1pt)|}$
. The result now follows from the fact that
$|\mathbf {G}({\mathbb {F}_q}\kern-1pt)|\kern1.2pt{=}\kern1.2pt|\mathbf {G}^{\vee }({\mathbb {F}_q}\kern-1pt)|$
.
5 Proofs of main results
5.1 Counting points
In this subsection we prove Theorem 1.2. Recall that G is a connected split reductive group over
$\mathbb {Z}$
.
-
(1) As mentioned in Section 1.1.1, Frobenius’s theorem implies
$$ \begin{align*} |\mathfrak{X}({\mathbb{F}_q})|=\sum_{\chi\in \mathrm{Irr}(G({\mathbb{F}_q}))} \bigg(\frac{|G({\mathbb{F}_q})|}{\chi(1)}\bigg)^{2g-2}. \end{align*} $$
-
(2) As G has connected centre, Lusztig’s Jordan decomposition (Theorem 4.2) implies
$$ \begin{align*} |\mathfrak{X}({\mathbb{F}_q})|=\sum_{[x]\in G^{\vee}({\mathbb{F}_q})^{\mathrm{ss}}/G^{\vee}({\mathbb{F}_q})}\quad \sum_{\rho\in \mathrm{Irr}_u(G_x^{\vee}({\mathbb{F}_q}))} q^{r(x)(2g-2)} \bigg(\frac{|G_x^{\vee}({\mathbb{F}_q})|}{\rho(1)}\bigg)^{2g-2}. \end{align*} $$
-
(3) Lusztig’s classification of unipotent representations (Theorem 4.1) then gives
Here
$$ \begin{align*} |\mathfrak{X}({\mathbb{F}_q})|=\sum_{[x]\in G^{\vee}({\mathbb{F}_q})^{\mathrm{ss}}/G({\mathbb{F}_q})}\, \, q^{r(x)(2g-2)} \sum_{\rho\in \mathfrak{U}(\widehat{W_x})} \bigg(\frac{\lVert G_x^{\vee}\rVert}{\mathrm{Deg}_x(\rho)}\bigg)^{2g-2}(q). \end{align*} $$
$\mathrm {Deg}_x$
denotes the degree function associated to the (possibly nonsplit) connected reductive group
$G^{\vee }_x$
; see Theorem 4.1.
-
(4) Using the notion of genus (Section 3) for
$G^{\vee }$
, we can rewrite the above sum as
$$ \begin{align*} |\mathfrak{X}({\mathbb{F}_q})|=\sum_{\xi \in \Xi({\Phi^{\vee}})} \quad \sum_{[x]\in G_{\xi}^{\vee}({\mathbb{F}_q})}\, \, q^{r(x)(2g-2)} \sum_{\rho\in \mathfrak{U}(\widehat{W_x})} \bigg(\frac{\lVert G_x^{\vee}\rVert}{\mathrm{Deg}_x(\rho)}\bigg)^{2g-2}(q). \end{align*} $$
-
(5) Observe that
$r(x)$
,
$\lVert G_x^{\vee }\rVert $
,
$\mathfrak {U}(\widehat {W_x})$
, and
$\mathrm {Deg}_x(\rho )$
depend only on the genus
$\xi $
of the semisimple class
$[x]$
. Thus, we may denote these by
$r(\xi )$
,
$\lVert G_{\xi }^{\vee }\rVert $
,
$\mathfrak {U}(\widehat {W_{\xi }})$
, and
$\mathrm {Deg}_{\xi }(\,\rho )$
. Hence, we can rewrite the above sum as
$$ \begin{align*} |\mathfrak{X}({\mathbb{F}_q})|=\sum_{\xi \in \Xi({\Phi^{\vee}})} q^{r(\xi)(2g-2)} \sum_{\rho\in \mathfrak{U}(\widehat{W_{\xi}})} \bigg(\frac{\lVert G_{\xi}^{\vee}\rVert}{\mathrm{Deg}_{\xi}(\rho)}\bigg)^{2g-2}(q) \quad \sum_{[x]\in G_{\xi}^{\vee}({\mathbb{F}_q})} 1. \end{align*} $$
-
(6) Recall the definition
$d=d(G^{\vee })$
from Theorem 3.2. Assume that
$q\equiv i \, \mod d$
, where
$i\in \{0,1,\ldots , d(G^{\vee })\}$
. Then Theorem 3.2 gives
$$ \begin{align*} |\mathfrak{X}({\mathbb{F}_q})|= \sum_{\xi \in \Xi({\Phi^{\vee}})} q^{r(\xi)(2g-2)} \sum_{\rho\in \mathfrak{U}(\widehat{W_{\xi}})} \bigg(\frac{\lVert G_{\xi}^{\vee}\rVert}{\mathrm{Deg}_{\xi}(\rho)}\bigg)^{2g-2}(q) \lVert G_{\xi}^{\mathrm{\vee, [ss]}}\rVert_i(q). \end{align*} $$
Definition 5.1. For
