Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-9pm4c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T17:09:38.929Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Selling Liberia: Moss H. Kendrix, the Liberian Centennial Commission, and the Post-World War II Trade in Black Progress

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 February 2015

Abstract

This article examines the activities of Moss H. Kendrix, a budding black entrepreneur and Public Relations Officer for the Centennial Commission of the Republic of Liberia, during the years immediately following World War II. To secure US investment in Liberia’s postwar development, Kendrix re-presented African Americans and Americo-Liberians as new markets valuable to US economic growth and national security. This article argues that his tactics advanced the global significance of black peoples as modern consumers and his worth as a black markets specialist, while simultaneously legitimating notions of progress that frustrated black claims for unconditional self-determination or first-class citizenship. Kendrix’s public relations work on behalf of Liberia highlights intersections between postwar black entrepreneurialism and politics and US foreign relations, as well as the globalization of US business and consumerism.

Type
Manuscript
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2013. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Business History Conference. All rights reserved.

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

I wish to thank those who encouraged this work in its infancy, incuding Nan Enstad, Stephen Kantrowitz, Susan Johnson, Christina Greene, Cherene Sherrod-Johnson, and Cindy Cheng. The University of Notre Dame Erskine Peters Fellowship and the University of Wisconsin provided appreciated financial support. I am grateful for the suggestions and questions of participants in the 2012 German Historical Institute workshop “Globalization of African American Business and Consumer Culture,” at which I presented an earlier version of this paper. This work could not have been completed without the constant assistance of Audrey Davis at the Alexandria Black History Museum, and Joellen ElBashir at the Moorland-Spingarn Research Center at Howard University, and I wish to especially acknowledge Moss H. Kendrix, Jr., who generously shared himself and his father with me. Finally, I appreciate Enterprise & Society and its reviewers for essential guidance, as well as Matthew Blanton, my constant reader.

References

Bibliography of Works Cited

Books

Chakrabarty, Dipesh. Provincializing Europe: Postcolonial Thought and Historical Difference. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Chambers, Jason. “Presenting the Black Middle Class: John H. Johnson and Ebony Magazine, 1945–1974.” In Historicizing Lifestyle: Mediating Taste, Consumption and Identity from the 1900s to 1970s, edited by Bell, David Hollows, Joanne UK: Ashgate, 2006.Google Scholar
Chambers, Jason. Madison Avenue and the Color Line: African Americans in the Advertising Industry. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Cohen, Lizabeth. A Consumers’ Republic: The Politics of Mass Consumption in Postwar America. New York: Vintage Books, 2003.Google Scholar
Delton, Jennifer Racial Integration in Corporate America, 1940–1990. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Dudziak, Mary Cold War Civil Rights: Race and the Image of American Democracy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Dunn, Elwood D. Liberia and the United States during the Cold War: Limits of Reciprocity. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.Google Scholar
Edward, Brent Hayes The Practice of Diaspora: Literature, Translation, and the Rise of Black Internationalism. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Edwards, Paul K The Southern Urban Negro as a Consumer. New York: McGrath, 1969.Google Scholar
Fleming, James G. Burckel, Christian E. eds. Who’s Who in Colored America. New York: Cristian E. Burckel & Associates, 1950.Google Scholar
Fousek, John To Lead the Free World: The Ideological Origins of the Cold War. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Gaines, Kevin K American Africans in Ghana: Black Expatriates and the Civil Rights Era. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Johnson, John H Bennett, Lerone Jr Succeeding Against the Odds: The Autobiography of a Great American Businessman. Chicago: Johnson Publishing Co, 1992.Google Scholar
Kern-Foxworth, Marilyn. “Kendrix, Moss.” In Encyclopedia of Public Relations, edited by Heath, Robert L. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2005.Google Scholar
Plummer, Brenda Gayle Rising Wind: Black Americans and U.S. Foreign Affairs, 1935–1960. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996.Google Scholar
Sklaroff, Lauren R Black Culture and the New Deal: The Quest for Civil Rights in the Roosevelt Era. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Smith, Suzanne To Serve the Living: Funeral Directors and the African American Way of Death. Cambridge: Belknap Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Sundiata, Ibrahim K Black Scandal: America and the Liberian Labor Crisis, 1929–1936. Philadephia: Institute for the Study of Human Issues, 1980.Google Scholar
Ward, Brian Radio and the Civil Rights Struggle in the South. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Weems, Robert Desegregating the Dollar: African American Consumerism in the Twentieth Century. New York: New York University Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Weems, Robert Lewis, Randolph Business in Black and White: American Presidents and Black Entrepreneurs in the Twentieth Century. New York: New York University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Von Eschen, Penny Race against Empire: Black Americans and Anticolonialism, 1937–1957. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997.Google Scholar

Articles and Essays

Alexis, Marcus. “Pathways to the Negro Market.The Journal of Negro Education 28, no. 2 ( 1959): 114–27.Google Scholar
Hanson, Earl Parker. “An Economic Survey of the Western Province of Liberia.Geographical Review 37, no. 1 (January 1947): 5369.Google Scholar
Hanson, Earl Parker. “The United States Invades Liberia.Negro Digest (June 1947): 7784.Google Scholar
Logan, Rayford. “Liberia in the Family of Nations.Phylon 7, no. 1 (First Quarter1944): 511.Google Scholar
Marinelli, Lawrence. “Liberia’s Open-Door Policy.Journal of Modern African Studies 2, no. 1 1964 9198.Google Scholar
Patterson, Tiffany Ruby Kelley, Robin D. G.. “Unfinished Migrations: Reflections on the African Diaspora and the Making of the Modern World.African Studies Review 43, no. 1 (April 2000): 1145.Google Scholar

Collections

Bethune, Mary McLeod. Papers. The Bethune Foundation Collection. Serials and Microforms. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Kendrix, Moss H. Papers. Alexandria Black History Museum, Alexandria.Google Scholar
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Papers. Serials and Microforms. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Robinson, Hilyard. Papers. Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University, Washington, DC.Google Scholar

Interviews

Moss H. Kendrix, Jr. Interviewed by Brenna W. Greer. September 9, 2009.Google Scholar
Moss H. Kendrix, Jr. Interviewed by Brenna W. Greer. September 23, 2009.Google Scholar

Contemporary Newspapers and Magazines

Atlanta Daily WorldGoogle Scholar
Baltimore Afro-AmericanGoogle Scholar
Black DispatchGoogle Scholar
Chicago Defender Hi-LitesGoogle Scholar
New York TimesGoogle Scholar
Pittsburgh Courier Sepia TimeGoogle Scholar
Washington PostGoogle Scholar