$i\in \{0,1,\ldots , d(G^{\vee })\}$
, define polynomials
$$ \begin{align*} \lVert \mathfrak{X}\rVert_i = \sum_{\xi \in \Xi({\Phi^{\vee}})} t^{r(\xi)(2g-2)} \lVert G_{\xi}^{\mathrm{\vee, [ss]}}\rVert_i \sum_{\rho\in \mathfrak{U}(\widehat{W_{\xi}})} \bigg(\frac{\lVert G_{\xi}^{\vee}\rVert}{\mathrm{Deg}_{\xi}(\rho)}\bigg)^{2g-2} \in \mathbb{Q}[t]. \end{align*} $$
Note that each summand is polynomial with rational coefficients. The sum is over objects which depend only on the complete root datum
$\Psi $
, that is, they are independent of q. It follows that
$\lVert \mathfrak {X}\rVert \in \mathbb {Q}[t]$
. The above discussion then shows that
$\mathfrak {X}$
is PORC count with counting polynomials
$\lVert \mathfrak {X}\rVert _i$
. Thus, Theorem 1.2 is proved.
$\Box $
5.1.1 Aside on representation
$\zeta $
-function
For each
$i\in \{0,1,\ldots , d(G^{\vee })-1\}$
and
$u\in \mathbb {C}$
, let
Then we have equality of complex functions
$$ \begin{align*} \zeta_{G({\mathbb{F}_q})}(s) = \xi_i(s, q)\quad \text{for all } q\equiv i \, \mod d(G^{\vee}). \end{align*} $$
5.2 Counting polynomials in the case
$g=1$
In this subsection we show that if
$g=1$
, then
$\lVert \mathfrak {X}\rVert _i$
has degree
$\mathrm {rank} (X)$
and leading coefficient
$1$
. This establishes Corollary 1.5(i).
By the above discussion,
$$ \begin{align*} \lVert \mathfrak{X}\rVert_i = \sum_{\xi \in \Xi({\Phi^{\vee}})}\lVert G_{\xi}^{\mathrm{\vee, [ss]}}\rVert_i |\mathfrak{U}(\widehat{W_{\xi}})|. \end{align*} $$
In view of Equation (3-1), the degree of a summand is maximal if and only if
$\Phi _1$
is empty, that is, when
$\xi $
is the genus of a regular semisimple element. Thus, the degree of
$|\mathfrak {X}({\mathbb {F}_q})|$
equals
$\mathrm {rank}(G)$
.
Next, one can easily check that for genera
$(\emptyset , [w])$
, the leading coefficient of
$\lVert G_{\xi }^{\mathrm {\vee , [ss]}}\rVert _i$
equals
$1/{|W_w|}$
, where
$W_w$
denotes the centralizer of w in W. Thus, the leading coefficient of
$\lVert \mathfrak {X}\rVert _i$
is
$\sum 1/|W_w|$
, where the sum runs over conjugacy classes of W. By the orbit–stabilizer theorem, this sum equals
$1$
. This establishes Corollary 1.5(i).
$\Box $
Here is an alternative (perhaps more intuitive) argument for this corollary. By (1-2),
$|\mathfrak {X}({\mathbb {F}_q})|$
is the counting polynomial for the number of conjugacy classes of
$G({\mathbb {F}_q})$
. Now the leading term of the class number equals the leading term of the polynomial counting semisimple elements. By a theorem of Steinberg, the latter equals
$|Z(G({\mathbb {F}_q}))|q^{\mathrm {rank}([G,G])}$
. Thus, the leading coefficient is
$1$
and the degree is
$\dim (Z(G))+\mathrm {rank}([G,G])=\mathrm {rank}(G)$
.
5.3 Counting polynomials in the case
$g>1$
In this subsection we show that if
$g>1$
, then the polynomial
$\lVert \mathfrak {X}\rVert _i$
has degree
$(2g-2)\dim G+\dim Z(G^{\vee })$
and leading coefficient
$|\pi _0(Z(G^{\vee }))|$
. This establishes Corollary 1.5(ii).
We claim that only
$\xi =([\Phi ^{\vee }], 1)$
contributes to the leading term of
$\lVert \mathfrak {X}\rVert _i$
. Note that a semisimple element has genus
$([\Phi ^{\vee }], 1)$
if and only if it is central. Thus, the claim implies that the leading term of
$\lVert \mathfrak {X}\rVert _i(q)$
is the same as the leading term of
$ |Z(G^{\vee }({\mathbb {F}_q}))| |G^{\vee }({\mathbb {F}_q})|^{2g-2}$
, which would establish the desired result.
Remark 5.2. Aside: The claim amounts to the statement that only one-dimensional representations contribute to the leading term of (1-2). Thus, the leading term of
$|\mathfrak {X}({\mathbb {F}_q})|$
equals the leading term of
$|G({\mathbb {F}_q})^{\mathrm {ab}}|\cdot|G({\mathbb {F}_q})|^{2g-2}$
, where
$G({\mathbb {F}_q})^{\mathrm {ab}}$
denotes the abelianization of
$G({\mathbb {F}_q})$
.
For ease of notation, set
. Let
$\xi =([\Phi _1], [w])\in \Xi ({\Phi ^{\vee }})$
be a genus. Thus,
$\Phi _1$
denotes a closed subsystem of the dual root system
$\Phi ^{\vee }$
. Let
$$ \begin{align*} P_{\xi, n}(t) = t^{n.r(\xi)} \lVert G_{\xi}^{\mathrm{\vee, [ss]}}\rVert_i \sum_{\rho\in \mathfrak{U}(\widehat{W_{\xi}})} \bigg(\frac{\lVert G_{\xi}^{\vee}\rVert}{\mathrm{Deg}_{\xi}(\rho)}\bigg)^{n}. \end{align*} $$
Observe that
$$ \begin{align*} \deg P_{\xi, n} & = n\cdot r(\xi) + \deg \lVert G_{\xi}^{\mathrm{\vee, [ss]}}\rVert_i + n\cdot\dim(G_{\xi}^{\vee}) \\ & = n(|\Phi^+|-|\Phi_1^+|)+(\mathrm{rank}(X)-\mathrm{rank}\langle \Phi_1\rangle ) + n\cdot\dim(G_{\xi}^{\vee})\\ & = n(|\Phi^+|-|\Phi_1^+|+\dim(G_{\xi}^{\vee})) + (\mathrm{rank}(X)-\mathrm{rank}\langle \Phi_1\rangle ) \\ & = n(|\Phi^+|-|\Phi_1^+|+2|\Phi_1^+|+\mathrm{rank}(X)) + (\mathrm{rank}(X^{\vee})-\mathrm{rank}\langle \Phi_1\rangle )\\ & = n(|\Phi^+|+|\Phi_1^+|+\mathrm{rank}(X)) + (\mathrm{rank}(X^{\vee})-\mathrm{rank}\langle \Phi_1\rangle ). \end{align*} $$
Thus,
$$ \begin{align*} n\dim(G)+\dim(Z(G^{\vee})) - \deg P_{\xi, n} & = n (2|\Phi^+|+\mathrm{rank}(X))\\ &\quad + (\mathrm{rank}(X^{\vee}) -\mathrm{rank} \langle \Phi^{\vee} \rangle) - \deg P_{\xi,n} \\ &= n(|\Phi^+|-|\Phi_1^+|) + \mathrm{rank} \langle \Phi_1 \rangle -\mathrm{rank} \langle \Phi^{\vee} \rangle. \end{align*} $$
It is clear that the above quantity is
$0$
if
$\Phi _1=\Phi ^{\vee }$
, that is, if
$\xi $
is central. If
$\xi $
is not central, that is,
$\Phi _1$
is strictly smaller than
$\Phi ^{\vee }$
, then the above quantity is positive because
$$ \begin{align*} n(|\Phi^+|-|\Phi_1^+|)> \mathrm{rank} \langle \Phi^{\vee} \rangle -\mathrm{rank} \langle \Phi_1 \rangle. \end{align*} $$
This follows from the fact that elements of
$(\Phi ^{\vee })^+-\Phi _1^+$
span the vector space
$(\langle \Phi ^{\vee } \rangle /\langle \Phi _1 \rangle )\otimes \mathbb {R}$
and that
$n\geq 2$
. This concludes the proof.
$\Box $
6 Examples:
$\mathbf {PGL}_{\mathbf {2}}$
,
$\mathbf {PGL}_{\mathbf {3}}$
,
$\mathbf {SO}_{\mathbf {5}}$
and
$\boldsymbol {G}_{\mathbf {2}}$
In this section we give tables containing the genera
$\xi \in \Xi ({\Phi }^{\vee })$
, the integer
$r(\xi )$
, the size of the centralizer
$|G_{\xi }^{\vee }({\mathbb {F}_q})|$
, the genus number
$|G_{\xi }^{\mathrm {\vee , [ss]}}({\mathbb {F}_q})|$
, and the unipotent degrees of the centralizer, for simple adjoint groups G of rank up to
$2$
. We assume throughout that
$q\equiv 1 \, \mod d(G^{\vee })$
. By the discussion of Section 5.1, the counting polynomial
$\lVert \mathfrak {X}\rVert _1$
of the associated character stacks can be determined using these tables.
6.1 The case
$G = \mathbf {PGL}_{\mathbf {2}}$
In this case,
$G^{\vee }=\mathrm {SL}_2$
and
$d(G^{\vee })=2$
. So let us assume q is odd. Then the genera for
$\mathrm {PGL}_2$
are given in Table 1.
Genera for
$\mathrm {PGL}_2$
.
Using the table, we find
$$ \begin{align*} |\mathfrak{X}({\mathbb{F}_q})| &= 2((q(q^2-1))^{2g-2} + (q^2-1)^{2g-2}) + \frac{q-3}{2} q^{2g-2} (q-1)^{2g-2}\\ &\quad+ \frac{q-1}{2} q^{2g-2}(q + 1)^{2g-2}. \end{align*} $$
For instance, for
$g=2, 3, 4$
we obtain, respectively, the polynomials
$$ \begin{align*} 2 q^6+q^5-4 q^4+3 q^3-4 q^2+2, \end{align*} $$
$$ \begin{align*} 2 q^{12}-8 q^{10}+q^9+12 q^8+10 q^7-28 q^6+5 q^5+12 q^4-8 q^2+2, \end{align*} $$
$$ \begin{align*} &2 q^{18}-12 q^{16}+30 q^{14}+q^{13}-40 q^{12}+21 q^{11}-12 q^{10}+35 q^9-12 q^8\\ &+7 q^7-40 q^6+30 q^4-12 q^2+2. \end{align*} $$
6.2 The case
${G}= \mathbf {PGL}_{\mathbf {3}}$
In this case,
$G^{\vee }=\mathrm {SL}_3$
. Then
$d(G^{\vee })=3$
. So let us assume
$q \equiv 1 \, \mod 3$
. Then the genera are given in Table 2.
Genera for
$\mathrm {PGL}_3$
. Here
$w_1$
and
$w_2$
are simple generators for W.
Using the table, we find:
$$ \begin{align*} |\mathfrak{X}({\mathbb{F}_q})| &= 3 ((q^3(q^3-1)(q^2-1))^{2g-2} + (q^2(q^3-1)(q^2-1))^{2g-2} \\ &\quad + (q^2(q^3-1)(q-1))^{2g-2}) + (q-4)q^{4g-4}((q(q^2-1))^{2g-2} + (q^2-1)^{2g-2}) \\ &\quad+ q^{12g-12} \bigg( \frac{q^2-5q+10}{6}( (q-1)^{2})^{2g-2} + \frac{q(q-1)}{2}(q^2-1)^{2g-2} \\ &\quad+ \frac{q^2+q-2}{3}(q^2+q+1)^{2g-2} \bigg). \end{align*} $$
For instance, for
$g=2, 3$
we obtain, respectively, the polynomials
$$ \begin{align*} &3 q^{16}-6 q^{14}-5 q^{13}+q^{12}+13 q^{11}+17 q^{10}-33 q^9+23 q^8-29 q^7+8 q^6+15 q^5\\&+2 q^4-6 q^3-6 q^2+3 \end{align*} $$
and
$$ \begin{align*} &3 q^{32}-12 q^{30}-12 q^{29}+18 q^{28}+48 q^{27}+6 q^{26}-71 q^{25}-74 q^{24}+42 q^{23}+131 q^{22} \\ &-53 q^{21}+52 q^{20}-104 q^{19}+57 q^{18}-261 q^{17}+446 q^{16}-156 q^{15}-23 q^{14}-129 q^{13} \\ &+62 q^{12}-34 q^{11}+114 q^{10}+41 q^9-70 q^8-72 q^7+6 q^6+48 q^5+18 q^4-12 q^3\\ &-12 q^2+3. \end{align*} $$
6.3 The case
${G}= \mathbf {SO}_{\mathbf {5}}$
In this case,
$G^{\vee }=\mathrm {Sp}_4$
and
$d(G^{\vee })=2$
. So assume q is odd. Table 3 gives the genera and the invariants required for writing an explicit description for
$|\mathfrak {X}({\mathbb {F}_q})|$
.
Genera for
$\mathrm {SO}_5$
. Here the two copies of
$A_1$
inside
$C_2$
give rise to nonconjugate centralizers, so one of the copies is denoted by
$\widetilde {A}_1$
. The twisted
$A_1\times A_1$
is a reductive subgroup of
$G^{\vee }$
but does not arise as a centralizer.
If
$g>1$
, then in the polynomial
$|\mathfrak {X}({\mathbb {F}_q})|$
there is a single term not divisible by
$q-1$
, namely,
$$ \begin{align*} 2(2(q^3(q^3+q^2+q+1)(q+1)))^{2g-2}. \end{align*} $$
Thus, if we plug in
$q=1$
in
$|\mathfrak {X}({\mathbb {F}_q})|$
, we obtain
$2^{8g-7}$
.
6.4 The case
${G} = {G}_{\mathbf {2}}$
In this case,
$G^{\vee }$
also equals
$G_2$
. Then
$d(G^{\vee })=6$
. So assume
$q\equiv 1 \, \mod 6$
. The counting polynomial
$|\mathfrak {X}({\mathbb {F}_q})|$
can be obtained using the genera listed in Table 4.
Genera for
$G_2$
. Here
$\Phi _i$
is the
$i\,$
th cyclotomic polynomial; thus,
$\Phi _1=q-1, \Phi _2=q+1, \Phi _3=q^2+q+1, \Phi _6=q^2-q+1$
.
If
$g>1$
, then in the polynomial
$|\mathfrak {X}({\mathbb {F}_q})|$
there are four terms not divisible by
$q-1$
, namely
$$ \begin{align*} \bigg(6\frac{|G({\mathbb{F}_q})|}{q\Phi_1^2\Phi_6}\bigg)^{2g-2} + \bigg(2\frac{|G({\mathbb{F}_q})|}{q\Phi_1^2\Phi_3}\bigg)^{2g-2} + \bigg(3\frac{|G({\mathbb{F}_q})|}{q\Phi_1^2\Phi_2^2}\bigg)^{2g-2} + \bigg(3\frac{|G({\mathbb{F}_q})|}{q\Phi_1^2\Phi_2^2}\bigg)^{2g-2}. \end{align*} $$
If we set
$q=1$
in the above polynomial, we obtain
$$ \begin{align*} (6\cdot 12)^{2g-2} + \bigg(2 \cdot \frac{12}{3}\bigg)^{2g-2}+ \bigg(3 \cdot \frac{12}{4}\bigg)^{2g-2} + \bigg(3\cdot \frac{12}{4}\bigg)^{2g-2} = 72^{2g-2} + 8^{2g-2} + 2\cdot 9^{2g-2}. \end{align*} $$
7 The character stack of
$\mathbf {GL}_{\boldsymbol {n}}$
and
$\mathbf {PGL}_{\boldsymbol {n}}$
revisited
Let
$G=\mathrm {GL}_n$
and g be a positive integer. Let
$\mathfrak {X}$
be the character stack associated to
$(\Gamma _g, G)$
. In this section we give an explicit expression for the number of points of
$\mathfrak {X}$
using the same method employed in [Reference Hausel and Rodriguez-VillegasHRV08]. The main point is that we have a good direct understanding of character degrees of
$G({\mathbb {F}_q})$
without having to resort to Lusztig’s Jordan decomposition. It would be interesting to prove directly that the polynomial obtained in this section (see (7-2)) equals the one from Definition 5.1.
7.1 Conjugacy classes of
$\mathbf {GL}_{n}(\mathbf {\mathbb {F}}_{q})$
Let
$\mathcal {I}=\mathcal {I}(q)$
denote the set of irreducible polynomials over
${\mathbb {F}_q}$
, except that we exclude
$f(t)=t$
. Let
$\mathcal {P}$
denote the set of partitions. Let
$\mathcal {P}_n(\mathcal {I})$
denote the set of maps
$\Lambda \colon \mathcal {I} \rightarrow \mathcal {P}$
such that
Then we have a bijection between
$\mathcal {P}_n(\mathcal {I})$
and conjugacy classes of
$G({\mathbb {F}_q})$
. Let
$$ \begin{align*} \mathcal{P}(\mathcal{I})=\bigcup_{n\geq 1} \mathcal{P}_n(\mathcal{I}). \end{align*} $$
7.1.1 Types
Let
$\mathcal {I}_d\subset \mathcal {I}$
denote the subset of irreducible polynomials of degree d over
${\mathbb {F}_q}$
. Given
$\Lambda \in \mathcal {P}(\mathcal {I})$
, we define
The collection of integers
$(m_{d,\lambda })$
is called the type of
$\Lambda $
and is denoted by
$\tau =\tau (\Lambda )$
.
Remark 7.1. One can show that
$\Lambda $
and
$\Lambda '$
have the same type if and only if the centralizers of the corresponding conjugacy classes in
$G({\mathbb {F}_q})$
have the same genus. Thus, we have a bijection between semisimple types and genera of G.
The weight of a type
$\tau $
is defined by
Thus, the weight of an element
$\Lambda \in \mathcal {P}(\mathcal {I})$
equals the weight of its type.
7.1.2 Genus number
Let
$A_{\tau }(q)$
denote the number of
$\Lambda \in \mathcal {P}(\mathcal {I}(q))$
of type
$\tau $
. (Equivalently,
$A_{\tau }(q)$
is the genus number of
$\tau $
.) Our aim is to give an explicit formula for
$A_{\tau }(q)$
. Let
Let
$I_d=I_d(q)=|\mathcal {I}_d|$
denote the number of irreducible polynomials of degree d over q. By a result attributed to Gauss, we have
$$ \begin{align*} I_d(q) = \begin{cases} q-1 & \textrm{if } d=1 \\\\ \displaystyle \frac{1}{d} \sum_{k|d} \mu(k) q^{d/k} & \textrm{otherwise}. \end{cases} \end{align*} $$
Lemma 7.2.
$ A_{\tau }(q) = { \prod _{d\geq 1} ({ \prod _{i=0}^{T(d)-1} (I_d(q)-i)}/{ \prod _{\lambda \in \mathcal {P}} m_{d,\lambda }!})}.$
By convention, if
$T(d)=0$
, then the product involving
$T(d)$
is defined to be
$1$
. We leave the above lemma as an exercise. As a corollary, we conclude that
$A_{\tau }(q)$
is a polynomial in q with rational coefficients.
7.2 Irreducible characters of
$\mathbf {GL}_{n}(\mathbf {\mathbb {F}}_{q})$
We have seen that irreducible characters of
$G({\mathbb {F}_q})$
are in bijection with
$\mathcal {P}_n(\mathcal {I})$
. Let
$\chi _{\Lambda }$
denote the irreducible character of G corresponding to
$\Lambda \in \mathcal {P}_n(\mathcal {I})$
.
Define the normalized hook polynomial associated to the partition
$\lambda \in \mathcal {P}$
by
Here the product is taken over the boxes in the Young diagram of
$\lambda $
and h is the hook length of the box. Moreover,
where the sum is taken over the parts in the conjugate partition
$\lambda '$
.
Next, define the normalized hook polynomial of
$\Lambda \in \mathcal {P}_n(\mathcal {I})$
by
It is easy to see that
$H_{\Lambda }$
is a monic polynomial in
$\mathbb {Z}[q]$
.
Let
$\Lambda '$
be the map conjugate to
$\Lambda $
; that is,
$\Lambda '(f)$
is the partition conjugate to
$\Lambda (f)$
for all
$f\in \mathcal {I}$
. Then, by a theorem of Green, we have
$$ \begin{align*} \displaystyle \frac{|G({\mathbb{F}_q})|}{\chi_{\Lambda}(1)}=H_{\Lambda'}(q). \end{align*} $$
It is clear that the hook polynomial
$H_{\Lambda }(q)$
depends only on the type of
$\Lambda $
; in fact, we have
$$ \begin{align*} H_{\Lambda}(q)=(-1)^n q^{n^2/2} \prod_{d,\lambda} (H_{\lambda}(q^d))^{m_{d,\lambda}}. \end{align*} $$
Given a type
$\tau $
, we write
$H_{\tau }(q)$
for the hook polynomial associated to
$\tau $
.
7.3 Counting points on
$\mathfrak {X}$
Let
From the above discussions, one easily concludes the following result.
Theorem 7.3. For every finite field
${\mathbb {F}_q}$
, we have
$|\mathfrak {X}({\mathbb {F}_q})|=\lVert \mathfrak {X}\rVert (q)$
.
As an example, we consider the case
$G=\mathrm {GL}_2$
. The types of weight
$2$
and their associated invariants are listed in Table 5. Thus, we find
$$ \begin{align*} |\mathfrak{X}({\mathbb{F}_q})| &= \frac{(q^2-q)}{2} (q-q^3)^{2g-2} + (q-1) (q(1-q)(1-q^2))^{2g-2} \\ &\quad+ (q-1) ((1-q^2)(1-q))^{2g-2} + \frac{(q-1)(q-2)}{2} (q(1-q)^2)^{2g-2}. \end{align*} $$
The type, genera, multiplicities and normalised hook polynomials corresponding to representations of GL2(
$\mathbb{F}_{q}$
).
For instance, for
$g=2,3$
we obtain, respectively, the polynomials
$$ \begin{align*} q^9-2 q^8-2 q^7+11 q^6-18 q^5+17 q^4-8 q^3-q^2+3 q-1 \end{align*} $$
and
$$ \begin{align*} &q^{17}-5 q^{16}+6 q^{15}+11 q^{14}-34 q^{13}+29 q^{12}-34 q^{11}+124 q^{10}-230 q^9 \\[3pt] &+204 q^8-74 q^7-q^6-14 q^5+29 q^4-10 q^3-6 q^2+5 q-1. \end{align*} $$
7.4 The
$\mathbf {PGL}_{n}$
character stack
In this subsection we study the character stack associated to
$(\Gamma _g, \mathrm {PGL}_n)$
. For each
$n\,{\mathrm {th}}$
root of unity
$\zeta $
, consider
where
Then
$$ \begin{align*} \displaystyle \mathfrak{X}=\bigsqcup_{\zeta \in \mu_n} X_{\zeta} \end{align*} $$
is the decomposition of
$\mathfrak {X}$
into its connected components. For primitive roots of unity
$\zeta $
, the arithmetic geometry of
$\mathfrak {X}_{\zeta }$
was studied in [Reference Hausel and Rodriguez-VillegasHRV08]. We consider the opposite case, that is, when
$\zeta =1$
.
7.4.1 Counting points on
$X_1$
Let
Then Theorem 7.3 implies the following corollary.
Corollary 7.4. For every finite field
${\mathbb {F}_q}$
, we have
$|\mathfrak {X}_1({\mathbb {F}_q})|=\lVert \mathfrak {X}_1\rVert (q)$
.
7.4.2 Proof of Corollary 1.6(iii)
To obtain the Euler characteristic of
$\mathfrak {X}_1$
, we compute the value of
$\lVert {\mathfrak {X}}_1\rVert $
at
$1$
. Observe that
$H_{\tau }(q)$
is divisible by exactly one factor of
$(q-1)$
if and only if the only nonzero
$m_{d,\lambda }$
in
$\tau $
is
$m_{n,(1)}=1$
. In this case,
$H_{\tau }=(1-q^n)$
. Thus,
$$ \begin{align*} \bigg(\frac{H_{\tau}(q)}{q-1}\bigg)(1) = -n. \end{align*} $$
Moreover, we have
$A_{\tau }= I_n(q)$
; therefore,
$$ \begin{align*} \frac{A_{\tau}}{(q-1)}(1) = I_n'(1) = \frac{1}{n} \sum_{k|n} \mu(k)\frac{n}{k} = \phi(n)/n. \end{align*} $$
Here the last equality follows from the well-known relation between the Möbius and Euler functions. We therefore obtain
$$ \begin{align*} \lVert \mathfrak{X}_1\rVert(1) = \sum_{\tau\in \mathcal{T}_n} \bigg(\frac{A_{\tau}}{(q-1)}\bigg)(1) \bigg(\bigg(\frac{H_{\tau}(q)}{q-1}\bigg)(1)\bigg)^{2g-2}=\phi(n)\cdot n^{2g-3}.\\[-4pc] \end{align*} $$
$\Box $
Acknowledgements
The second author would like to thank David Baraglia for introducing him to the world of character varieties and answering numerous questions, and Jack Hall for answering questions about stacks. We thank George Lusztig whose crucial comment set us on the right path. We also thank the participants of the Australian National University workshop ‘Character varieties, E-polynomials and Representation
$\zeta $
-functions’, where our results were presented.
Appendix. Complex character stacks
In this appendix we discuss the implications of our main theorem for the complex character stack
. To this end, we first recall a theorem of Katz [Reference Hausel and Rodriguez-VillegasHRV08, Theorem 6.1.2] on polynomial count schemes over
$\mathbb {C}$
.
Let Y be a separated scheme or (algebraic) stack of finite type over
$\mathbb {C}$
. A spreading-out of Y is a pair
$(A, Y_A)$
consisting of a subring
$A\subset \mathbb {C}$
, finitely generated as a
$\mathbb {Z}$
-algebra, a scheme
$Y_A$
over A and an identification
$Y_A \otimes _A \mathbb {C} \simeq Y$
.
Definition A.1. The stack
$Y/\mathbb {C}$
is said to be polynomial count if there exist a polynomial
$\lVert Y\rVert \in \mathbb {C}[t]$
and a spreading-out
$(A,Y_A)$
such that for every homomorphism
$A\rightarrow {\mathbb {F}_q}$
, we have
$|Y_A({\mathbb {F}_q})|=\lVert Y\rVert (q)$
.
If
$Y/\mathbb {C}$
is a polynomial count scheme, then a theorem of Katz states that the E-polynomial of Y (defined using its mixed Hodge structure) is given by
$$ \begin{align} E(Y; x,y)=\lVert Y\rVert(xy). \end{align} $$
Applying the above considerations to the situation of interest to us, Theorem 1.2 implies the following corollary.
Corollary A.2. The complex representation variety
is polynomial count with counting polynomial
. Thus,
$$ \begin{align*} E(\mathfrak{R}_{\mathbb{C}}; x,y)=\lVert \mathfrak{R}\rVert(xy). \end{align*} $$
Proof. Let
$d=d(G^{\vee })$
and
. It is easy to see that we have a unital algebra homomorphism
$A\rightarrow {\mathbb {F}_q}$
if only if
$q\equiv 1 \,\mod d$
; see [Reference Baraglia and HekmatiBH17, Lemma 3.1]. Now let us choose the spreading-out
$\mathfrak {R}_A$
. Then Theorem 1.2 states that for every homomorphism
$A\rightarrow {\mathbb {F}_q}$
, we have
$|\mathfrak {R}_A({\mathbb {F}_q})|=(\lVert \mathfrak {X}\rVert _1\times \lVert G\rVert )(q)$
.
The analogue of Corollary 1.5 gives us the dimension and number of irreducible components of highest dimension of
$\mathfrak {R}_{\mathbb {C}}$
. For
$G=\mathrm {GL}_n$
, these results were obtained in [Reference Rapinchuk, Benyash-Krivetz and ChernousovRBKC96], which also proved that
$\mathfrak {R}_{\mathbb {C}}$
is irreducible and rational. On the other hand, for a general semisimple G, it was proved in [Reference LiLi93] that
$\pi _0(\mathfrak {R}_{\mathbb {C}})=|\pi _1([G,G])|$
.
Next, suppose Y is an algebraic stack of finite type over
$\mathbb {C}$
. Thinking of Y as a simplicial scheme (see the Appendix of [Reference ShendeShe17]), we have a mixed Hodge structure on the cohomology of Y [Reference DeligneDel74] and therefore an E-series
$E(Y; x,y)$
. If
$Y=[Z/G]$
is a quotient stack of a scheme by a connected algebraic group, then one can show that
$E(Y)=E(Z)/E(G)$
. Applying these considerations to the complex character stack
$\mathfrak {X}_{\mathbb {C}}$
, our main theorem implies the following corollary.
Corollary A.3. The complex character stack is polynomial count with counting polynomial
$\lVert \mathfrak {X}\rVert _1$
. Moreover,
$E(\mathfrak {X}_{\mathbb {C}}; x,y)=\lVert \mathfrak {X}\rVert _1(xy)$
.
This corollary implies that the virtual Hodge numbers of
$\mathfrak {X}_{\mathbb {C}}$
(denoted by
$e_{p,q}$
in [Reference Hausel and Rodriguez-VillegasHRV08, Appendix]) are balanced, that is, only those of
$(p,p)$
-type appear. This is in agreement with the (a priori stronger) fact [Reference ShendeShe17] that the mixed Hodge structure of
$\mathfrak {X}_{\mathbb {C}}$
is Tate, that is, that only
$(p,p)$
classes appear.
The above discussion implies that Corollaries 1.5 and 1.6 remain valid in the complex setting. On the other hand, the formulas for the dimension and number of components of
$\mathfrak {X}_{\mathbb {C}}$
(or, more precisely, its coarse moduli space) can also be understood via the nonabelian Hodge theory. Namely, we have a real analytic isomorphism between the character variety and the moduli space of semistable G-Higgs bundles on a compact Riemann surface of genus g. The formulas for dimension and number of components have been known for a long time in the Higgs bundle setting.
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